Languages of India

{{Short description|none}}  {{About|the general overview of Indian languages|historical context|Linguistic history of India}} {{Distinguish|Languages of South Asia{{!}}Languages of the Indian subcontinent}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox country languages | country = India | official = {{hlist|Hindi<ref name="constitution1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=33|title=Official Language – The Union -Profile – Know India: National Portal of India|website=Archive.india.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>|English<ref name="constitution1"/><ref name="governmentministry1">{{Cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/content/official-language-act|title=Official Language Act {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|website=meity.gov.in|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gFHBAAAQBAJ|title=Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology|first1=Zdenek|last1=Salzmann|first2=James|last2=Stanlaw|first3=Nobuko|last3=Adachi|date=8 July 2014|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=9780813349558|via=Google Books}}</ref>|Assamese|Bengali|Bodo|Dogri|Gujarati|Kannada|Kashmiri|Konkani|Maithili|Malayalam|Marathi|Meitei|Nepali|Odia|Punjabi|Sanskrit|Santali|Sindhi|Tamil|Telugu|Urdu}} | sign = {{Plainlist| * Indo-Pakistani Sign Language * Alipur Sign Language * Naga Sign Language (extinct) }} | image = File:Language Map of India.jpg | caption = Languages of India | regional = | indigenous = | minority = | immigrant =  | keyboard = QWERTY and InScript keyboard | keyboard image = 200px 200px (total of official languages: 23, including 22 8th Schedule languages and one additional official language, English) }}

'''Languages of India''' belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians;<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages">{{cite web|title=Indo-Aryan languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages">{{cite web|title= Hindi languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kak|first=Subhash|title=Indic Language Families and Indo-European|url=https://www.academia.edu/45150016|journal=Yavanika|date=January 1996 |quote=The Indic family has the sub-families of North Indian and Dravidian}}</ref><ref name=Reynolds_Verma-2007>{{Cite book |last1=Reynolds |first1=Mike |chapter=Indic languages |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-british-isles/indic-languages/8343FABC094E91986DBD68A492FFEA1B |title=Language in the British Isles |pages=293–307 |editor-last=Britain |editor-first=David |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79488-6 |access-date=4 October 2021 |last2=Verma |first2=Mahendra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kak|first=Subhash|title=On The Classification Of Indic Languages|url=https://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/indic.pdf|journal=Louisiana State University}}</ref>{{efn|In modern and colloquial contexts, the term "'''Indic'''" generally refers to the languages of the Indian subcontinent, thus also including non-Indo-Aryan languages.{{r|Reynolds_Verma-2007}}}} Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino–Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Andamanese, and a few other minor language families and isolates.<ref name="Moseley2008">{{cite book|last=Moseley|first=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT528|date=10 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79640-2}}</ref>{{rp|283}} According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after Papua New Guinea (840).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/seven-decades-after-independence-many-small-languages-in-india-facing-extinction-threat/articleshow/60038323.cms|title=Seven decades after Independence, many small languages in India face extinction threat|first=G.|last=Seetharaman|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=13 August 2017}}</ref> ''Ethnologue'' lists a lower number of 456.<ref name="ethnologue_world">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/countries-most-languages|title=What countries have the most languages?|date=22 May 2019|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>

Article 343 of the Constitution of India stated that the official language of the Union is Hindi in Devanagari script, with official use of English to continue for 15 years. Opposition to increased Hindi usage in South India led to the passage of the Official Languages Act in 1963, amending the constitution to allow for the continuation of English alongside Hindi in the Indian government indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nault |first=Derrick M. |date=June 2012 |title=English in India's National Development: Hindi-Dravidian Politics and the Retention of a Colonial Language |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13488678.2012.10801320 |journal=Asian Englishes |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=75–76, 78–79 |doi=10.1080/13488678.2012.10801320 |issn=1348-8678|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union are "the international form of Indian numerals",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aadithiyan |first1=Kavin |title=Notes and Numbers: How the New Currency May Resurrect an Old Language Debate |url=https://thewire.in/politics/of-notes-and-numbers-how-the-new-currency-may-resurrect-the-language-debate |access-date=5 March 2020 |date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Article 343 in The Constitution Of India 1949 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/379861/ |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> which are referred to as Arabic numerals in most English-speaking countries.<ref name="constitution1">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|title=Constitution of India|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite some misconceptions, Hindi is not the national language of India; the Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.<ref name="National">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Saeed|title=There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Theres-no-national-language-in-India-Gujarat-High-Court/articleshow/5496231.cms|access-date=5 May 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="PTI">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-not-a-national-language-court/article94695.ece|title= Hindi, not a national language: Court|website=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=23 December 2014|date=25 January 2010|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages,<ref>[http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=MTUz Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian {{sic|Constu|tion|nolink=y}}]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604094122/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=MTUz|date=4 June 2016}}.</ref> which have been referred to as ''scheduled'' languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of ''classical language'' to Assamese, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. This status is given to languages that have a rich heritage and independent nature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabinet approves conferring status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali languages |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-conferring-status-of-classical-language-to-marathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-and-bengali-languages/ |publisher=www.pmindia.gov.in |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

According to the Census of India of 2001, India has 122 ''major'' languages and 1599 ''other'' languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in the definition of the terms "language" and "dialect". The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people.<ref name="Census2001"/> Three contact languages have played an important role in the history of India in chronological order: Sanskrit,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=14 October 2020 |title=The Two Languages That Shaped the History of India |url=https://lithub.com/the-two-languages-that-shaped-the-history-of-india/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=Literary Hub}}</ref> Persian<ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{cite book|last1=Abidi|first1=S.A.H.|last2=Gargesh|first2=Ravinder|editor=Kachru, Braj B.|others=Kachru, Yamuna & Sridhar, S.N.|title=Language in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89aPZJ3qCD4C&pg=PA106|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78141-1|pages=103–120|chapter=4. Persian in South Asia}}</ref> and English.<ref name="contact-lingo">Bhatia, Tej K and William C. Ritchie. (2006) Bilingualism in South Asia. In: Handbook of Bilingualism, pp. 780–807. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing</ref> Persian was the court language during the Indo-Muslim period in India and reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonization.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Decline of Farsi language – The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Decline-of-Farsi-language/articleshow/11395425.cms|website = The Times of India| date=7 January 2012 |access-date = 26 October 2015}}</ref> English continues to be an important language in India. It is used in higher education and in some areas of the Indian government.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Hindi, which has the largest number of first-language speakers in India today,<ref>{{Cite news|title = Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most spoken – The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-mother-tongue-of-44-in-india-bangla-second-most-spoken/articleshow/64755458.cms|website = The Times of India| date=28 June 2018 |access-date = 6 November 2021}}</ref> serves as the ''lingua franca'' across much of northern and central India. However, there have been concerns raised with Hindi being imposed in South India, most notably in the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.<ref name="nehru1">{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5upQgAACAAJ|title=The question of language: Issue 6 of Congress political and economic studies|last2=Gandhi|first2=Mohandas|publisher=K. M. Ashraf|year=1937|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru}}</ref><ref name="Hardgrave1965" /> Some in Maharashtra, West Bengal, Assam, Punjab, Kerala and other non-Hindi regions have also started to voice concerns about imposition of Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra to join 'anti – Hindi' stir at Bengaluru|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/maharashtra-to-join-anti-hindi-stir-at-bengaluru/08031021,%20https://www.nagpurtoday.in/maharashtra-to-join-anti-hindi-stir-at-bengaluru/08031021|website=nagpurtoday.in}}</ref> Bengali is the second most spoken and understood language in the country with a significant number of speakers in eastern and northeastern regions. Marathi is the third most spoken and understood language in the country with a significant number of speakers in the southwest,<ref>{{Cite web|title = The World Factbook|url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|publisher = Central Intelligence Agency|access-date = 25 October 2015|archive-date = 11 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|url-status = dead}}</ref> followed closely by Telugu, which is most commonly spoken in southeastern areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Telugu language {{!}} Origin, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Telugu-language |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

Hindi is the fastest growing language of India due to its demonstrably disproportionate funding, support and patronage by the Union/Federal government and to the detriment of other more ancient and classical languages listed in the Eighth schedule of the constitution, followed by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.<ref name="auto">—{{Cite web |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Deccan Herald}} —{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |access-date=16 November 2023}} —{{Cite web |title=Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html}} —{{Cite web |title=Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=India Today |date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

According to ''Ethnologue'', India has 148 Sino-Tibetan, 140 Indo-European, 84 Dravidian, 32 Austro-Asiatic, 14 Andamanese, and 5 Kra-Dai languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/ |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref>

==History== {{Main|Linguistic history of India}} {{Further|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}} The Southern Indian languages are from the Dravidian family. The Dravidian languages are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y88nzRtTNUAC|title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200|last=Avari|first=Burjor|date=11 June 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134251629}}</ref> Proto-Dravidian languages were spoken in India in the 4th millennium BCE and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andronov |first=Mikhail Sergeevich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=9783447044554 |pages=299}}</ref> The Dravidian languages are classified in four groups: North, Central (Kolami–Parji), South-Central (Telugu–Kui), and South Dravidian (Tamil-Kannada).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0521771110 |pages=19–20}}</ref>

The Northern Indian languages from the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family evolved from Old Indo-Aryan by way of the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit languages and Apabhraṃśa of the Middle Ages. The Indo-Aryan languages developed and emerged in three stages — Old Indo-Aryan (1500 BCE to 600 BCE), Middle Indo-Aryan stage (600 BCE and 1000 CE), and New Indo-Aryan (between 1000 CE and 1300 CE). The modern north Indian Indo-Aryan languages all evolved into distinct, recognizable languages in the New Indo-Aryan Age.<ref name="Kachru2006">{{cite book|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC|series=London Oriental and African language library|date=1 January 2006|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-3812-X|page=1}}</ref>

In Northeast India, among the Sino-Tibetan languages, Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) was the court language of the Manipur Kingdom ({{langx|mni|Meeteileipak}}). It was honored before and during the darbar sessions before Manipur was merged into the Dominion of the Indian Republic. Its history of existence spans from 1500 to 2000 years according to most eminent scholars including Padma Vibhushan awardee Suniti Kumar Chatterji.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkguECp3vKEC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA149 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume |date=2006 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-052-5 |pages=149}}</ref> Even according to the "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947" of the once independent Manipur, Manipuri and English were made the court languages of the kingdom (before merging into Indian Republic).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=manipuri+court+language |via=Google Books |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=255, 369}}</ref>

Persian, or ''Farsi'', was brought into India by the Ghaznavids and other Turko-Afghan dynasties as the court language. Culturally Persianized, they, in combination with the later Mughal dynasty (of Turco-Mongol origin), influenced the art, history, and literature of the region for more than 500 years, resulting in the Persianization of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianized vocabulary with Sanskrit derivations and replaced or supplemented the use of Perso-Arabic script for administrative purposes with Devanagari.<ref name="KachruKachru2008"/><ref name="Brass2005">{{cite book|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PA129|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-34394-2|page=129}}</ref>

Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences. For example, Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu as registers of the Hindustani language. Bangla on the other hand has retained its Sanskritic roots while heavily expanding its vocabulary with words from Persian, English, French and other foreign languages.<ref name="KulshreshthaMathur2012">{{cite book|last1=Kulshreshtha|first1=Manisha|last2=Mathur|first2=Ramkumar|title=Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHmARyhRoNYC&pg=PA16|date=24 March 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-1137-6|page=16}}</ref><ref name="nunley1999">{{Citation | title=The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography |author1=Robert E. Nunley |author2=Severin M. Roberts |author3=George W. Wubrick |author4=Daniel L. Roy | year=1999 | isbn=0-13-080180-1 | publisher=Prentice Hall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wQAOGMJOqIC | quote=''... Hindustani is the basis for both languages ...''}}</ref>

==Inventories== {{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India}}

The first official survey of language diversity in the Indian subcontinent was carried out by Sir George Abraham Grierson from 1898 to 1928. Titled the Linguistic Survey of India, it reported a total of 179 languages and 544 dialects.<ref name="Ahmad2009">{{cite book|author=Aijazuddin Ahmad|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA123|access-date=17 December 2014|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|pages=123–124}}</ref> However, the results were skewed due to ambiguities in distinguishing between "dialect" and "language",<ref name="Ahmad2009"/> use of untrained personnel and under-reporting of data from South India, as the former provinces of Burma and Madras, as well as the princely states of Cochin, Hyderabad, Mysore and Travancore were not included in the survey.<ref name="Saba2013">{{cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/11248/9/09_chapter+2.pdf |title=Linguistic heterogeneity and multilinguality in India: a linguistic assessment of Indian language policies |author=Naheed Saba |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |date=18 September 2013 |location=Aligarh |pages=61–68 |chapter=2. Multilingualism |access-date=17 December 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped. ''Ethnologue'', produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International, lists 435 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide). These languages are further subclassified in ''Ethnologue'' as follows:<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|editor=Lewis, M. Paul |editor2=Simons, Gary F. |editor3=Fennig, Charles D.|year=2014|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : India|publisher=SIL International|location= Dallas, Texas|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue2">[http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=area Ethnologue : Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : Statistical Summaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217151950/http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=area |date=17 December 2014}}. Retrieved 17 December 2014.</ref> * Institutional – 45 * Stable – 248 * Endangered – 131 * Extinct – 11

The People's Linguistic Survey of India, a privately owned research institution in India, has recorded over 66 different scripts and more than 780 languages in India during its nationwide survey, which the organisation claims to be the biggest linguistic survey in India.<ref name="PLSI">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/language-survey-reveals-diversity/article4938865.ece|title=Language survey reveals diversity|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 July 2013|author=Singh, Shiv Sahay|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

The People of India (POI) project of Anthropological Survey of India reported 325 languages which are used for in-group communication by 5,633 Indian communities.<ref name="BanerjeeChaudhuryDas2005">{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Paula|last2=Chaudhury|first2=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|last3=Das|first3=Samir Kumar|author4=Bishnu Adhikari|title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjGdDo75UssC&pg=PA145|access-date=17 December 2014|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3329-8|page=145}}</ref>

===Census of India figures=== The Census of India records and publishes data with respect to the number of speakers for languages and dialects, but uses its own unique terminology, distinguishing between ''language'' and ''mother tongue''. The mother tongues are grouped within each language. Many of the mother tongues so defined could be considered a language rather than a dialect by linguistic standards. This is especially so for many mother tongues with tens of millions of speakers that are officially grouped under the language Hindi.

