{{short description|Military rank}} {{about|the military rank in Anglophone countries|the equivalent rank in Slavophone armed forces|Polkovnik|the equivalent rank in Austria, Switzerland and Germany|Oberst{{!}}''Oberst''|other uses}} {{redirect|Cnel||CNEL (disambiguation){{!}}CNEL}} {{Military ranks | state=expanded}} '''Colonel''' ({{IPAc-en|'|k|ɝ|n|ə|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-colonel.wav}} {{respell|KUR|nəl}}; abbreviated as '''Col.''', '''Colonel''' ({{IPAc-en|'|k|ɝ|n|ə|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-colonel.wav}} {{respell|KUR|nəl}}; abbreviated as '''Col.''', '''Col''', or '''COL''') is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army. Modern usage varies greatly, and in some cases, the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct military relationship. In some smaller military forces, such as those of Monaco or the Vatican, colonel is the highest rank.
Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain. In the Commonwealth's air force ranking system, the equivalent rank is group captain.
==History and origins== By the end of the late medieval period, a group of "companies" was referred to as a "column" of an army. According to Raymond Oliver, {{Circa|1500}}, the Spanish began explicitly reorganizing part of their army into 20 ''colunelas'' or columns of approximately 1,000–1,250 soldiers. Each ''colunela'' was commanded by a ''cabo de colunela'' or column head. Because they were crown units who are directly under the control of the monarch or sovereign of a country, the units were also confusingly called ''coronelas'', and their commanders ''coronels''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Raymond |url=https://media.defense.gov/2011/Jan/11/2001330017/-1/-1/0/Why%20is%20the%20Colonel%20called%20Kernal.pdf |title=Why is the Colonel Called Kernal? |publisher=Office of History, Sacramento Air Logistics Center |year=1983 |location=Sacramento, CA |pages=13 |language=English |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> Evidence of this can be seen when Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, nicknamed "the Great Captain", divided his armies in ''coronelías'', each led by a ''coronel'', in 1508.<ref name=":1">[http://www.militar.org.ua/militar/hm/historia-militar-espana-tercios-espanoles-batalla-de-pavia.html#coronelia Los tercios españoles. La batalla de Pavía] at militar.org.ua (in Spanish, unspecified authorship)</ref>
Later, in the 16th century, the French army adopted this organizational structure, renaming ''colunelas'' regiments. Even so, they simply Gallicized ''colunela'' to the French {{lang|fr|colonel}} and pronounced it as written. The English then copied the unit and rank from the French. However, for reasons unknown, the English adopted the Spanish pronunciation of ''coronel'', and after several decades of use shortened it to its current two-syllable pronunciation "kernel". ''Colonel'' is linked to the word ''column'' (from Latin: {{lang|la|columna}}; Italian: {{lang|it|colonna}}; French: {{lang|fr|colonne}}) in a similar way that ''brigadier'' is linked to ''brigade'', although in English this relationship is not immediately obvious.<ref name=":0" />
With the shift from primarily mercenary to primarily national armies in the course of the 17th century, a colonel (normally a member of the aristocracy) became a holder (German {{lang|de|Inhaber}}) or proprietor of a military contract with a sovereign. The colonel purchased the regimental contract—the right to hold the regiment—from the previous holder of that right or directly from the sovereign when a new regiment was formed or an incumbent was killed.
As the office of colonel became an established practice, the colonel became the senior captain in a group of companies that were all sworn to observe his personal authority—to be ruled or regimented by him. This regiment, or governance, was to some extent embodied in a contract and set of written rules, also referred to as the colonel's regiment or standing regulation(s). By extension, the group of companies subject to a colonel's regiment (in the foregoing sense) came to be referred to as his regiment (in the modern sense) as well.
In French usage of this period, the senior colonel in the army or, in a field force, the senior military contractor, was the colonel general, and, in the absence of the sovereign or his designate, the colonel general might serve as the commander of a force. The position, however, was primarily contractual and it became progressively more of a functionless sinecure. The head of a single regiment or demi-brigade would be called a 'mestre de camp' or, after the Revolution, a 'chef de brigade'.
By the late 19th century, colonel had evolved to a professional military rank that was still held typically by an officer in command of a regiment or equivalent unit. Along with other ranks, it has become progressively more a matter of ranked duties, qualifications, and experience, as well as of corresponding titles and pay scale, than of functional office in a particular organization.
As European military influence expanded throughout the world, the rank of colonel became adopted by nearly every nation (albeit under a variety of names).
During the 20th century, with the rise of communism, some of the large communist militaries saw fit to expand the colonel rank into several grades, resulting, for example, in the unique senior colonel rank, which was found and is still used in such nations as China and North Korea.