; 1951 Census Separate figures for Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi were not issued, due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, PEPSU, and Bilaspur.<ref name="langs1951">{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Jyotirindra |title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India |year=1970 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520015906 |page=47}}</ref>

; 1961 Census The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people, counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted.<ref name="Census1961">{{cite journal |author=Mallikarjun, B. | date=5 August 2002 |publisher=M. S. Thirumalai |journal=Languages in India |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html |title=Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census | volume= 2 | issn=1930-2940 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> However, the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects, subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes, professions, religions, localities, regions, countries and nationalities.<ref name="Census1961"/> The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well as 530 unclassified mother tongues and more than 100 idioms that are non-native to India, including linguistically unspecific demonyms such as "African", "Canadian" or "Belgian".<ref name="Census1961"/>

; 1991 Census The 1991 census recognises 1,576 classified mother tongues.<ref name="Vijayanunni">{{cite web|url=http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf|title=Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991 Census |author=Vijayanunni, M. |date= 26–29 August 1998 |work=18th Population Census Conference |location= Honolulu, Hawaii, USA | publisher= Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119080707/http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref> According to the 1991 census, 22 languages had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991).<ref name="Vijayanunni"/><ref name="Census1991">{{cite web |author=Mallikarjun, B. |title=Languages of India according to 2001 Census |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2001/1991Languages.html |website=Languages in India |date=7 November 2001 |access-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

; 2001 Census According to the census of 2001, there are 1,635 rationalised mother tongues, 234 identifiable mother tongues and 22 major languages.<ref name="Census2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/gen_note.html |title=Census Data 2001 : General Note |publisher=Census of India |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Of these, 29 languages have more than a million native speakers, 60 have more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers.<ref name="Wischenbart2013">{{cite book|last=Wischenbart|first=Ruediger|title=The Global EBook Market: Current Conditions & Future Projections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFmKE7rsKqwC&pg=PA62|access-date=18 December 2014|date=11 February 2013|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4493-1999-1|page=62}}</ref> There are a few languages like Kodava that do not have a script but have a group of native speakers in Coorg (Kodagu).<ref name="SchiffrinFina2010">{{cite book|last1=Schiffrin|first1=Deborah|last2=Fina|first2=Anna De|last3=Nylund|first3=Anastasia|title=Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CXbldT6300C&pg=PA95|access-date=18 December 2014|year=2010|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-58901-674-3|page=95}}</ref>

; 2011 Census According to the most recent census of 2011, after thorough linguistic scrutiny, edit, and rationalisation on 19,569 raw linguistic affiliations, the census recognises 1,369 rationalised mother tongues and 1,474 names which were treated as 'unclassified' and relegated to 'other' mother tongue category.<ref>{{cite web|title = Census of India 2011, Paper 1 of 2018, Language – India, States and Union Territories|website = Census of India Website|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|access-date = 29 August 2019}}</ref> Among, the 1,369 rationalised mother tongues which are spoken by 10,000 or more speakers, are further grouped into appropriate set that resulted into total 121 languages. In these 121 languages, 22 are already part of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and the other 99 are termed as "Total of other languages" which is one short as of the other languages recognised in 2001 census.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/gen_note.html Census Data 2001 General Notes]|access-date = 29 August 2019.</ref>

==Multilingualism== {{Main|Multilingualism in India}}

thumb|A danger sign in India containing eight languages, all using different scripts. thumb|A pentalingual highway sign in Kochi written in Malayalam, English, Hindi, Tamil and Kannada.

===2011 Census India=== {{Pie chart | caption = Languages in India (2011) | label1 = Hindi | value1 = 43.63 | color1 = orange | label2 = Bengali | value2 = 8.30 | color2 = orchid | label3 = Marathi | value3 = 6.83 | color3 = red | label4 = Telugu | value4 = 6.70 | color4 = steelblue | label5 = Tamil | value5 = 5.70 | color5 = royalblue | label6 = Gujarati | value6 = 4.58 | color6 = skyblue | label7 = Urdu | value7 = 4.19 | color7 = white | label8 = Kannada | value8 = 3.61 | color8 = darkslateblue | label9 = Odia | value9 = 3.10 | color9 = saddlebrown | label10 = Malayalam | value10 = 2.88 | color10 = cornflowerblue | label11 = Punjabi | value11 = 2.74 | color11 = pink | label12 = Assamese | value12 = 1.16 | color12 = purple | label13 = Maithili | value13 = 1.12 | color13 = mistyrose | label14 = Santali | value14 = 0.61 | color14 = green | label15 = Meitei | value15 = 0.15 | color15 = goldenrod | label16 = Others | value16 = 5.31 | color16 = grey | thumb = right }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+First, second, and third languages by number of speakers in India (2011 Census) ! rowspan="2" |Language ! rowspan="2" |Language Family ! colspan="2" |First language speakers ! rowspan="2" |Second language speakers<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last=Government of India |first=Ministry of Home Affairs |title=C-17 POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113211224/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Third language speakers<ref name="thehindu" /> ! colspan="2" |Total speakers |- !Figure<ref name="thehindu" /> !% of total population !Figure<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |date=14 March 2010 |title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="thehindu" /> !% of total population |- |'''Hindi'''{{efn|Hindi does not merely refer to ''"Modern Standard Hindi"'' (which is based on the Dehlavi dialect of Kauravi), but also broadly to many "Hindi languages", which include Western Hindi (apart from Urdu), Eastern Hindi, the Bihari languages except for Maithili, the Rajasthani languages, and the Pahari languages apart from Nepali and (in 2001) Dogri, whether or not the included varieties were reported as "Hindi" or under their individual names in the census.}} |Indo-Aryan |528,347,193 |43.63% |138,909,608 |24,307,234 |691,564,035 |57.11% |- |'''English''' |Germanic |259,678 |0.02% |82,717,239 |45,562,173 |128,539,090 |10.62% |- |'''Bengali''' |Indo-Aryan |97,237,669 |8.03% |9,095,810 |1,138,764 |107,472,243 |8.88% |- |'''Marathi''' |Indo-Aryan |83,026,680 |6.86% |13,001,079 |3,031,027 |99,058,786 |8.18% |- |'''Telugu''' |Dravidian |81,127,740 |6.70% |12,167,609 |1,206,254 |94,501,603 |7.80% |- |'''Tamil''' |Dravidian |69,026,881 |5.70% |6,668,000 |900,985 |76,595,866 |6.33% |- |'''Urdu'''{{efn|Although linguistically, ''Modern Standard Hindi'' and ''Urdu'' are classified together as a single language called Hindustani, the government classifies them as separate languages instead of different standard registers of the same language due to socio-political reasons.}} |Indo-Aryan |50,772,631 |4.19% |11,348,978 |1,117,836 |63,239,445 |5.22% |- |'''Gujarati''' |Indo-Aryan |55,492,554 |4.58% |4,017,825 |778,930 |60,289,309 |4.98% |- |'''Kannada''' |Dravidian |43,706,512 |3.61% |13,609,709 |1,434,578 |58,750,799 |4.85% |- |'''Odia''' |Indo-Aryan |37,521,324 |3.10% |4,670,796 |397,213 |42,589,333 |3.52% |- |'''Punjabi''' |Indo-Aryan |33,124,726 |2.74% |2,237,126 |719,901 |36,081,753 |2.98% |- |'''Malayalam''' |Dravidian |34,838,819 |2.88% |581,591 |218,932 |35,639,342 |2.94% |- |'''Assamese''' |Indo-Aryan |15,311,351 |1.26% |7,583,346 |734,379 |23,629,076 |1.95% |- |'''Maithili''' |Indo-Aryan |13,583,464 |1.12% |651,987 |48,843 |14,284,294 |1.18% |- |'''Santali''' |Austroasiatic |7,368,192 |0.61% |278,448 |76,663 |7,723,303 |0.64% |- |'''Kashmiri''' |Indo-Aryan |6,797,587 |0.56% |127,039 |70,197 |6,994,823 |0.58% |- |'''Nepali''' |Indo-Aryan |2,926,168 |0.24% |366,648 |143,798 |3,436,614 |0.28% |- |'''Sanskrit''' |Indo-Aryan |24,821 |0.002% |1,134,362 |1,963,640 |3,122,823 |0.26% |- |'''Sindhi''' |Indo-Aryan |2,772,264 |0.23% |281,177 |48,591 |3,102,032 |0.26% |- |'''Dogri''' |Indo-Aryan |2,596,767 |0.21% |126,334 |40,883 |2,763,984 |0.23% |- |'''Konkani''' |Indo-Aryan |2,256,502 |0.19% |238,345 |87,134 |2,581,981 |0.21% |- |'''Meitei''' |Sino-Tibetan |1,761,079 |0.15% |384,357 |101,690 |2,247,126 |0.19% |- |'''Bodo''' |Sino-Tibetan |1,482,929 |0.12% |57,583 |20,132 |1,560,644 |0.13% |}

==Language families== {{Pie chart | thumb = right |caption = Languages of India by language families (Ethnologue)<ref name="Ethnologue"/> |label1 = Sino-Tibetan |value1 = 34.90 |color1 = orangered |label2 = Indo-European |value2 = 33.01 |color2 = gold |label3 = Dravidian |value3 = 19.81 |color3 = deepskyblue |label4 = Austroasiatic |value4 = 7.54 |color4 = hotpink |label5 = Andamanese |value5 = 3.30 |color5 = green |label6 = Kra–Dai |value6 = 1.17 |color6 = maroon |label7 = Isolates |value7 = 0.23 |color7 = grey |style=align="left" }} Ethnolinguistically, the languages of South Asia, echoing the complex history and geography of the region, form a complex patchwork of language families, language phyla and isolates.<ref name="Moseley2008"/> Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. The most important language families in terms of speakers are:<ref name="EBIndiaLanguages">{{cite web |title=India : Languages |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages"/><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/><ref name="Moseley2008"/><ref>[https://www.indiastat.com, INDIA STATISTICS REPORT]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Arunachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12544 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Assam - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12550 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" ! Language family !! Population {{nobold|(2011 census)}}<ref>{{cite report|title=Table C-16: LANGUAGE INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES |others=PAPER 1 OF 2018 |work=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA |page=21|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220081106/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>!!Pct. |- | Indo-European || {{Number and percent |945333910|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- | Dravidian || {{Number and percent |237840116|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- | Austroasiatic || {{Number and percent |13493080|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- | Sino-Tibetan || {{Number and percent |12257382|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- | Kra–Dai || {{Number and percent |16806|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- | Other languages || {{Number and percent |1913681|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |- ! Total speaker/population || {{Number and percent |1210854977|1210854977|3|disp=table}} |}

===Indo-Aryan language family=== {{Main|Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|thumb| Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups. Romani, Domari, Kholosi, Luwati, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map. {{legend|#ffc0ec|Pashai (Dardic)}} {{legend|#ffa1e6|Khowar (Dardic)}} {{legend|#FF54DE|Shina (Dardic)}} {{legend|#ff81e0|Kohistani (Dardic)}} {{legend|#e03eb9|Kashmiri (Dardic)}} {{legend|#855ff8|Punjabi (Northwestern)}} {{legend|#699fd0|Sindhi (Northwestern)}} {{legend|#69d762|Rajasthani (Western)}} {{legend|#61b97d|Gujarati (Western)}} {{legend|#61b762|Khandeshi (Western)}} {{legend|#a6e7b9|Bhili (Western)}} {{legend|#d79662|Western Pahari (Northern)}} {{legend|#b9845a|Central Pahari (Northern)}} {{legend|#9b7451|Eastern Pahari (Northern)}} {{legend|#ff8d36|Western Hindi (Central)}} {{legend|#ffb736|Eastern Hindi (Central)}} {{legend|#fff87c|Bengali-Assamese (Eastern)}} {{legend|#f8d836|Bihari (Eastern)}} {{legend|#e0c036|Odia (Eastern)}} {{legend|#AB8900|Halbic (Eastern)}} {{legend|#e03e36|Marathi-Konkani (Southern)}} {{legend|#a13e36|Sinhala (Southern)}} {{legend|#e03e36|Dhivehi (Southern)}} (not shown: Kunar (Dardic), Chinali-Lahuli (Unclassified)) ]]

The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo-Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family. This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5% of the population, per a 2018 estimate. The most widely spoken languages of this group are Hindi,{{efn|Although linguistically Hindi and Urdu are the same language called Hindustani, the government classifies them as separate languages instead of different standard registers of same language.}} Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Odia, Maithili, Punjabi, Marwari, Kashmiri, Assamese (Asamiya), Chhattisgarhi and Sindhi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages|title=Indo-Aryan languages|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandryk |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EOsBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo+aryan+languages+marathi%2C+bhojpuri%2C+bengali%2C+odia%2C+punjabi&pg=PA406 |title=Operation World: The Definitive Prayer Guide to Every Nation |date=15 October 2010 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-9599-1}}</ref> Aside from the Indo-Aryan languages, other Indo-European languages are also spoken in India, the most prominent of which is English, as a ''lingua franca''.

===Dravidian language family=== {{Main|Dravidian languages}} thumb|Distribution of the Dravidian languages The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% per 2018 estimate. The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.<ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages"/> Besides the mainstream population, Dravidian languages are also spoken by small scheduled tribe communities, such as the Oraon and Gond tribes.<ref name="West2009">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA713|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=713}}</ref> Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India, Brahui in Balochistan, Pakistan and Dhangar, a dialect of Kurukh, in Nepal.<ref name="LevinsonChristensen2002">{{cite book|last1=Levinson|first1=David|last2=Christensen|first2=Karen|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: China-India relations to Hyogo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFQYAAAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=978-0-684-31243-9|page=299}}</ref>

===Austroasiatic language family=== thumb|right|Approximate distribution of the Austroasiatic languages in India Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino-Tibetan languages, with some 10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 3% of the population.<ref name="Ishtiaq 1999">{{cite book|last=Ishtiaq|first=M.|title=Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India: A Geographical Study|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788120816176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkIgsfb95rAC|access-date=7 September 2012|pages=26–27}}</ref>

The Austroasiatic language family (''austro'' meaning South) is the autochthonous language in Southeast Asia, arrived by migration. Austroasiatic languages of mainland India are the Khasi and Munda languages, including Bhumij and Santali. The languages of the Nicobar islands also form part of this language family. With the exceptions of Khasi and Santali, all Austroasiatic languages on Indian territory are endangered.<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|456–457}}

===Tibeto-Burman language family=== The Tibeto-Burman language family is well represented in India. However, their interrelationships are not discernible, and the family has been described as "a patch of leaves on the forest floor" rather than with the conventional metaphor of a "family tree".<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|283–5}}

Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian Bengali scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterjee said, "Among the various Tibeto-Burman languages, the most important and in literature certainly of much greater importance than Newari, is the Meitei or Manipuri language".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Nunglekpam Premi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqJVDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dr+Suniti+Kumar+Chatterjee+Manipuri+language&pg=PT5 |title=A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works |date=14 April 2018 |pages=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthology of articles |first=Indian and Soviet scholars |title=Problems of Modern Indian Literature |date=1975 |publisher=Statistical Pub. Society : distributor, K. P. Bagchi |location=the University of Michigan |pages=23}}</ref>

In India, Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken across the Himalayas in the regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam (hills and autonomous councils), Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/memorandum_feb02.htm|title=Memorandum of Settlement on Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC)|website=satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89aPZJ3qCD4C&q=tibeto-burman+language+hills+of+assam&pg=PA157|title=Language in South Asia|isbn=9780521781411|access-date=28 December 2017|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj B.|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Sridhar|first3=S. N.|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/burling1999kamarupan.pdf|title=On "Kamarupan"|author=Robbins Burling|website=Sealang.net|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in India include two constitutionally recognised official languages, Meitei (officially known as Manipuri) and Bodo as well as the non-scheduled languages like Karbi, Deori, Lepcha, and many varieties of several related Tibetic, West Himalayish, Tani, Brahmaputran, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhul, Zeme, Kukish sub linguistic branches, among many others.

===Kra–Dai language family=== The Ahom language, a Southwestern Tai language, had been once the dominant language of the Ahom Kingdom in modern-day Assam, but was later replaced by the Assamese language (known as Kamrupi in ancient era which is the pre-form of the Kamrupi dialect of today). Nowadays, small Tai communities and their languages remain in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh together with Sino-Tibetans, e.g. Tai Phake, Tai Aiton and Tai Khamti,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southwestern|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/southwestern|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> which are similar to the Shan language of Shan State, Myanmar; the Dai language of Yunnan, China; the Lao language of Laos; the Thai language of Thailand; and the Zhuang language in Guangxi, China.

===Andamanese language families=== The languages of the Andaman Islands form another group:<ref name="Burenhult1996">{{cite journal|title=Deep linguistic prehistory with particular reference to Andamanese|author=Niclas Burenhult|journal=Working Papers|issue=45|pages= 5–24|publisher=Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics|url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/528793/file/624474.pdf |access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> * the Great Andamanese languages, comprising a number of extinct, and one highly endangered language Aka-Jeru. * the Ongan family of the southern Andaman Islands, comprising two extant languages, Önge and Jarawa, and one extinct language, Jangil.

In addition, Sentinelese is thought likely to be related to the above languages.<ref name="Burenhult1996"/>

===Language isolates=== The only language found in the Indian mainland that is considered a language isolate is Nihali.<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|337}} The status of Nihali is ambiguous, having been considered as a distinct Austroasiatic language, as a dialect of Korku and also as being a "thieves' argot" rather than a legitimate language.<ref name="Anderson2007">{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|title=The Munda Verb: Typological Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVL2FrA6WboC&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018965-0|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=G. D. S.|editor=Brown, Keith |editor2=Ogilvie, Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA94|date=6 April 2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|page=94|chapter=Austro-asiatic languages}}</ref>

The other language isolates found in the rest of South Asia include Burushaski, a language spoken in Gilgit–Baltistan (administered by Pakistan), Kusunda (in western Nepal), and Vedda (in Sri Lanka).<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|283}} The validity of the Great Andamanese language group as a language family has been questioned and it has been considered a language isolate by some authorities.<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|283}}<ref name = "Greenb">Greenberg, Joseph (1971). "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." ''Current trends in linguistics vol. 8'', ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 807.71. The Hague: Mouton.</ref><ref name="Abbi2006">Abbi, Anvita (2006). ''Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands.'' Germany: Lincom GmbH.</ref> The Hruso language, which is long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may actually be a language isolate.<ref name="Blench2011">{{citation |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |year=2011 |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |last2=Post |first2=Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Hruso |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hrus1242 |work=Glottolog 4.3 |editor-last1=Hammarström |editor-first1=Harald |editor-last2=Forke |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last3=Haspelmath |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Bank |editor-first4=Sebastian}}</ref> Roger Blench classifies the Shompen language of the Nicobar Islands as a language isolate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blench |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/Shompen%20paper.pdf |title=The language of the Shom Pen: a language isolate in the Nicobar islands |year=2007 |pages=20–21 |chapter=5. The classification of the Shom Pen language}}</ref> Roger Blench also considers Puroik to be a language isolate.<ref>Blench, Roger. 2011. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf (''De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconsidering the evidence''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf|date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

===Other families=== In addition, a Bantu language, Sidi, was spoken until the mid-20th century in Gujarat by the Siddi.<ref name="Moseley2008"/>{{rp|528}}

==Official languages== {{Main|Languages with official recognition in India}}

thumb|Official languages of India by state and union territory. Hindustani refers to both Hindi and Urdu in this map.

===Federal level=== {{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}} After Mughal rule and prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes.<ref name="Guha2011">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC|access-date=3 January 2015|date=10 February 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-54020-9|pages=117–120|chapter=6. Ideas of India (section IX)}}</ref>

In 1946, the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet "national". The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.<ref name="National"/><ref name="PTI"/>

Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India where Hindi was not spoken natively.

Eventually, a compromise was reached not to include any mention of a national language. Instead, Hindi in Devanagari script was declared to be the official language of the union, but for "fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution, the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement."<ref name="Guha2011"/>

Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of India states "The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script."<ref name=cons/>{{rp|212}}<ref name="Benedikter2009b">{{cite book|author=Thomas Benedikter|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA32|access-date=19 December 2014|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|pages=32–35}}</ref> Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.<ref name=cons/>{{rp|212}}<ref name="Benedikter2009b"/>

As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non-Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in Kerala, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act, 1963,<ref name="OLA163Amdt">{{cite web|title=Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDF |website=Indian Railways|date=10 May 1963| access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="CPOLch07">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf |title=Chapter 7 – Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963|work=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf|archive-date=20 February 2012}}</ref> which provided that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965.<ref name="Guha2011"/> The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite.<ref name="Guha2011"/>

In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations, and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South, and the increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.<ref name="Guha2011"/><ref name="Hardgrave1965">{{cite book|author=Hardgrave, Robert L.|date=August 1965|title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis|series=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

As a result, the proposal was dropped,<ref name="Time1966">{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014111537/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2007 | title=The force of words | magazine=Time | date=19 February 1965|access-date=3 January 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Forrester1966">{{citation |last=Forrester |first=Duncan B. |title=The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=1/2 |pages=19–36 |date=Spring–Summer 1966 |doi=10.2307/2755179|jstor=2755179}}</ref> and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="OLA163Amdt"/>

====Hindi==== {{Main|Hindi}}

thumb|The Hindi-belt, including Hindi-related languages such as Rajasthani and Bhojpuri In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language.<ref name="CensusData2001S1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx |title=Statement 1 – Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues – 2001 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014133158/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language of most people living in Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="ELL2">{{ELL2|Hindi}}</ref>

"Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is one of the official languages of the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament. However, the Rajya Sabha now allows all 22 official languages on the Eighth Schedule to be spoken.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha MPs can now speak in any of 22 scheduled languages in the house|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rajya-sabha-mps-can-now-speak-in-any-of-22-scheduled-languages-in-the-house-118071001144_1.html|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

Hindustani, evolved from ''khari boli'' (खड़ी बोली), a prominent tongue of Mughal times, which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa, an intermediary transition stage from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languages have evolved.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

By virtue of its being a ''lingua franca'', Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai. In addition, a trade language, Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Digital vitality of Uralic languages|year=2017|doi=10.1556/2062.2017.64.3.1|last1=Ács|first1=Judit|last2=Pajkossy|first2=Katalin|last3=Kornai|first3=András|journal=Acta Linguistica Academica|volume=64|issue=3|pages=327–345|s2cid=57699700 |url=http://real.mtak.hu/65041/1/2062.2017.64.3.1.pdf}}</ref> In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a ''lingua franca'' across North-Central India.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction and as a second tongue in many states.

====English==== {{Main|English language|Indian English}}

British colonialism in India resulted in English becoming a language for governance, business, and education. English, along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament. Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a ''lingua franca'' over large parts of India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English has emerged as a de facto ''lingua franca'' over much of India.<ref name="Guha2011"/><ref name="Hardgrave1965"/> Journalist Manu Joseph, in a 2011 article in ''The New York Times'', wrote that due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<ref>{{cite web|author=Joseph, Manu|author-link=Manu Joseph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html|title=India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> English language proficiency is highest among urban residents, wealthier Indians, Indians with higher levels of educational attainment, Christians, men and younger Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rukmini |date=14 May 2019 |title=In India, who speaks in English, and where? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in-india-who-speaks-in-english-and-where-1557814101428.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=mint}}</ref> In 2017, more than 58 per cent of rural teens could read basic English, and 53 per cent of fourteen year-olds & sixty per cent of 18-year-olds could read English sentences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratim Gohain |first=Manash |date=22 January 2018 |title=58% of rural teens can read basic English: Survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/58-of-rural-teens-can-read-basic-english-survey/articleshow/62596824.cms |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Scheduled languages=== {{More citations needed section|date=November 2016}} thumb|Main languages of India and their relative size according to how many speakers each has<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calloftravel.com/20-maps-of-india-that-explain-the-country/|title=20 maps of India that explain the country|last=Snoj|first=Jure|website=Call Of Travel|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817164557/http://calloftravel.com/20-maps-of-india-that-explain-the-country/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Until the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Meitei and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages,<ref name="cons" />{{rp|330}} which are given in the table below together with the regions where they are used.<ref name="CensusData2001S1" /> [[File:Fastest growing languages of India — Hindi (first), Kashmiri (second), Gujarati & Meitei alias Manipuri (third), Bengali (fourth) — based on 2011 census of India.jpg|thumb|150px|Fastest growing languages of India — Hindi (first), Kashmiri (second), Gujarati & Meitei/Manipuri (third), Bengali (fourth) — based on 2011 census of India<ref name="auto"/>]] {| class = "wikitable sortable" ! Language !Family !ISO 639 code |- | '''Assamese''' || Indo-Aryan || as |- | '''Bengali (Bangla)''' || Indo-Aryan || bn |- | '''Bodo''' || Sino-Tibetan || brx |- | '''Dogri''' || Indo-Aryan || doi |- | '''Gujarati''' || Indo-Aryan || gu |- | '''Hindi''' || Indo-Aryan || hi |- |'''Kannada''' || Dravidian || kn |- | '''Kashmiri''' || Indo-Aryan || ks |- | '''Konkani''' || Indo-Aryan || gom |- | '''Maithili''' || Indo-Aryan || mai |- | '''Malayalam''' || Dravidian || ml |- | '''Meitei (Manipuri)''' || Sino-Tibetan || mni |- | '''Marathi''' || Indo-Aryan || mr |- | '''Nepali''' || Indo-Aryan || ne |- | '''Odia''' || Indo-Aryan || or |- | '''Punjabi''' || Indo-Aryan || pa |- | '''Sanskrit''' || Indo-Aryan || sa |- | '''Santali''' || Austroasiatic || sat |- | '''Sindhi''' || Indo-Aryan || sd |- | '''Tamil''' || Dravidian || ta |- | '''Telugu''' || Dravidian || te |- | '''Urdu''' || Indo-Aryan || ur |}

The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate their own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples being Karnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, and Andhra Pradesh<ref name="correspondent">{{Cite web |author= |date=24 March 2022 |title=Urdu second official language in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/240322/assembly-passes-two-bills-of-minorities-component-and-urdu-as-2nd-offi.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> has two languages, Telugu and Urdu, as its official languages.

Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmir used to have Urdu, which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population, as the sole official language until 2020. Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01% of the population. This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense.<ref>{{citation |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India |url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=3–4}}</ref>

{{#lsth:Languages with official status in India|Official languages of states}} {{#lsth:Languages with official status in India|Official languages of Union Territories}} In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language – a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in use.<ref name="BTC">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/memorandum_feb02.htm|title=Memorandum of Settlement on Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC)|date=10 February 2003|website=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> and Bengali in the Barak Valley,<ref name="BarakValleya">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-government-withdraws-assamese-as-official-language-in-barak-valley-restores-bengali-2017504|title=Assam government withdraws Assamese as official language in Barak Valley, restores Bengali|website=DNA India|date=10 September 2014|author=ANI|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> as its official languages.

==Prominent languages of India==

===Hindi=== {{Main|Hindi}}

[[File:South Indian languages.jpg|thumb|At a tourist site in Bengaluru – Top to bottom, the languages are Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. English and many other European languages are also provided here.]]

In British India, English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes. When India became independent in 1947, the Indian legislators had the challenge of choosing a language for official communication as well as for communication between different linguistic regions across India. The choices available were: * Making "Hindi", which a plurality of the country's population (41%)<ref name="CensusData2001S1"/> identified as their native language, the sole official language. * Making English, as preferred by non-Hindi speakers, particularly Kannadigas and Tamils and those from Mizoram and Nagaland, the sole official language. {{crossreference|(See also Anti-Hindi agitations.)}} * Declaring both Hindi and English to be official languages nationwide and giving each state the freedom to choose its own statewide official language(s).

The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union.<ref name=cons>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008|access-date=13 April 2011|work=The Constitution Of India|publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621134720/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.<ref name=cons/> The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non-Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially in South India whose native tongues are not related to Hindi. As a result, Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act in 1963,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/dolacteng.htm |title=DOL |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620135422/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/dolacteng.htm |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CLM>{{Cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |author-first=Kewal Krishan |author-last=Sethi |title=Commissioner Linguistic Minorities: 42nd Report, July 2003 to June 2004 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |archive-date=8 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2002/officiallanguagesact.html|title=Language in India|website=languageinindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/RPF/Files/law/BareActs/officiallang1963act.htm |title=THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601185802/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/RPF/Files/law/BareActs/officiallang1963act.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |title=National Portal of India : Know India : Profile |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417150059/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php |archive-date=17 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf |title=Committee of Parliament on Official Language report |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.

===Bengali=== {{Main|Bengali language}}

'''Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|{{Script|Beng|বাংলা}}}}) also spelt as ''Bangla'', is the sixth most spoken language in the world.<ref name="The World Factbook"/><ref name="Summary by language size"/> Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand and Barak Valley region<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2021|title=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Summary by language size">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|title=Summary by language size|website=Ethnologue|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> of Assam. After the partition of India (1947), refugees from East Pakistan were settled in Tripura, West Bengal, Meghalaya,Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There is also a large number of Bengali-speaking people in Maharashtra and Gujarat where they work as artisans in jewellery industries. Bengali developed from Abahattha, a derivative of Apabhramsha, itself derived from Magadhi Prakrit. The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, also borrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with.