===Colonel-in-chief=== {{main|Colonel-in-chief}} In many modern armies, the regiment has more importance as a ceremonial unit or a focus of members' loyalty than as an actual battle formation. Troops tend to be deployed in battalions (commanded by a lieutenant colonel) as a more convenient size of military unit and, as such, colonels have tended to have a higher profile in specialist and command roles than as actual commanders of regiments. However, in Commonwealth armies, the position of the colonel as the figurehead of a regiment is maintained in the honorary role of "colonel-in-chief", usually held by a member of the royal family,<ref>See this list of colonel-in-chief appointments held by [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/atwork/supportingthequeen/specialrelationshipsandregiments/ The Prince of Wales.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017130148/http://princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/atwork/supportingthequeen/specialrelationshipsandregiments/ |date=2012-10-17 }}</ref> the nobility, or a retired senior military officer. The colonel-in-chief wears a colonel's uniform and encourages the members of the regiment, but takes no active part in the actual command structure or in any operational duties.<ref>A webpage by a Scottish regiment concerning [http://www.theroyalscots.co.uk/colonel.html their colonel-in-chief.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219214929/http://www.theroyalscots.co.uk/colonel.html |date=2007-12-19 }}</ref>
===Colonel of the Regiment=== The title '''Colonel of the Regiment''' (to distinguish it from the military rank of colonel) continues to be used in the modern British Army. The ceremonial position is often conferred on retired general officers, brigadiers or colonels who have a close link to a particular regiment. Non-military personnel, usually for positions within the Army Reserve may also be appointed to the ceremonial position. When attending functions as "Colonel of the Regiment", the titleholder wears the regimental uniform with rank insignia of (full) colonel, regardless of their official rank. A member of the Royal Family is known as a Royal Colonel. A Colonel of the Regiment is expected to work closely with a regiment and its Regimental Association.
==Colonel by country== <!-- Please do not add country specific articles unless there is already one in existence or unless you intend to immediately create one -- In sort by country please. --> * Colonel (Bangladesh) * Colonel (Canada) * Colonel (Eastern European Countries) * Colonel (Germanic Countries) * Colonel (India) * Colonel (Pakistan) * Colonel (Sri Lanka) * Colonel (United Kingdom) * Colonel (United States)
===Insignia===
====Insignia of army colonels==== <gallery class="center"> File:ALB-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Albania<br /> (''kolonel'')}} File:Angola-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Angola<br />(''coronel'')}} File:CR-EA.png|{{center|Argentina<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Australian Army OF-5.svg|{{center|Australia}} File:15.AzAF-COL.png|{{Center|Azerbaijan<br />(''polkovnik'')}} File:Bangladesh-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Bangladesh}} File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Belarus}} File:Army-BEL-OF-05.svg|{{center|Belgium}} File:CnelEB.svg|{{center|Bolivia<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Bosnia and Herzegovina Brigadier Insignia.svg|{{center|Bosnia and Herzegovina<br />(''pukovnik'')}} File:Coronel-V.gif|{{center|Brazil<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Rank insignia of Полковник of the Bulgarian Army.png|{{center|Bulgaria<br />(''полковник'')}} File:Cdn-Army-Col(OF-5)-2014.svg|{{center|Canada<br />(''colonel'')}} File:Cape Verde-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Cape Verde<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Coronelrch.jpg|{{center|Chile<br />(''coronel'')}} File:PLA Colonel.svg|{{center|China<br />(''shang xiao, 上校'')}} File:Rank insignia of coronel of the Colombian Army.svg|{{center|Colombia<br /> (''coronel'')}} File:Cuba-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Cuba<br />(''coronel'')}} File:CzArmy 2011 OF5-Plukovnik shoulder.svg|{{center|Czech Republic (''plukovník'')}} File:Rank insignia of oberst of the Royal Danish Army.svg|{{center|Denmark<br /> (''oberst'')}} File:Capona de Coronel Ejercito Nacional.svg|{{center|Dominican Republic}} File:14.ECA-COL.svg|{{center|Ecuador<br />(''coronel'')}} File:El-Salvador-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|El Salvador<br />(''coronel'')}} File:12. EGLF-COL.svg|{{center|Equatorial Guinea<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Eversti kauluslaatta.svg|{{center|Finland<br /> (''eversti'')}} File:Army-FRA-OF-05.svg|{{center|France}} File:Georgia Army OF-6.png|{{center|Georgia<br>(პოლკოვნიკი, ''polkovnik'')}} File:HD H 53 Oberst ABCAbw.svg|{{center|Germany<br>(''Oberst'')}} File:Army-GRE-OF-05.svg|{{center|Greece<br /> (''syntagmatarchis'')}} File:Guatemala-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Guatemala<br />(''coronel'')}} File:HON-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Honduras<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Rank Army Hungary OF-05.svg|{{center|Hungary<br /> (''ezredes'')}} File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|{{center|India}} File:18-TNI Army-COL.svg|{{center|Indonesia}} File:Sarhang 1.png|{{center|Iran<br />("sarhang")}} File:IE-Army-OF5.png|{{center|Ireland}} File:IDF aluf mishne.svg|{{center|Israel<br />(''Aluf Mishne'')}} File:IT-Army-OF5b.svg|{{center|Italy<br /> (''colonnello'')}} File:Mexico army OF5.svg|{{center|Mexico<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Monaco-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Monaco<br /> (''colonel'')}} File:Mongolian Army-COL-parade.svg|{{center|Mongolia<br> (''хурандаа'')}} File:15-Moroccan Army-COL.svg|{{center|Morocco<br> (''عقيد'')}} File:Mozambique-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Mozambique<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Nl-landmacht-kolonel.svg|{{center|Netherlands<br /> (''kolonel'')}} File:New Zealand-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|New Zealand}} File:13-Nicaragua Army-COL.svg|{{center|Nicaragua<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Polkovnik-arm.png|{{center|North Macedonia<br />(полковник, ''polkovnik'')}} File:Army-NOR-OF-05.svg|{{center|Norway<br />(''oberst'')}} File:OF-5 Pakistan Army.svg|alt=Pakistan|{{center|Pakistan }}("kernal") File:Paraguay-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Paraguay<br />(''coronel'')}} File:EP CNEL.png|{{center|Peru<br />(''coronel'')}} File:PA COL Svc.svg|{{center|Philippines<br/ >(''lakan/coronel'')}} File:Rank insignia of pułkownik of the Army of Poland.svg|{{center|Poland<br /> ({{lang|pl|pułkownik}})}} File:18 - Coronel.svg|{{center|Portugal<br /> (''coronel'')}} File:RO-Army-OF5.png|{{center|Romania}} File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg|{{center|Russia<br />(''polkovnik / полковник'')}} File:14-Serbian Army-COL.svg|{{center|Serbia<br /> (''pukovnik'')}} File:Army-SVK-OF-05.svg|alt=|{{Center|Slovakia<br />(''plukovník'')}} File:15.SKA-COL.svg|{{center|South Korea}} File:Spain-Army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Spain<br />(''coronel'')}} File:SAA-OF-5.svg|{{center|South Africa}} File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Sri Lanka}} File:SWE-överste.svg|{{center|Sweden<br />(överste)}} File:Taiwan-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Taiwan<br />(''shang xiao'')}} File:RTA OF-5 (Colonel).svg|{{center|Thailand}} File:Turkey-army-OF-5.svg|{{center|Turkey<br />(''albay'')}} File:Post-Soviet-Army-OF-5.svg|{{Center|Turkmenistan<br />(''Polkownik'')}} File:UA shoulder mark 17.svg|{{center|Ukraine<br/>(''polkovnik/полковник'')}} File:British Army OF-5.svg|{{center|United Kingdom}} File:US Army O6 (Army greens).svg|{{center|United States}} File:CNELEJB-GNB.png|{{center|Venezuela<br />(''coronel'')}} File:Vietnam People's Army Colonel.png|{{center|Vietnam<br />(''thượng tá'')}} File:12. Myanmar Army COL.svg|Myanmar </gallery>
====Insignia of air force colonels==== <gallery> File:BE-Air Force-OF5.svg|{{center|Belgium}} File:Coronel FAB V.jpg|{{center|Brazil (''coronel'')}} File:Canadian RCAF OF-5.svg|{{center|Canada}} File:Fach cav.gif|{{center|Chile (''coronel'')}} File:RDAF Col.svg|{{center|Denmark (''oberst'')}} File:French Air Force-colonel.svg|{{center|France}} File:Georgia Air Force OF-6.png|{{center|Georgia (პოლკოვნიკი, ''polkovnik'')}} File:Luftwaffe-271-Oberst.png|{{center|Germany (''oberst'')}} File:18-TNI Navy-CAPT.svg|{{center|Indonesia (''kolonel'')}} File: IAF aluf mishne.svg |{{center|Israel (''Aluf Mishne'')}} File:IT-Airforce-OF-5.png|{{center|Italy (''colonnello'')}} File:15.SKAF-COL.svg|{{center|South Korea}} File:Nl-luchtmacht-kolonel.svg|{{center|Netherlands (''kolonel'')}} File:PAF COL Svc.svg|{{center|Philippines<br />(''Lakan/Coronel'')}} File:Rank insignia of pułkownik of the Air Force of Poland.svg|{{center|Poland ({{lang|pl|pułkownik}})}} File:Cor t.jpg|{{center|Portugal (''coronel'')}} File:Russia-Airforce-OF-5-2010.svg|{{center|Russia (''polkovnik'')}} File:14-Serbian Air Force-COL.svg|{{center|Serbia (''pukovnik'')}} File:Cor-ea.svg|{{center|Spain (''coronel'')}} File:SWE-Airforce-överste.png|{{center|Sweden (''Överste'')}} File:Taiwan-airforce-OF-5.svg|{{center|Taiwan}} File:US Air Force O6 shoulderboard.svg|{{center|United States}} File:6-CNELAMB.png|{{center|Venezuela}} </gallery>