Like most Indian languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. It exhibits diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lrc.cornell.edu/asian/courses/bengali|title=The Bengali Language at Cornell – Department of Asian Studies|website=Lrc.cornell.edu|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Bengali language has developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature, and religion. Bengali has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, dating from about 7th to 12th century ('Charyapada' Buddhist songs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Bengali language {{!}} History, Writing System & Dialects {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |quote=The Bengali linguists Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen suggested that Bengali had its origin in the 10th century ce, deriving from Magahi Prakrit (a spoken language) through Magahi Apabhramsha (its written counterpart). The Bengali scholar Muhammad Shahidullah and his followers offered a competing theory, suggesting that the language began in the 7th century CE and developed from spoken and written Gauda (also, respectively, a Prakrit and an Apabhramsha).}}</ref><ref name="Mitra">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Atri |title=Behind Bengali's classical language tag, a Kolkata institute's 2,000-page research document |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengalis-classical-language-tag-kolkata-institute-research-9609939/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2024 |location=Kolkata |quote=...a Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary compiled by Li-Yen bears testimony to the fact that at least 51 Bangla words made their way into that dictionary...The Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary, compiled in the 8th Century CE, included or rather was compelled to include words of a third language, i.e., Bangla.}}</ref> There have been many movements in defence of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as the International Mother Language Day in commemoration of the Bengali language movement in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chu|first1=Emily|title=UNESCO Dhaka Newsletter|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Dhaka/pdf/Publications/UNESCO%20Dhaka%20Newsletter%203v2.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref>

===Assamese=== {{Main|Assamese language}}

[[File:Illustrated Manuscript of Dakhinpat Sattra( Bhagawat).jpg|thumb|A Bhagavata manuscript written in Early Assamese, from Dakhinpat Satra.]] Asamiya or Assamese language is most spoken in the state of Assam.<ref name="india-travel-agents.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-travel-agents.com/india-guide/languages.html|title=Common Languages of India – Popular Indian Language – Languages Spoken in India – Major Indian Languages|website=India-travel-agents.com|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> It is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language with more than 23 million total speakers including more than 15 million native speakers and more than 7 million L2 speakers per the 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-17.html|title=C-17 POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM|first=Ministry of Home Affairs|last=Government of India|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Assamese evolved at least before the 7th century CE<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1975), ''Grammatical sketches of Indian languages with comparative vocabulary and texts, Volume 1'', P 31</ref> from the middle Indo-Aryan Magadhi Prakrit. Assamese is unusual among Eastern Indo-Aryan languages for the presence of the {{IPA|/x/}} (which, phonetically, varies between velar ({{IPAblink|x}}) and a uvular ({{IPAblink|χ}}) pronunciations). The first characteristics of this language are seen in the Charyapadas composed in between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The first examples emerged in writings of court poets in the fourteenth century, the finest example of which is Madhav Kandali's Saptakanda Ramayana composed during 14th century CE, which was the first translation of the Ramayana into an Indo-Aryan language.

===Marathi=== {{Main|Marathi language}} thumb|Present-day geographical distribution of Marathi. {{Legend|#2a7fff|regions where Marathi is the language of the majority or plurality}} {{Legend|#80b3ff|regions where Marathi is the language of a significant minority}} '''Marathi''' ({{langx|mr|मराठी}}, {{lang|mr|𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲}}) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Maharashtra region spoken by the Marathi people & their diaspora around the world. Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and the co-official language in the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes.{{Efn |The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi.{{r|CLM|at=ch. 11 para 3}} }} There were 83 million speakers of the language in 2011.<ref name="Language and Mother Tongue">{{cite web|title=Language and Mother Tongue|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|publisher=MHA, Gov. of India}}</ref> Marathi has the third-largest number of native speakers in India and ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages; the oldest stone inscriptions from the 8th century & literature dating from about 1100 AD (Mukundraj's ''Vivek Sindhu'' dates to the 12th century).

The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi (''Pramaan Bhasha'') and Varhadi. Related languages include Ahirani, Dangi, Vadvali, and Samavedi, while Malvani Konkani has been heavily influenced by Marathi. Descending from Maharashtri Prakrit, the language evolved through ''Apabhraṃśa'' stages into Old Marathi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |date=1997 |title=Marathi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeNBEAAAQBAJ&q=jain&pg=PT24 |publisher=Routledge|page=xxxvii |isbn=0-415-00319-9}}</ref> Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people came into contact with diverse linguistic groups. While its foundation lies in Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa, and Sanskrit, it also integrated elements from Austroasiatic and Dravidian sources. Additionally, Marathi incorporates a significant layer of loanwords from foreign languages, most notably Persian, Arabic, and English, with minor contributions from French and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Bloch|title=Formation of the Marathi Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2322-8|pages=33,180}}</ref>

Marathi Language Day ({{langx|mr|मराठी दिन / मराठी दिवस|Marathi Dina / Marathi Diwasa}}) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa, regulated by the State Government. It is celebrated on the birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj .

===Meitei=== {{Main|Meitei language}}

''Meitei language'' (officially known as ''Manipuri language'') is the most widely spoken Indian Sino-Tibetan language of Tibeto-Burman linguistic sub branch. It is the sole official language in Manipur and is one of the official languages of India. It is one of the two Sino-Tibetan languages with official status in India, beside Bodo. It has been recognised as one of the advanced modern languages of India by the National Sahitya Academy for its rich literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&q=Owing+to+its+richness+%2C+the+language+has+been+recognized+as+one+of+the+advanced+modern+languages+of+India+by+the+National+Sahitya+Academy+Manipuri&pg=PA80 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0 |pages=80}}</ref> It uses both Meitei script as well as Bengali script for writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

Meitei language is currently proposed to be included in the elite category of "Classical Languages" of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government must take concrete step for recognition of Manipuri as classical language |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/government-must-take-concrete-step-for-recognition-of-manipuri-as-classical-language |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729150132/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/government-must-take-concrete-step-for-recognition-of-manipuri-as-classical-language |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=20 August 2016 |title=Classic language status for Manipuri demanded |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Manipur Govt Begins Efforts for Inclusion of Manipuri Among 'Classical' Languages |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-govt-begins-efforts-inclusion-manipuri-among-classical-languages-397876-2019-08-21 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> Besides, it is also currently proposed to be an associate official language of Government of Assam. According to Leishemba Sanajaoba, the present titular king of Manipur and a Rajya Sabha member of Manipur state, by recognising Meitei as an ''associate official language'' of Assam, the identity, history, culture and tradition of Manipuris residing in Assam could be protected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri as associate official language in Assam Sanajaoba approaches Sonowal |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/9/24/Manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-AssamSanajaoba-approaches-Sonowal-.html |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005543/https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=27 September 2020 |title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece |access-date=29 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Meitei Language Day (Manipuri Language Day) is celebrated on 20 August every year by the Manipuris across the Indian states of Manipur, Assam and Tripura. This day is regulated by the Government of Manipur. It is the commemoration of the day on which Meitei was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 20 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+language+day&pg=PA24 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious [sic] Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2 June 2014 |publisher=Quills Ink Publishing |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |pages=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+language+day&pg=PA25 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2 June 2014 |publisher=Quills Ink Publishing |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |pages=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8cTROu4LcC&dq=meitei+language+day&pg=PA131 |title=Countering Displacements: The Creativity and Resilience of Indigenous and Refugee-ed Peoples |last2=Glanville |first2=Erin Goheen |last3=Hasan |first3=Wafaa |last4=Kramer-Hamstra |first4=Agnes |date=26 April 2012 |publisher=University of Alberta |isbn=978-0-88864-592-0 |pages=131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Manipuri Language Day observed : 21st aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..210821.aug21 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=Manipuri Language Day observed in Manipur – Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipuri-language-day-observed-in-manipur/ |website=easternmirrornagaland.com}}</ref>

===Telugu=== {{Main|Telugu language}}

Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India and around the world. Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam, making it one of the few languages (along with Hindi, Bengali, and Urdu) with official status in more than one state. It is also spoken by a significant number of people in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages with classical status in India. Telugu ranks fourth by the number of native speakers in India (81 million in the 2011 Census),<ref name="Language and Mother Tongue"/> fifteenth in the ''Ethnologue'' list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language.

===Tamil=== {{Main|Tamil language}}

[[File:Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu - Hamsadhwani.wav|thumb|15th-century anthology of Tamil religious poetry dedicated to Ganesha]] Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2001|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/census_data_2001/census_data_online/language/Statement4.htm|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages.{{Citation needed|reason=Contradicted by other articles which have reliable sources|date=November 2016}} It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world.<ref name="Circulation and the Historical Geog">{{Citation | first= Burton |last=Stein |date=November 1977 | title = Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–26| doi = 10.2307/2053325 | jstor=2053325|s2cid=144599197}}</ref><ref>Steever, Sanford B. ''"The Dravidian languages"'', First Published (1998), pp. 6–9. {{ISBN|0-415-10023-2}}</ref> It has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past".<ref name="richestClassical">Kamil Zvelebil, ''The Smile of Murugan'' Leiden 1973, p11-12</ref> The two earliest manuscripts from India,<ref>{{Citation |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23087&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027173647/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23087%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2008 |title=The I.A.S. Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23084&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804195118/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23084%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2009 |title=Saiva Manuscript in Pondicherry |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, are in Tamil.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=26531&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012181205/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D26531%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2009 |title=Memory of the World Register: India |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka and Singapore. It is also recognised as a minority language in Canada, Malaysia, Mauritius and South Africa.

===Urdu=== {{Main|Urdu}}

After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan. During British colonial times, knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a must for officials. Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh<ref name="correspondent"/>, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations.

===Gujarati=== {{Main|Gujarati language}}

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat. Gujarati is part of the greater Indo-European language family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ({{circa|1100}} – 1500 CE), the same source as that of Rajasthani. Gujarati is the chief and official language in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4.5% of population of India (1.21 billion according to 2011 census) speaks Gujarati. This amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwt-services.co.uk/translations/languages/gujarati-translation-216|title=Translation from Gujarati to English and from English to Gujarati – Translation Services|author=Sandra Küng|date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017024018/http://www.wwt-services.co.uk/translations/languages/gujarati-translation-216|archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

===Kannada=== {{Main|Kannada}}

Kannada is a Dravidian language which branched off from Kannada-Tamil sub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil.<ref name="constitution">Zvelebil in H. Kloss & G.D. McConnell; ''Constitutional languages'', p.240, Presses Université Laval, 1 January 1989, {{ISBN|2-7637-7186-6}}</ref> It is the official language of Karnataka. According to the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy, the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three linguistic phases: Old (450–1200 CE), Middle (1200–1700 CE) and Modern (1700–present).<ref>Steever, S. B., ''The Dravidian Languages'' (Routledge Language Family Descriptions), 1998, p.129, London, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-10023-2}}</ref><ref name="krishna">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju, ''The Dravidian Languages'' (Cambridge Language Surveys), 2003, p.23, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}}</ref> The earliest written records are from the 5th century,<ref name="record">H. Kloss & G.D. McConnell, ''Constitutional languages'', p.239, Presses Université Laval, 1 January 1989, {{ISBN|2-7637-7186-6}}</ref> and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript (''Kavirajamarga'') is from {{circa|850}}.<ref name="literature1">Narasimhacharya R; ''History of Kannada Literature'', p.2, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}</ref><ref name="literature2">Sastri, Nilakanta K.A.; ''A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, 2002, India Branch of Oxford University Press, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}</ref> Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all languages of India.<ref name="verna1">Das, Sisir Kumar; ''A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular'', pp.140–141, Sahitya Akademi, 2005, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-260-2171-3}}</ref><ref name="oldest">R Zydenbos in Cushman S, Cavanagh C, Ramazani J, Rouzer P, ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition'', p.767, Princeton University Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-691-15491-6}}</ref> Current estimates of the total number of epigraph present in Karnataka range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi,<ref name="current">Datta, Amaresh; ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2'', p.1717, 1988, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}</ref> making Karnataka state "one of the most densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world".<ref name="dense">Sheldon Pollock in Dehejia, Vidya; ''The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art'', p.5, chapter:''The body as Leitmotif'', 2013, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14028-7}}</ref> According to Garg and Shipely, more than a thousand notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language.<ref name="wealth1">Garg, Gaṅgā Rām; ''Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1'', p.68, Concept Publishing Company, 1992, New Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-7022-374-0}}</ref><ref name="wealth2">Shipley, Joseph T.; ''Encyclopedia of Literature – Vol I'', p.528, 2007, READ BOOKS, {{ISBN|1-4067-0135-1}}</ref>

===Malayalam=== {{Main|Malayalam}}

Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people. Malayalam is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; with some speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, and the Dakshina Kannada and the Kodagu district of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnatakavision.com/dakshin-kannada.php|title=Dakshina Kannada District: Dakshin Kannada also called South Canara – coastal district of Karnataka state|publisher=Karnatakavision.com|access-date=20 February 2012|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220061237/http://www.karnatakavision.com/dakshin-kannada.php|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112656840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143606/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/26/stories/2008112656840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|title=Kodagu-Kerala association is ancient|date=26 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120951660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105143619/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/09/stories/2008120951660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|title=Virajpet Kannada Sahitya Sammelan on January 19|date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) in the 7th century.<ref name="Asher2013">{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=R|last2=Kumari|first2=T. C.|title=Malayalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRNTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PR24|access-date=19 December 2016|date=11 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-10084-0|page=xxiv}}</ref> As Malayalam began to freely borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit, the Grantha alphabet was adopted for writing and came to be known as ''Arya Eluttu''.<ref>[http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm Epigraphy – Grantha Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111183842/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm |date=11 January 2010}} Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology</ref> This developed into the modern Malayalam script.<ref>Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. ''A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996.</ref>

===Odia=== {{Main|Odia language}}

Odia (formerly spelled ''Oriya'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/orissa-to-odisha-negotiable-instruments-act-145007-2011-11-05|title=Mixed views emerge as Orissa becomes Odisha|work=India Today|access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref> is one of the modern languages officially recognised as a classical language from the Indo-Aryan group. Odia is primarily spoken and has official language status in the Indian state of Odisha and has over 40 million speakers. It was declared as a classical language of India in 2014. Native speakers comprise 91.85% of the population in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=12}}</ref> Odia originated from Odra Prakrit which developed from Magadhi Prakrit, a language spoken in eastern India over 2,500 years ago. The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia (3rd century BC −1200 century AD),<ref>{{cite book |title= Classical Odia |first1=Debi Prasanna |last1= Pattanayak |first2=Subrat Kumar |last2= Prusty |publisher= KIS Foundation |location= Bhubaneswar |url=http://www.orissalinks.com/odia/classical3.pdf#16 |page=54 |access-date= 26 July 2016}}</ref> Early Middle Odia (1200–1400), Middle Odia (1400–1700), Late Middle Odia (1700–1870) and Modern Odia (1870 until present day). The National Manuscripts Mission of India have found around 213,000 unearthed and preserved manuscripts written in Odia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumarl|first1=Chethan|title=Manuscript mission: Tibetan beats all but three Indian languages – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manuscript-mission-Tibetan-beats-all-but-three-Indian-languages/articleshow/53284630.cms|access-date=11 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

===Santali=== {{Main|Santali language}}

Santali is a Munda language, a branch of Austroasiatic languages spoken widely in Jharkhand and other states of eastern India by Santhal community of tribal and non-tribal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Santhals: A Look At The Tribal Community Of India's New President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/santhals-a-look-at-the-tribal-community-of-india-s-new-president-droupadi-murmu-news-211156 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> It is written in Ol Chiki script invented by Raghunath Murmu at the end of 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ol Chiki Script |url=https://wesanthals.tripod.com/id45.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=wesanthals.tripod.com}}</ref> Santali is spoken by 0.67% of India's population.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=Summary by language size |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |access-date=12 March 2019 |website=Ethnologue}} For items below No. 26, see individual ''Ethnologue'' entry for each language.</ref><ref name="fulllangdatacensus 20112">{{cite web |title=How languages intersect in India |date=22 November 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> About 7 million people speak this language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santali language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/santali.htm |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> It is also spoken in Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Santal (Sawntal) in Nepal |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14743/NP |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=joshuaproject.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santals, The – Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Santals,_The |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> The language is a major tribal language of Jharkhand and thus the Santhal community is demanding to make it the official language of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=ASA demands Santali as first official language in Jharkhand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/asa-demands-santali-as-first-official-language-in-jharkhand-4536259/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Punjabi=== {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}} {{Main|Punjabi language}}

Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script in India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 32 million speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet. It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighbouring areas. It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab.

===Maithili=== {{Main|Maithili language}}

Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language native to India and Nepal. In India, it is widely spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/prakash-javadekar-likely-to-call-meeting-of-experts-to-promote-maithili-script-1826774|title=मैथिली लिपि को बढ़ावा देने के लिए विशेषज्ञों की जल्द ही बैठक बुला सकते हैं प्रकाश जावड़ेकर|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-maithili-will-get-second-state-language-status-in-jharkhand-1835624.html,|title=मैथिली को भी मिलेगा दूसरी राजभाषा का दर्जा|website=Hindustan}}</ref> Native speakers are also found in other states and union territories of India, most notably in Uttar Pradesh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bjp-trying-to-influence-maithil-voters-in-delhi/635693/amp?espv=1,|title=BJP trying to influence Maithil voters in delhi | मैथिल मतदाताओं को मोहने की कोशिश में है बीजेपी, दिल्ली में हैं कुल 40 लाख वोटर्स| Hindi News, बिहार एवं झारखंड|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> In the 2011 census of India, It was reported by {{formatnum:13583464}} people as their mother tongue comprising about 1.12% of the total population of India.<ref>[https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/language-census-2011-surge-in-hindi-speakers-south-indian-language-and-urdu-speakers-decline-1530869001-1, Rise in Hindi language speakers, ''Statement-4'' Retrieved on 22 February 2020]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai, and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal.<ref name=Sah2013>{{cite journal |author=Sah, K. K. |year=2013 |title=Some perspectives on Maithili |journal=Nepalese Linguistics |issue=28 |pages=179–188}}</ref> Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brass, P. R. |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PP1 |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |publisher=iUniverse |location=Lincoln |access-date=1 April 2017 |isbn=0-595-34394-5}}</ref> Today it is written in the Devanagari script.<ref name=Yadava2013>Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. [http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepling/pdf/Nep_Ling_28.pdf Nepalese Linguistics 28]: 262–274.</ref>

In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.<ref name=Singh2011>Singh, P., & Singh, A. N. (2011). Finding Mithila between India's Centre and Periphery. ''Journal of Indian Law & Society'' 2: 147–181.</ref>

=={{anchor|Classical}}Classical languages of India== {{Main|Classical Languages of India}}

{{Further|Meitei classical language movement}} In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language" of India.<ref name="bbcclassical">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm |publisher=BBC |title=India sets up classical languages |access-date=1 May 2007 | date=17 September 2004}}</ref>

Languages thus far declared to be classical: * Tamil (in 2004),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303153544/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/18/stories/2004091806530100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2018 |title=Front Page : Tamil to be a classical language |date=18 September 2004 |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> * Sanskrit (in 2005),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102809281200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904105019/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/28/stories/2005102809281200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2016 |title=National : Sanskrit to be declared classical language |date=28 October 2005 |access-date=1 August 2010 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> * Kannada (in 2008),<ref name="antiquity"/> * Telugu (in 2008),<ref name="antiquity">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340|title=Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages|work=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India|access-date=31 October 2008}}</ref> * Malayalam (in 2013),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece | title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=The Hindu |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}</ref> * Odia (in 2014),<ref name=Hindu-Oriya-Classical>{{cite news|title=Odia gets classical language status|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms|title=Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status|work=The Times of India|date=21 February 2014}}</ref> * Assamese (in 2024)<ref name=pressrelise/><ref name=classical-lang-status/> * Bangla (in 2024),<ref name=pressrelise>{{cite news|title=Cabinet approves conferring status of Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2061660 |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=classical-lang-status>{{cite news|title=Cabinet approves classical language status to five languages, including Marathi and Bengali|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cabinet-classical-language-status-five-languages-marathi-bengali-9602341/|access-date=4 October 2024|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> * Marathi (in 2024)<ref name=pressrelise/><ref name=classical-lang-status/> * Pali (in 2024)<ref name=pressrelise/><ref name=classical-lang-status/> * Prakrit (in 2024)<ref name=pressrelise/><ref name=classical-lang-status/>

Over the next few years, several languages were granted the Classical status, and demands have been made for other languages, including Maithili<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-not-a-single-language-of-bihar-has-become-a-classical-language-yet-maithili-may-be-included-21816443.html |title=बिहार की एक भी भाषा अब तक नहीं बनी शास्त्रीय भाषा, मैथिली हो सकता शामिल|date=9 July 2021 |author=Jagran Team |newspaper=Jagran}}</ref> and Meitei (officially called Manipuri).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur steps up to renew push for inclusion of Manipuri among India's classical languages (time duration of the movement) |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-steps-up-to-renew-push-for-inclusion-of-manipuri-among-indias-classical-languages |website=Imphal Free Press |quote=The movement for recognizing Manipuri as a classical language began in 2013, yet there has been a gap in the follow up actions. |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921084217/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-steps-up-to-renew-push-for-inclusion-of-manipuri-among-indias-classical-languages |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MP for classical language status : 23rd sep20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..230920.sep20 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Process for recognising Manipuri as classical language of India underway: MP Sanajaoba |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/4203/process-for-recognising-manipuri-as-classical-language-of-india-underway-mp-sanajaoba |website=Imphal Free Press |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921084552/https://www.ifp.co.in/4203/process-for-recognising-manipuri-as-classical-language-of-india-underway-mp-sanajaoba |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Other regional languages and dialects== The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of them are dialects/variants grouped under Hindi.<ref name="CensusData2001S1"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Languages !! No. of native speakers<ref name="CensusData2001S1"/> |- |Bhojpuri || 33,099,497 |- |Rajasthani || 18,355,613 |- |Magadhi/Magahi || 13,978,565 |- |Chhattisgarhi || 13,260,186 |- |Haryanvi || 7,997,192 |- |Marwari || 7,936,183 |- |Malvi || 5,565,167 |- |Mewari || 5,091,697 |- |Khorth/Khotta || 4,725,927 |- |Bundeli || 3,072,147 |- |Bagheli || 2,865,011 |- |Pahari || 2,832,825 |- |Laman/Lambadi || 2,707,562 |- |Awadhi || 2,529,308 |- |Harauti || 2,462,867 |- |Garhwali || 2,267,314 |- |Nimadi || 2,148,146 |- |Sadan/Sadri || 2,044,776 |- |Kumauni || 2,003,783 |- |Dhundhari || 1,871,130 |- |Tulu || 1,722,768 |- |Surgujia || 1,458,533 |- |Bagri Rajasthani || 1,434,123 |- |Banjari || 1,259,821 |- |Nagpuria || 1,242,586 |- |Surajpuri || 1,217,019 |- |Kangri || 1,122,843 |}

===Practical problems=== [[File:Linguistic map of Northeast India English Native.png|thumb|300px|"Scheduled" and "non-scheduled" official languages of Northeast Indian states; most of the languages in Northeast are unrecognised by the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]

India has several languages in use; choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all those whose "mother tongue" is different. However, all the boards of education across India recognise the need for training people to one common language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/language-and-globalization|title= Language and Globalization: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510062844/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/language-and-globalization|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> There are complaints that in North India, non-Hindi speakers have language trouble. Similarly, there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of language when travelling to South India. It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those who strongly believe in the chosen official language, and those who follow the thought that the chosen language(s) do not take into account everyone's preferences.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=A Surya|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=surya%2Fsurya25.txt&writer=surya |title=Indians are no less racial|work=The Pioneer|date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033944/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnist1.asp?main_variable=Columnist&file_name=surya%2Fsurya25.txt&writer=surya|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Local official language commissions have been established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

==Languages by earliest known inscriptions== {{Further|Sanskrit epigraphy}}

Earliest known manuscripts are often subjected to debates and disputes, due to the conflicting opinions and assumptions of different scholars, claiming high antiquity of the languages. So, inscriptions are studied more in depth for understanding the chronology of the oldest known languages of the Indian subcontinent. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date !! Language !! Earliest known inscriptions !! Images !! Notes |- |15th century BCE |Vedic Sanskrit |Vedic Sanskrit loanwords and names of Vedic gods found in inscriptions/texts of the Mitanni Empire |[[File:Cuneiform letter to Amenhotep III.jpg|thumb|left|Cuneiform tablet containing a letter from Tushratta of Mitanni to Amenhotep III (of 13 letters of King Tushratta). British Museum]] |See: Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni |- |3rd Century BCE |Sanskrit/Prakrit |Sanskrit loanwords in Greek/Aramaic/Prakrit inscriptions of Aśoka. | |See: Edicts of Ashoka |- | {{nowrap|early 2nd century BC}} || Old Tamil|| rock inscription ARE 465/1906 at Mangulam caves, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy |given=Iravatham |surname=Mahadevan |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1 |pages=7, 97}}</ref> (Other authors give dates from late 3rd century BC to 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite book | first = Kamil Veith | last = Zvelebil | title = Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature | page = 42 | publisher = BRILL | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-90-04-09365-2}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Sole Objection Possible: Piodasses and Prydrš |url=https://incarnateword.in/other-authors/kd-sethna-amal-kiran/ancient-india-in-a-new-light/the-sole-objection-possible-piodasses-and-prydrs}}</ref>) || thumb|2nd century BCE Tamil Brahmi inscription Arittapatti, Madurai, India || |- | 1st century BC || Sanskrit || Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana, and Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions (both near Chittorgarh)<ref>{{cite book | title = Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages | first = Richard | last = Salomon | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-19-535666-3 | pages = 86–87}}</ref> || thumb|Dhanadeva Ayodhya inscription || The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.<ref>Salomon (1998), p. 89.</ref> |- | {{circa|lk=no}} 450 || Old Kannada || Halmidi inscription{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=23}} || thumb|Halmidi inscription || |- | c. 568 CE || Meitei || ''Yumbanlol'' copper plate inscriptions about literature of sexuality, the relationships between husbands and wives, and instructions on how to run a household.<ref>{{Cite web |others=Manuscript Treasures of India, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |title=National Mission of Manuscripts : 88 Vijñānanidhi: m a n |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/34231921/manuscript-treasures-of-india-national-mission-for-manuscripts/88 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=National Mission of Manuscripts |pages=88, 89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |title=Vijnananidhi |url=https://www.namami.gov.in/flipbook/images/vijnananidhi-page-088.jpg |website=namami.gov.in |pages=88, 89}}</ref> || thumb|Yumbanlol copper plate inscriptions || |- | c. 575 CE || Telugu || Kalamalla inscription<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=9 January 2022 |title=First Telugu inscription dating back to 575 AD found in Kadapa village |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Jan/09/first-telugu-inscriptiondating-back-to-575-ad-found-in-kadapa-village-2404759.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> || || |- | c. 849/850 CE || Malayalam || Quilon Syrian copper plates<ref>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|orig-date=1972|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> || thumb|Quilon Syrian copper plates plates || |- | c. 1012 CE || Marathi || A stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novetzke |first=Christian Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |date=18 October 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8 |pages=53, 54}}</ref> || || |- | c. 1051 CE || Odia || Urajam inscription<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kuñjabihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |date=1963 |publisher=Utkal University |pages=29, 222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA389 |title=Constitutional languages |date=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |pages=389}}</ref> || thumb|Odia - Urajam inscription || |}

==Language policy== {{Further|Three language formula|National Education Policy 2020}} The Union Government of India formulated the Three language formula.

===In the Prime Minister's Office=== {{See also|Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister of India|}} The official website of the Prime Minister's Office of India publishes its official information in 11 Indian official languages, namely Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu, out of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic, in addition to English and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMINDIA Multilingual Website now available in 13 languages Assamese and Manipuri versions of Prime Minister's Official Website launched |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1514873 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===In the Press Information Bureau=== {{Main|Press Information Bureau}}

The Press Information Bureau (PIB) selects 14 Indian official languages, which are Dogri, Punjabi, Bengali, Odia, Gujarati, Marathi, Meitei (Manipuri), Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Konkani and Urdu, in addition to Hindi and English, out of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic to render its information about all the Central Government press releases.{{efn|The Meitei language (officially called Manipuri) versions of the press releases are presently available in Bengali script, but there is plan of changing the script into Meitei script (Manipuri script) in due course of time.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIB press releases in Manipuri : 25th nov15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..251115.nov15 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |title=PIB website has news in regional languages now – KanglaOnline |date=24 November 2015 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123180217/http://kanglaonline.com/2015/11/pib-website-has-news-in-regional-languages-now/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In the Staff Selection Commission=== {{Main|Staff Selection Commission}}

The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) selected 13 Indian official languages, which are Urdu, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Odia and Punjabi, in addition to Hindi and English, out of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic, to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination for the first time in its history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh lauds SSC for deciding to conduct the Multi-Tasking (Non-Technical) Staff examination 2022 in 13 regional languages in addition to Hindi and English for the first time |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1892439 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=হিন্দি অমসুং ইংলিসকী মথক্তা অহানবা ওইনা লম-লমগী লোন ১৩দা মল্তি-তাস্কিং(নন-তেক্নিকেল) স্তাফ এজামিনেসন ২০২২ পাংথোক্নবা ৱারেপ লৌখিবগীদমক য়ুনিয়ন মিনিস্তর দোক্তর জিতেন্দ্র সিংহনা এস.এস.সি থাগৎখ্রে |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1892624 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=pib.gov.in |language=mni}}</ref>

===In the Central Armed Police Forces=== The Union Government of India selected Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Odia, Urdu, Punjabi, and Konkani, 13 out of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic, in addition to Hindi & English, to be used in the recruitment examination of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF). The decision was taken by the Home Minister after having an agreement between the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Staff Selection Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Imphal Free Press |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925174356/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=CAPF Recruitment Examination In Assamese, Manipuri, Bengali, Odia & Other Regional Languages – NE India Broadcast |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2023/04/15/capf-recruitment-examination-in-assamese-manipuri-bengali-odia-other-regional-languages/ |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref> The official decision will be converted into action from {{Start date and age|df=y|2024|01|01}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=16 April 2023 |title=Manipur CM lauds Centre for introducing Manipuri in CAPF exams |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-cm-lauds-centre-introducing-manipuri-capf-exams.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NORTHEAST NOW}}</ref>

==Language conflicts== {{Further|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu |Pure Tamil movement|Meitei linguistic purism movement|Gokak agitation}}

There are conflicts over linguistic rights in India. The first major linguistic conflict, known as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of India. Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMK to power and leading to the ousting and nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |author-link1=Ramachandra Guha |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600272536.htm |title=Hindi against India |date=16 January 2005 |access-date=1 August 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020349/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600260300.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 |work=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref> Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Assam, Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra. To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the government of Maharashtra made the state language Marathi mandatory in educational institutions of CBSE and ICSE through Class/Grade 10.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-a-must-in-maharashtra-schools/28502-3.html |title=Marathi a must in Maharashtra schools |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002609/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-a-must-in-maharashtra-schools/28502-3.html |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.{{clarify|date=December 2014}}{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==Linguistic movements== In the history of India, various linguistic movements were and are undertaken by different literary, political and social associations as well as organisations, advocating for the changes and the developments of several languages, dialects and vernaculars in diverse critical, discriminative and unfavorable circumstances and situations.