====Insignia of naval infantry colonels==== <gallery> File:18-TNI Air Force-COL.svg|{{center|Indonesia}} File:IDF Navy aluf mishne.png|{{center|Israel (''Aluf Mishne'')}} File:PHIL ARMY COL WOODLAND.svg|{{center|Philippines}} ROKMC-OF-5.svg|{{center|South Korea}} File:Taiwan-Marine-OF-5.svg|{{center|Taiwan}} File:British Royal Marines OF-5.svg|{{center|United Kingdom}} US Marine O6 shoulderboard vertical.svg|{{center|United States}} </gallery>
====Insignia of colonels of other services==== <gallery> File:US_Space-force_O6.svg|{{center|United States Space Force}} </gallery>
==Colonel as highest-ranking officer== Some military forces have a colonel as their highest-ranking officer, with no 'general' ranks, and no superior authority (except, perhaps, the head of state as a titular commander-in-chief) other than the respective national government. Examples include the following (arranged alphabetically by country name):
* Antigua and Barbuda (170 personnel) * Costa Rica (about 8,000 personnel) * Iceland (100 personnel, employed only for peacekeeping duties) * Libya (commands all the Armed Forces – Muammar Gaddafi until 2011) * Monaco (two branches, with a total of about 250 personnel) * Suriname (1,800 personnel) (up to 19 June 2020)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.suriname.nu/surinamenieuws/minister-benschop-bevorderd-tot-generaal-majoor-su/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624043501/https://www.suriname.nu/surinamenieuws/minister-benschop-bevorderd-tot-generaal-majoor-su/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 24, 2020|title=Minister Benschop bevorderd tot Generaal-Majoor|website=Suriname.nu|access-date=14 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> * Vatican City (110 personnel – the Swiss Guard)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! colspan="6"|Rank insignia for a colonel in several nations which have no higher military rank |- ! rowspan=2 |Iceland ! colspan=2 | Monaco ! rowspan=2 | Vatican City |- ! Colonel CCP !! Colonel CSP<br> |- | 50px|center | 50px|center | 50px|center | 50px|center |}
==Other uses of colonel ranks== {{Further|Colonel (disambiguation)}}
The term ''colonel'' is also used as a title for auctioneers in the United States; there are a variety of theories or folk etymologies to explain the use of the term.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7p9HAQAAIAAJ&q=auctioneer+colonel|title=The auction companion|first1=Daniel J.|last1=Leab|first2=Katharine Kyes|last2=Leab|date=29 December 1981|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=9780060125561|via=Google Books}}</ref> One of these is the claim that during the American Civil War goods seized by armies were sold at auction by the colonel of the division.<ref name="Doyle">{{Citation | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Robert A. | last2 = Baska | first2 = Steve | title = History of Auctions: From ancient Rome to todays high-tech auctions | journal = Auctioneer | date = November 2002 | access-date = 2008-06-22 | url = http://www.auctioneersfoundation.org/news_detail.php?id=5094 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517071614/http://auctioneersfoundation.org/news_detail.php?id=5094 |archive-date = May 17, 2008}}</ref>
Kentucky colonel is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Commissions for Kentucky colonels are given by the Governor and the Secretary of State to individuals in recognition of noteworthy accomplishments and outstanding service to a community, state or the nation. This is the equivalent to a full colonel in the militia. The sitting governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky bestows the honor of a colonel's Commission, by issuance of letters patent. Perhaps the best known Kentucky colonel is Harland Sanders of ''Kentucky Fried Chicken'' fame.
The rank of colonel is also used by some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
==See also==
* List of comparative military ranks
==References== {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book |last1=Keegan |first1=John |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Andrew |year=1996 |title=Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day |location=London |publisher=Routledge }}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Colonels (military rank) Category:Military ranks Category:Police ranks