===Bengali=== {{Further|Bengali language}} * Bengali language movement in India

===Bhojpuri=== The Bhojpuri language movement, a linguistic movement that has been actively campaigning for greater recognition of the Bhojpuri language since 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=भोजपुरी को आधिकारिक भाषा का दर्जा देने के सवाल पर सरकार से क्या मिला जवाब, जानिए |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/language-bhojpuri-8th-schedule-constitution-rti-answer-central-govt-ministry-of-home-affairs-1191031-2021-01-12 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZhjAAAAMAAJ |title=Śrī Nāgendra Prasāda Siṃha ke "Soca-vicāra" para bāta-vicāra |date=1999 |publisher=Loga Prakāśana |language=bh}}</ref>

There have been several protests and demands to include the Bhojpuri language in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution for a long time. In 1971, CPI MP Bhogendra Jha introduced a bill on this issue in the Lok Sabha, but it was rejected.

In 2009 and 2016, Yogi Adityanath, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and former MP from Gorakhpur, raised the issue of Bhojpuri's recognition in the Lok Sabha. He emphasised that Bhojpuri, spoken in parts of India and 27 countries, is one of the world's major languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=क्या हिंदी-संस्कृत की तरह भोजपुरी भी बनेगी आधिकारिक भाषा? रवि किशन का बिल कानून बना तो क्या होगा फायदा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/explained/story/ravi-kishan-bhojpuri-official-language-constitution-eighth-schedule-bhojpuri-demand-ntc-pryd-1994961-2024-07-29 |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

===Meitei (Manipuri)=== {{Further|Meitei language}} * Meitei language movements (aka Manipuri language movements), various linguistic movements for the cause of Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language) ** Meitei linguistic purism movement, an ongoing linguistic movement, aimed to attain linguistic purism in Meitei language ** Scheduled language movement, a historical linguistic movement in Northeast India, aimed at the recognition of Meitei language as one of the scheduled languages of Indian Republic ** Meitei classical language movement, an ongoing linguistic movement in Northeast India, aimed at the recognition of Meitei language as an officially recognised "classical language" ** Meitei associate official language movement, a semi active linguistic movement in Northeast India, aimed at the recognition of Meitei language as an "associate" official language of Assam

===Rajasthani=== {{Further|Rajasthani language}} * Rajasthani language movement, a linguistic movement that has been campaigning for greater recognition for the Rajasthani language since 1947

===Tamil=== {{Further|Tamil language}} * Tanittamil Iyakkam (Pure Tamil Movement), a linguistic purism movement for the Tamil language, to ignore the loanwords borrowed from Sanskrit

==Developmental works== In the age of technological advancements, the Google Translate supports the following Indian languages: Bengali, Bhojpuri,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=11 May 2022}}</ref> Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Maithili, Malayalam, Marathi, Meiteilon (Manipuri){{efn|Google Translate mentions both "Meiteilon" as well as "Manipuri" (within the parentheses) at the same time for the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language).}} (in Meitei script{{efn|Meitei language uses both Meitei script as well as Bengali script officially but Google Translate uses Meitei script only.}}), Odia, Punjabi (in Gurmukhi script{{efn|Punjabi language uses both Gurmukhi script as well as Shahmukhi script officially but Google Translate uses Gurmukhi script only.}}), Santali (Ol Chiki script), Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu.

===Meitei (Manipuri)=== {{Further|Meitei language|Meitei script|Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation}} On 4 September 2013, the Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (DLPI) was established for the development and the promotion of Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language) and the Meitei script (Manipuri script) in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2018 |title=Department of language planning and implementation trying to resolve all language issues in the state |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/03/14/department-language-planning-implementation-trying-resolve-language-issues-state/|archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313201109/https://www.pothashang.in/2018/03/14/department-language-planning-implementation-trying-resolve-language-issues-state/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2013 |title=Separate directorate for M'puri language {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/separate-directorate-for-mpuri-language/ |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

The Manipuri Sahitya Parishad is given annual financial support of {{INRConvert|500000|year=2015}} by the Government of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..110515.may15|title=Govt to give Rs 5 lakh to Manipur Sahitya Parishad: CM : 11th may15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=24..250619.jun19|title=Titles, cash awards presented on 85th foundation day of Manipuri Sahitya Parishad : 25th jun19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..100515.may15|title=Annual meet of Manipur Sahitya Parishad held : 10th may15 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Since 2020, the Government of Assam is giving annual financial support of {{INR Convert|500000|year=2020}} to the Assam Manipuri Sahitya Parishad. Besides, the Assam government financed {{INR Convert|6|c|year=2020}} for the creation of a corpus for the development of the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=27 September 2020 |title=Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece |access-date=24 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2021, the Central Government of India released {{INRConvert|180|m}} as the first instalment for the development and the promotion of the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language) and the Meitei script (Manipuri script) in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=15 September 2021 |title=Centre has released ₹18 crore for promotion of Manipuri language, says State Education Minister|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-has-released-18-crore-for-promotion-of-manipuri-language-says-state-education-minister/article36466705.ece |access-date=21 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=Centre to release Rs 18 crore to promote Manipuri language {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2021/09/14/centre-to-release-rs-18-crore-to-promote-manipuri-language/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Pothashang}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=State Education Minister says Center has released ₹18 crore to promote Manipuri language – Bharat Times |work=Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/state-education-minister-says-center-has-released-%e2%82%b918-crore-to-promote-manipuri-language/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821145703/https://news.bharattimes.co.in/state-education-minister-says-center-has-released-%E2%82%B918-crore-to-promote-manipuri-language/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Department of Language Planning and Implementation of the Government of Manipur offers a sum of {{INRConvert|5000|year=2013}}, to every individual who learns Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language), having certain terms and conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মণিপুরি ভাষা শিখলেই মিলবে কড়কড়ে ৫০০০ টাকা |trans-title=Manipuri Language : If you learn Manipuri language, you will get 5000 rupees, new strategy to prevent English? |url=https://eisamay.com/north-east-india/manipur-govt-to-offer-5-thousand-rupees-for-learning-manipuri-language/articleshow/94956201.cms |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Eisamay |date=19 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Applications invited for local language training programme |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/applications-invited-for-local-language-training-programme |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Imphal Free Press |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201193817/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/applications-invited-for-local-language-training-programme |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sanskrit=== {{Further|Sanskrit}} The Central Government of India allocated ₹6438.4 million in the last three years for the development and the promotion of Sanskrit, ₹2311.5 million in 2019–20, around ₹2143.8 million in 2018–19, and ₹1983.1 million in 2017–18.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2020 |title=₹643.84 crore spent on promotion of Sanskrit in 3 years: Government data |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rs-643-84-cr-spent-on-promotion-of-sanskrit-in-3-years-govt-data/story-8LLLjyebUs8RbaL2J1LS9H.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Why ₹643 crores spent on Sanskrit, ₹ 3 crore on flowers to greet Trumps, but ₹29 crore on five other languages |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/why-indian-rupee643-crores-spent-on-sanskrit-and-just-indian-rupee29-crores-on-other-five-classical-languages-ask-twitterati |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=National Herald}}</ref>

===Tamil=== {{Further|Tamil language}} The Central Government of India gave an allocation of Rs 105.9 million in 2017–18, Rs 46.5 million in 2018–19 and Rs 77 million in 2019–20 to the "Central Institute of Classical Tamil" for the development and the promotion of Tamil language.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref name="thewire.in">{{Cite web |title=Centre Spent 22 Times More on Promoting Sanskrit Than Other 5 Classical Languages Combined |url=https://thewire.in/government/sanskrit-language-promotion |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

===Telugu and Kannada=== {{Further|Telugu language|Kannada language}} The Central Government of India gave an allocation of Rs 10 million in 2017–18, Rs 9.9 million in 2018–19 and Rs 10.7 million in 2019–20, each for the development and the promotion of Telugu language and Kannada language.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref name="thewire.in"/>

==Computerisation== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;" |+ Multi-pair translations |- ! Language ! Language code ! Google Translate<ref>{{cite web |title=Language support {{!}} Cloud Translation |url=https://cloud.google.com/translate/docs/languages |website=Google Cloud |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ! Bhashini<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhashini |url=https://bhashini.gov.in/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=bhashini.gov.in}}</ref> ! Microsoft Translator<ref>{{cite web |title=Language support – Translator – Azure AI services |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/translator/language-support |website=learn.microsoft.com |access-date=7 November 2023 |date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ! Yandex Translate<ref>{{cite web |title=Supported languages |url=https://yandex.com/support/translate/supported-langs.html |website=yandex.com |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=en |archivedate=22 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322235033/https://yandex.com/support/translate/supported-langs.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ! IBM Watson<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Cloud Docs |url=https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/language-translator?topic=language-translator-translation-models |website=cloud.ibm.com |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> ! DeepL<ref>{{cite web |title=Supported languages |url=https://www.deepl.com/docs-api/translate-text/supported-languages/ |website=deepl.com |access-date=26 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |- | Assamese | as || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} |- | Awadhi | awa || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Bengali | bn || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Bhojpuri | bho || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} |- | Bodo | brx || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Braj | bra || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Chhattisgarhi | hne || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Dogri | doi || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Gondi | gon || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Gujarati | gu || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Hindi | hi || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Ho | hoc || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Kangri | xnr || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Kannada | kn || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} |- | Kashmiri | ks || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Khasi | kha || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Kokborok | trp || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Konkani | kok || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} |- | Magahi | mag || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Maithili | mai || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} |- | Malayalam | ml || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Marathi | mr || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Marwari | mwr || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Meitei (Manipuri) | mni {{small|(script specific: mni-Mtei)}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Mizo | lus || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Nepali | ne || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Odia (Oriya) | or || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Punjabi | pa || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Sanskrit | sa || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} |- | Santali | sat || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Sindhi | sd || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Tamil | ta || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Telugu | te || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |- | Tulu | tcy || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} |- | Urdu | ur || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} |}

==Writing systems== {{Main|Official scripts of the Indian Republic|Brahmic scripts|Nastaliq}} {{brahmic}} Most languages in India are written in scripts derived from Brahmi.<ref name="DanielsBright1996">{{cite book|author1=Peter T. Daniels|author2=William Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|pages=384–}}</ref> These include Devanagari, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Meitei Mayek, Odia, Eastern Nagari – Assamese/Bengali, Gurumukhi and other. Urdu is written in a script derived from Arabic. A few minor languages such as Santali use independent scripts (see Ol Chiki script).

Various Indian languages have their own scripts. Hindi, Marathi, Maithili<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/mai/ |title=Maithili: A language of India |website=Ethnologue |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205942/http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/mai/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Angika are languages written using the Devanagari script. Most major languages are written using a script specific to them, such as Assamese (Asamiya)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&q=asamiya+language&pg=PA430|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|isbn=9781135797119|access-date=28 December 2017|last1=Jain|first1=Danesh|last2=Cardona|first2=George|date=26 July 2007|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkguECp3vKEC&q=asamiya+language&pg=PA58|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India|isbn=9788182050525|access-date=28 December 2017|last1=Mohanty|first1=P. K.|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref> with Asamiya,<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUXrVyUk0RAC&q=asamiya+language&pg=PA348|title=The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources|isbn=9781402017377|access-date=28 December 2017|last1=Singh|first1=Vijay|last2=Sharma|first2=Nayan|last3=Ojha|first3=C. Shekhar P.|date=29 February 2004|publisher=Springer}}</ref> Bengali with Bengali, Punjabi with Gurmukhi, Meitei with Meitei Mayek, Odia with Odia script, Gujarati with Gujarati; Awadhi, Magahi and Bhojpuri with Kaithi script<ref>{{Cite book |last=Humanity |url=https://archive.org/details/languageandlinguisticsseriesr.pischelagrammaroftheprakritlanguagesmotilalbanarsidass1981/07418-unicode-kaithi/page/n18/mode/1up?q=+awadhi+bhojpuri+braj |title=The 'Awadhi, Magadhi, Prakrit, Kaithi, Sanskrit, Ashokan, Bhojpuri, Bihari, Siddham, Eastern Indo-Aryan, Indic, Maithili' Collection |publisher=Humanity |others=Humanity}}</ref> etc. Urdu and Kashmiri, Saraiki and Sindhi are written in modified versions of the Perso-Arabic script. With this one exception, the scripts of Indian languages are native to India. Some languages like Kodava that didn't have a script, as well as some languages such as Tulu which already had a script, adopted the Kannada script due to its readily available printing settings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kfa/|title=Kodava|newspaper=Ethnologue|access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Handwriting_of_Mudhoji_Bhonsle.jpg|thumb|right|Seal, signature and handwriting of Maratha Senadhurandar Mudhoji Bhonsle I of Chandrapur and Nagpur. This text is written in Modi script which was used as an alternative script for Marathi.]]

<gallery widths="220px" heights="220px"> File:ANDRO INSCRIBED STONE.jpg|A Meitei language stone inscription in Meitei script about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God Panam Ningthou in Andro, Imphal East, Manipur File:Development of Orissan scripts.jpg|Development of Odia script File:Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg|Tamil-Brahmi inscription in Jambaimalai File:Silver rupee of Rudra Simha.jpg|Silver coin issued during the reign of Rudra Singha with Assamese inscriptions File:Asokan brahmi pillar edict.jpg|North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar File:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG|The Halmidi inscription, the oldest known inscription in the Kannada script and language. The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE period. File:Telugu inscription at Srikakulam, Krishna District in Andhra Pradesh.jpg|An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh </gallery>

== Sample text == The following is a sample text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations) in various languages of India and in their associated writing scripts. Names of Scheduled Languages are in bold. {{blockquote|'''Article 1''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf|url-status=live |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315165415/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=2|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" |+ Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |- ! Language !! Script !! Sample text |- | rowspan="2" | Angika{{efn|Angika is attested to have had its own script called ''Anga lipi'' in the Buddhist Texts, but has since been lost.}} | Devanagari ({{lang|anp-deva|अंगिका}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|anp-Deva|सब्भे मनुष्प के गौरव आरू आधिकार रॉ संदर्भ मं जन्मजात स्वतंत्रता व समानता प्राप्त छै । हुनका सब के अंतरात्मा रॉ देन प्राप्त छै आरू हुनका परस्पर बंधुता रॉ भाव सं स्वाभाव करना चाहियॉ ।}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angika language and alphabet |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/angika.htm|access-date=16 January 2026|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> |- | Kaithi ({{lang|anp-Kthi|𑂃𑂑𑂹𑂏𑂱𑂍𑂰}}) (''Historical'') | {{lang|anp-Kthi|𑂮𑂥𑂹𑂦𑂵 𑂧𑂢𑂳𑂭𑂹𑂣 𑂍𑂵 𑂏𑂸𑂩𑂫 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂄𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂩𑂰 𑂮𑂁𑂠𑂩𑂹𑂦 𑂧𑂁 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂔𑂰𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂁𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂰 𑂫 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂞𑂰 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑃀 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂃𑂁𑂞𑂩𑂰𑂞𑂹𑂧𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂠𑂵𑂢 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂓𑂶 𑂄𑂩𑂴 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂰 𑂣𑂩𑂮𑂹𑂣𑂩 𑂥𑂁𑂡𑂳𑂞𑂰 𑂩𑂰 𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂮𑂁 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂦𑂰𑂫 𑂍𑂩𑂢𑂰 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂱𑂨𑂰 𑃀}} |- | Ao | Latin script | {{lang|njo|Ocet 1. Meimchir ajak temeten aser tashi kasa nüji nung asor. Parnok dak bilemtettsü shisatsü aser tangatetba kasa agüja aliba jagi külem adianu rongnung tanela ka nung lungjema alitsüla.}}<ref name="UDHR_Ao">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Ao|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/njo.pdf|trans-title=ALIMA NUNG ALIR MEIMCHIR AJAK ATEMA KASA TEMETEN SANGDONG|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=njo|page=3|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Awadhi | Devanagari ({{lang|awa|अवधी}}) | {{lang|awa|अनुच्छेद १ - सब मनइन कां गउरव औ अधिकारन के मामिला मां जनमजात आजादी औ बरोबरी मिली बा। वन्हैं बुद्धी औ अन्तरात्मा कै देन मिली बा औ आपस मां यक दुसरे के साथे भाईचारा के भाव से बरताव करै कां चाही।}}<ref name="UDHR_Awadhi">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Awadhi |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/awa.pdf|trans-title=मनइन के अधिकारन कै जगतबियापी ऐलान|url-status=live|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808123935/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/awa.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=awa|page=1|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Assamese''' | Asamiya ({{lang|as|অসমীয়া}}) | {{lang|as|১ম অনুচ্ছেদ: জন্মগতভাৱে সকলো মানুহ মৰ্য্যদা আৰু অধিকাৰত সমান আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ। তেওঁলোকৰ বিবেক আছে, বুদ্ধি আছে। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰত্যেকে প্ৰত্যেকক ভ্ৰাতৃভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।}}<ref name="UDHR_Assamese">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Assamese |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/asm.pdf|trans-title=মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা|url-status=live|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710181214/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/asm.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=as|page=4|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Bengali''' | Bangla Lipi ({{lang|bn|বাংলা}}) | {{lang|bn|ধারা ১: সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি শ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিৎ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Bengali">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bengali |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bng.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220648/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bng.pdf|trans-title=মানবাধিকারের সার্বজনীন ঘোষণাপত্র|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=bn|page=3|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Bhojpuri | Kaithi ({{lang|bho|𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|bho|𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵 𑃀 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂢𑂹𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰 𑃁}}<ref name="UDHR_Bhojpuri">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bhojpuri |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bhj.pdf|trans-title=𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂫𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂫𑂦𑂸𑂧 𑂐𑂷𑂭𑂝𑂰|url-status=live|archive-date=15 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415145832/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bhj.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=bho|page=1|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''Bodo''' | Devanagari ({{lang|brx-deva|बरʼ राव}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|brx-deva|गासै सुबुं आनो उदांयै मान सनमान आरो मोनथाय लाना जोनोम लायो। बिसोरो मोजां- गाज्रि सान्नो हानाय गोहो आरो सोलो दं। बिसोरो गावखौनो गाव बिदा फंबाय बायदि बाहाय लायनांगौ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Bodo">{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bodo|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/brx.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=1|language=brx|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Latin script ({{lang|brx-Latn|Boro Rao}}) (''Former'') | {{lang|brx-Latn|Gaswi subung anw udangwi man sanman arw mwnthai lana jwnwm layw. Biswrw mwjang-gajri sannw hanai gwhw arw swlw dong. Biswrw gaokhwunw gao bida phongbai baidi bahai lainangwu.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodo language and alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bodo.htm |access-date=16 January 2026|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> |- | Chakma | Chakma Ajhapat ({{lang|ccp|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴}}) | {{lang|ccp|𑄝𑄬𑄉𑄴 𑄟𑄚𑄪𑄥𑄴𑄥𑄪𑄚𑄴 𑄥𑄴𑄤𑄙𑄩𑄚𑄴 𑄉𑄧𑄢𑄨 𑄃𑄬𑄇𑄴𑄇𑄧𑄃𑄨 𑄟𑄧𑄢𑄴𑄡𑄘 𑄃𑄢𑄴 𑄃𑄧𑄙𑄨𑄇𑄢𑄴 𑄣𑄧𑄚𑄬 𑄣𑄰 𑄎𑄧𑄚𑄴𑄟𑄧 𑄃𑄧𑄚𑄴𑅁 𑄖𑄢𑄢𑄴 𑄝𑄨𑄝𑄬𑄇𑄴 𑄝𑄪𑄘𑄴𑄙𑄨 𑄝𑄬𑄇𑄴𑄇𑄚𑄨 𑄃𑄉𑄬, 𑄥𑄬𑄚𑄧𑄖𑄴𑄖𑄬 𑄃𑄟𑄢𑄴 𑄝𑄬𑄇𑄴𑄇𑄪𑄚𑄬𑄣𑄴𑄣𑄬𑄃𑄨 𑄘𑄮𑄣𑄴 𑄌𑄨𑄖𑄴𑄖𑄧𑄣𑄰 𑄥𑄧𑄁𑄛𑄧𑄢𑄕 𑄃𑄪𑄌𑄨𑄖𑄴𑅂}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=UDHR - First article, all languages |url=https://unicode.org/udhr/assemblies/first_article_all.html |website=unicode.org|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228040017/https://unicode.org/udhr/assemblies/first_article_all.html|url-status=dead|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Chhattisgarhi | Devanagari ({{lang|hne|छत्तीसगढ़ी}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|hne|अनुच्छेद १. सबो लोगन मन के गौरव अऊ अधिकार मन के मामला म जनम ले मिले स्वतंत्रता अऊ बरोबरी मिले हे। ओमन ल बुद्धि अऊ अन्तरात्मा के देन मिले हे अऊ ओमन ल एक दूसर ल परेम भाईचारा के भाव ले बेवहार करना चाही।}}<ref name="UDHR_Chhattisgarhi">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Chhattisgarhi |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hne.pdf|trans-title=मानव अधिकार के सवो बर (सार्वभौम) घोसना|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=hne|page=3|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Dogri''' | Dogra Akkhar ({{lang|dgo|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}) | {{lang|dgo|𑠩𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠢𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠋 𑠢𑠴𑠪𑠹𑠢𑠬 𑠙𑠳 𑠀𑠜𑠭𑠊𑠬𑠤𑠳𑠷 𑠛𑠳 𑠠𑠭𑠧𑠳 𑠏 𑠑𑠝𑠢𑠴 𑠚𑠢𑠬𑠷 𑠩𑠯𑠙𑠴𑠷𑠙𑠤 𑠙𑠳 𑠠𑠤𑠵𑠠𑠤 𑠝। 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠠𑠯𑠛𑠹𑠜𑠮 𑠙𑠳 𑠑𑠢𑠮𑠤𑠴 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠳𑠝 𑠚𑠹𑠪𑠵𑠃 𑠇 𑠙𑠳 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠁𑠞𑠰𑠷-𑠠𑠭𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠳𑠷 𑠡𑠬𑠃𑠏𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠛𑠳 𑠡𑠬𑠦𑠴 𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 𑠠𑠹𑠣𑠪𑠬𑠤 𑠊𑠤𑠝𑠬 𑠥𑠵𑠫𑠛𑠬 𑠇।}} |- | rowspan="4" | Gondi | Devanagari ({{lang|gno-Deva|गोण्डि}}) (''Northern Gondi'') | {{lang|gno-Deva|'''लाईन १ (उण्डी):''' सब् माने कुन् गौरव् अरु अधिकार् ना मांला ते जनंजात् सुतन्तर्ता अरु बराबर् ता हक् पुट्ताल। अवेन् भायि लेह्का माने मासि बेव्हार् कियाना आन्द।}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Gondi (Northern) |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gno.pdf|trans-title=मानेय अधिकार ता सार्वभौम घोषना|url-status=live |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719231826/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gno.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=gon |page=2|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Telugu Lipi ({{lang|gon-Telu|గోణ్డి}}) (''Southern Gondi'') | {{lang|gon-Telu|'''లాఈన ౧ (ఉణ్డీ):''' సబ్ మానే కున్ గౌరవ్ అరు అధికార్ నా మాంలా తే జనంజాత్ సుతంతర్తా అరు బరాబర్ తా హక్ పుట్తాల. అవేన్ భాయి లేహ్కా మానే మాసి బేవ్హార్ కియానా ఆంద.}} |- | Gunjala Gondi ({{lang|wsg-Gong|𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋}}) (''Adilabad Gondi'') | {{lang|wsg-Gong|𑵵𑶊𑵣𑵺 𑶡 (𑵤𑵺𑶗𑶂𑶌): 𑶉𑵮𑶐 𑵰𑶊𑵺𑶗𑵭𑶊𑵵𑶍𑶈𑶗𑵱 𑶅𑶍𑵽𑶗𑵽𑵺𑶄𑶗𑵶𑶐 𑶉𑶍𑵽 𑵰𑶍𑵺𑶗𑵺𑶐 𑶅𑶊𑵭𑶋𑵳𑶐 𑵥𑵺𑵸 𑵠𑵸𑶋𑵱𑶊𑶈𑵳𑶐 𑵱𑵳 𑶉𑶊𑵽𑶌 𑵺𑶋𑵱𑶗𑵱𑶍𑶈𑶗𑵱 𑵰𑵺𑶗𑵳𑶓𑶈𑶗𑵱. 𑵪𑶈𑶍𑵺 𑵭𑶋𑵮𑶐𑵱 𑵮𑶍𑵺 𑵰𑶍𑵺𑶗𑵺𑶐 𑵰𑵺𑵸 𑵶𑶗𑵬𑶊𑵺 𑵰𑵺𑶗𑵳𑶊, 𑵪𑶈𑶍 𑵳𑵰𑶗𑵰𑶍𑶈𑵺𑶊 𑵺𑵳𑶐𑵳𑶐 𑵪𑶈𑶓𑵺 𑵪𑶈𑶓𑶈 𑵱𑵳 𑵭𑶋𑵮𑶐𑵱𑵳𑶐 𑵺𑶂𑵱𑶋𑵭𑶊𑶈 𑵰𑵺𑶗𑵳𑶓𑶈𑶗𑵱.}} |- | Masiram Gondi ({{lang|gon-Gonm|𑴎𑴽𑵀𑴘𑴳}}) (''Limited Use'') | {{lang|gon-Gonm|𑴧𑴱𑴃𑴟 𑵑 (𑴄𑴚𑵅𑴘𑴳): 𑴫𑴢𑵄 𑴤𑴱𑴟𑴺 𑴌𑴴𑴟𑵄 𑴎𑴿𑴦𑴨𑵄 𑴀𑴦𑴴 𑴀𑴞𑴲𑴌𑴱𑴦𑵄 𑴟𑴱 𑴤𑴱𑵀𑴧𑴱 𑴛𑴺 𑴓𑴟𑵀𑴓𑴱𑴛𑵄 𑴫𑴴𑴛𑴟𑵅𑴛𑵆𑴛𑴱 𑴀𑴦𑴴 𑴢𑴦𑴱𑴢𑴦𑵄 𑴛𑴱 𑴬𑴌𑵄 𑴠𑴴𑴖𑵅𑴛𑴱𑴧। 𑴀𑴨𑴺𑴟𑵄 𑴣𑴱𑴥𑴲 𑴧𑴺𑴬𑵅𑴌𑴱 𑴤𑴱𑴟𑴺 𑴤𑴱𑴫𑴲 𑴢𑴺𑴨𑵅𑴬𑴱𑴦𑵄 𑴌𑴲𑴥𑴱𑴟𑴱 𑴁𑴟𑵅𑴝।}} |- | '''Gujarati''' | Gujarati Lipi ({{lang|gu|ગુજરાતી}}) | {{lang|gu|અનુચ્છદ ૧ઃ તમામ મનુષ્યો જન્મથી સ્વતંત્ર છે અને પ્રતિષ્ઠા તેમજ અધિકારોની બાબતમાં સમાન છે. તેઓ બુદ્ધિ અને અંતઃકરણ ધરાવે છે અને તેમણે પરસ્પર બંધુત્વની ભાવનાથી વર્તવું જોઈએ.}}<ref name="UDHR_Gujarati">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gjr.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Gujarati|trans-title=માનવ અધિકારોની વિશ્વવ્યાપી ઘોષણા|url-status=live|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521021332/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/gjr.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=gu|page=3|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Hindi'''{{efn|Hindi is a Sanskritised standard register of the Hindustani language, mutually intelligible with Urdu.}} | Devanagari ({{lang|hi|हिन्दी}}) | {{lang|hi|अनुच्छेद १. सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए।}}<ref name="UDHR_Hindi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hnd.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Hindi|trans-title=मानव अधिकारों की सार्वभौम घोषणा|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511032339/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hnd.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=hi|page=1|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Ho | Warang Citi{{efn|''Ho'' is written in a multitude of scripts like Devanagari, Latin and Odia, although native speakers are said to prefer ''Warang Citi''.}} ({{lang|hoc|𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜}}) | {{lang|hoc|𑣞𑣃𑣓𑣃𑣄 (𑣁𑣓𑣃𑣏‍𑣏‍𑣙𑣈𑣔𑣉) 1 - 𑣞𑣗𑣂𑣓 𑣖𑣁𑣓𑣖𑣂 𑣌𑣉𑣁𑣄 𑣙𑣂𑣅𑣁𑣕𑣂𑣊 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣈𑣌𑣕𑣂𑣅𑣜 𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣖𑣁𑣖𑣚𑣈 𑣜𑣈 𑣎𑣉𑣓𑣉𑣖𑣈𑣈 𑣕𑣈𑣋𑣈 𑣔𑣁𑣖𑣃𑣚 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉𑣄 𑣗𑣜𑣁𑣗𑣜𑣂 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣓𑣖𑣁 𑣌𑣓𑣁 . 𑣂𑣓𑣂𑣌𑣃 𑣗𑣃𑣔𑣔𑣂 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉: 𑣎𑣂𑣗𑣉𑣓 𑣗𑣂𑣕𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣈𑣓𑣈𑣖 𑣓𑣖𑣁 𑣌𑣓𑣁 𑣁𑣓𑣑𑣉: 𑣁𑣌𑣉-𑣁𑣌𑣉 𑣜𑣈 𑣙𑣋𑣈𑣅𑣁- 𑣗𑣉𑣙𑣅𑣁 (𑣗𑣁𑣆𑣏𑣁𑣜𑣈) 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣎𑣂𑣗𑣉𑣓 𑣃𑣑𑣃𑣄 𑣕𑣈𑣌𑣉 𑣎𑣁𑣓𑣁𑣋𑣜 𑣕𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣔𑣉𑣜𑣌𑣜.}}<ref name="UDHR_Ho">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/Hoc.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Ho|trans-title=𑣖𑣓𑣉𑣟𑣁 𑣈𑣌𑣕𑣂𑣅𑣜 𑣜𑣈𑣅𑣄 𑣞𑣓𑣁𑣖 𑣌𑣉𑣟: 𑣚𑣁𑣋𑣂𑣑 𑣑𑣁𑣌𑣜𑣁|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=hoc|page=2|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Kannada''' | Kannada Lipi ({{lang|kn|ಕನ್ನಡ}}) | {{lang|kn|ನಿಬಂಧ್ನೆ - ೧. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಘನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ತಿಳಿವು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಃಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದವರಾದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಅವರು ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೊಬ್ಬರು ಸಹೋದರ ಭಾವದಿಂದ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.}}<ref name="UDHR_Kannada">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kjv.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Kannada|trans-title=ಮಾನವ ಬಾಧ್ಯತೆಗಳ ಸಾವವತ್ರಿಕ್ ಪ್ಿಕ್ಟನ|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006183355/http://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kjv.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=kn|page=3|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''Kashmiri''' | Perso-Arabic script in Nastaliq calligraphy style ({{lang|ks-Arab|{{uninastaliq| کٲشُر }}}}) (''Official'') | {{Rtl-para|ks-Arab|{{uninastaliq|دَفعہ ۱۔ سٲری اِنسان چھِ آزاد زامٕتؠ۔ وؠقار تہٕ حۆقوٗق چھِ ہِوی۔ تِمَن چھُ سوچ سَمٕج عَطا کَرنہٕ آمُت تہٕ تِمَن پَزِ بٲے بَرادٔری ہٕنٛدِس جَذباتَس تَحَت اَکھ أکِس اَکار بَکار یُن ۔}}}}<ref name="UDHR_Kashmiri">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Kashmiri|trans-title=سارؠ نٕے ہٕنٛدِ خٲطرٕ سٲری اِنسٲنی حۆقوٗق|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104142918/http://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=ks|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Sharada ({{lang|ks-Shrd|𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}}) (''Ancient / liturgical'') | {{lang|ks-Shrd|𑆱𑆳𑆫𑆵 𑆅𑆤𑇀𑆱𑆳𑆤𑇀 𑆗𑆴 𑆄𑆘𑆳𑆢𑇀 𑆘𑆳𑆩𑆠𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑇅 𑆮𑇀𑆪𑆑𑆳𑆫𑇀 𑆠 𑆲𑆾𑆑𑆷𑆑𑇀 𑆗𑆴 𑆲𑆴𑆮𑆵𑇅 𑆠𑆴𑆩𑆤𑇀 𑆗𑆶 𑆱𑆾𑆖𑇀 𑆱𑆩𑆘𑇀 𑆃𑆠𑆳 𑆑𑆫𑇀𑆤 𑆄𑆩𑆶𑆠𑇀 𑆠 𑆠𑆴𑆩𑆤𑇀 𑆥𑆘𑆴 𑆧𑆳𑆪𑇀 𑆧𑆫𑆳𑆢𑆫𑆵 𑆲𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆴𑆱 𑆘𑆘𑆧𑆳𑆠𑆱𑇀 𑆠𑆲𑆠𑇀 𑆃𑆒𑇀 𑆃𑆑𑆴𑆱𑇀 𑆃𑆑𑆳𑆫𑇀 𑆧𑆑𑆳𑆫𑇀 𑆪𑆶𑆤𑇀।}} |- | Khasi | Khasi alphabet ({{lang|kha|Ka Ktien Khasi}}) | {{lang|kha|'''Jinis 1. Ïa''' ki bynriew baroh la kha laitluid bad ki ïaryngkat ha ka burom bad ki hok. Ha ki la bsiap da ka bor pyrkhat bad ka jingïatiplem bad ha ka mynsiem jingsngew shipara, ki dei ban ïatrei bynrap lang.}}<ref name="UDHR_Khasi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kha.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Khasi|trans-title=KA JINGPYNBNA-ÏAR SATLAK ÏA KI HOK LONGBRIEW MANBRIEW|url-status=live|archive-date= 1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901102443/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kha.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=3|language=kha|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"| Kokborok{{efn|Kokborok has an original script known as ''Koloma'' which is supposedly lost. The script of Kokborok is a politically charged issue within Tripura. See also: Script issues of Kokborok.}} | Bengali Lipi ({{lang|trp-Beng|ককবরক}}) | {{lang|trp-Beng|বেবাক বুরোক নাঙলাই বোরোক তেই মানথাই বাই ফুয়োকজাকৗই অছাইঅ। বʼরʼক সিমুঙ তেই রৗঙমুঙনি হামারি বাই কুপলুঙ তেই বৗতা বুফেয়ুঙ কৗথামুঙনি উানসুকমুঙ বাই খরোকসা তেই খোরোকসানো ছুবালাইনা নাঙগো।}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokborok language and alphabet |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kokborok.htm|access-date=16 January 2026|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> |- | Latin script ({{lang|trp-Latn|Kokborok}}) | {{lang|trp-Latn|Bebak borok nanglai borom tei manthai baih phiyokjakgwi achaio. Bohrok simung tei rwngmungni hamari baih kuplung tei bwta-buphayung kwthamungni wansukmung baih khoroksa tei khoroksano chubalaina nango.}} |- | rowspan="5" | '''Konkani'''{{efn|Konkani has no universal script. See also: Konkani alphabets}} | Devanagari{{efn|Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari.}} ({{lang|gom-Deva|कोंकणी}}) (''Official in Goa'') | {{lang|gom-Deva|सगळे मनीस जल्माक येवन मुक्त आनी स्वाभिमान आनी हक्कांनी समान आसतात. तांणी तर्क आनी विवेकान युक्त आसून तांणी एकामेकां कडेन भावपणाच्या भावनांनी वागचें।}} |- | Romi{{efn|Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called Romi Konkani) especially by Goan Catholics. See also: ''Konkani in the Roman script''}} ({{lang|gom-Latn|Konknni}}) (''Traditional & court mandated in Goa'') | {{lang|gom-Latn|Sogle monis jolmtonam svotontr asat ani tankam soman protisth ani odhikar asat. Tankam somoz ani vivek favo jala ani tamni ekmekakodde bhavponnachea mogachea bhavnen vagchem.}} |- | Kannada Lipi{{efn|The Konkani community settled in Canara Coast, Karnataka, use the Kannada script.}} ({{lang|kok-Knda|ಕೊಂಕಣಿ}}) (''Regional'') | {{lang|kok-Knda|ಸಗ್ಳೆ ಮನಿಸ್ ಜಲ್ಮತನಾ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಆಸಾತ್ ಆನಿ ತಾಂಕಾಂ ಸಮಾನ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾ ಆನಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ್ ಆಸಾತ್. ತಾಂಕಾಂ ಸಮಜ್ ಆನಿ ವಿವೇಕ್ ಫಾವೊ ಜಾಲಾ ಆನಿ ತಾಣಿಂ ಎಕ್ಮೆಕಾಕಡೆ ಭಾವಪಣಾಚ್ಯಾ ಮೊಗಾಚ್ಯಾ ಭಾವನೇನ್ ವಾಗ್ಚೆಂ.}} |- | Malayalam Lipi{{efn|The Konkani community settled in Mattancherry, Kerala, use the Malayalam script. See also: ''Gaud Saraswat Brahmin''}} ({{lang|kok-Mlym|കൊങ്കണി}}) (''Regional'') | {{lang|kok-Mlym|സഗ്ളെ മനീസ് ജല്മതനാ സ്വതന്ത്ര ആസാത് ആനീ താങ്കാം സമാന പ്രതിഷ്ഠാ ആനീ അധികാര് ആസാത്. താങ്കാം സമജ് ആനീ വിവേക് ഫാവോ ജാലാ ആനീ താണീം എക്മേകാകടേ ഭാവപണാച്യാ മൊഗാച്യാ ഭാവനേൻ വാഗ്ചേം.}} |- | Perso-Arabic script{{efn|Konkani Muslims use Perso-arabic script to write Konkani.}} ({{lang|kok-Arab|{{uninastaliq|کونکنی}}}}) (''Community'') | {{Rtl-para|kok-Arab|{{uninastaliq|سگلے منیس جلتمنا سوتنترا آسات آنی تانکا سمان پرتشتھا آنی ادھکار آسات. تانکا سمج آنی ووک فاوو جالا آنی تانی ایکمیکاکڑے بھاوپناچیا موگاچیا بھاونین واگچی.}}}} |- | rowspan="2" | Kolami | Devanagari ({{lang|kfb-Deva|कॊलामि}}) (''Northwestern Kolami'') | {{lang|kfb-Deva|ऎल् मन्ककॆर् स्वातन्त्र्यमड् पुट्टॆन्दन् वन्नॆर्। मरि समानं मरि अधिकारङ्कुळन् समानम् अण्डर्। अवर् तर्कङ्कुळ् मरि विवेकंलड् सम्पन्नं मरि ऒक्कॊरिक्कॊवॆण्ट बन्धूत्वंलॆ भावनालड् आडन् पाजे॥}} |- | Telugu Lipi ({{lang|nit-Telu|కొలామి}}) (''Naiki / Southeastern Kolami'') | {{lang|nit-Telu|ఎల్ మన్కకెర్ స్వాతంత్ర్యమనడ్ పుట్టెందన్ వన్నెర్. మరి సమానం మరి అధికారంకుళన్ సమానం అండర్. అవర్ తర్కంకుళ్ మరి వివేకంలడ్ సంపన్నం మరి ఒక్కొరిక్కొవెంట బంధూత్వంలె భావనాలడ్ ఆడన్ పాజే.}} |- | Kullui{{efn|''Kullu'' is a variety of Western Pahari language.}} | Takri ({{lang|kfx|𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃}}) | {{lang|kfx|𑚜𑚭𑚤𑚭 𑛁 (𑚀𑚂𑚝 𑚕𑚮𑚢𑚭) - 𑚜𑚭𑚤𑚭 𑛁 (𑚀𑚂𑚝 𑚕𑚮𑚢𑚭) 𑚨𑚠𑚳 𑚦𑚶𑚣𑚊𑚶𑚙𑚮𑚩𑚤𑚰 𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚙𑚮𑚋𑚶𑚕𑚭 𑚤 𑚀𑚜𑚮𑚊𑚭𑚤𑚊𑚴 𑚁𑚜𑚭𑚤𑚢𑚭 𑚑𑚝𑚶𑚢𑚑𑚭𑚙 𑚨𑚶𑚦𑚙𑚝𑚶𑚙𑚶𑚤 𑚤 𑚨𑚢𑚭𑚝 𑚩𑚰𑚝𑚶𑚐𑚝𑚶 । 𑚄𑚝𑚯𑚩𑚤𑚰 𑚠𑚰𑚛𑚶𑚜𑚮 𑚤 𑚦𑚮𑚦𑚲𑚊 𑚥𑚮𑚆𑚤 𑚁𑚆𑚊𑚭 𑚩𑚰𑚝𑚶𑚐𑚝𑚶 𑚤 𑚆𑚊 𑚀𑚤𑚶𑚊𑚭𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚙𑚮 𑚡𑚭𑚙𑚶𑚤𑚮𑚙𑚶𑚦𑚊𑚴 𑚦𑚶𑚣𑚦𑚩𑚭𑚤 𑚌𑚤𑚮𑚝𑚰𑚞𑚤𑚶𑚐 ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Pahari">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Pahari (Kullu) |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kfx.pdf|trans-title=𑚢𑚰𑚝𑚶𑚐𑚯𑚣𑚭 𑚀𑚜𑚮𑚊𑚭𑚤 𑚨𑚫𑚨𑚭𑚤 𑚡𑚤𑚯𑚄 𑚍𑚴𑚋𑚘𑚭𑚡𑚴 𑛁𑛉𑛄𑛈|url-status=live |archive-date=10 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110041831/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/kfx.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=kfx|page=2|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | Kurukh | Tolong Siki{{efn|This script has official status in Jharkhand.}} ({{lang|kru-Tols|𑷊𑶲̃𑷗𑶲𑷖}}) | {{lang|kru-Tols|𑷕𑶳𑷐𑶺𑶵 𑶵𑷑𑶵𑷐𑶰𑶿 𑷕𑶴𑷊 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑶸𑶵𑷐𑶱 𑶿𑶲 𑶺𑶴𑷑𑷑𑶰𑶿𑶻𑶵 𑶴𑷗𑶵𑷂𑶰 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑶴𑷓𑷀𑶱𑶺 𑶺𑶴𑶿𑶿𑶵 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑷕𑶴𑶻 𑷖𑶴𑷋𑶴𑷐𑷊𑶰 𑷐𑶴𑶰. 𑶵𑷐𑶰𑶿 𑷑𑶲𑷐 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑷇𑶰𑷏𑶵 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑷂𑶴𑶽 𑶸𑶴𑶲𑷔𑶵 𑷖𑶴𑷋𑶴𑷊𑶰𑷙 𑷐𑶴𑶰𑷙 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑶻𑶲𑶺𑷕𑶱𑷙𑷓 𑶺𑶴𑷈𑶰 𑶿𑶲𑷙 𑶺𑶱𑷑-𑶶̰𑶱𑶺 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑶸𑶱𑶽𑷕𑶵𑷐 𑶿𑶴𑶿𑶿𑶵 𑷅𑶴𑷕𑶰𑷙.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm|title=Tolong Siki Alphabet|website=Omniglot.com |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref> |- | Devanagari{{efn|The most common script used to write Kurukh.}} ({{lang|kru-Deva|कुँड़ुख़}}) | {{lang|kru-Deva|होरमा आलारिन हक गहि बारे नू मल्लीन्ता अज़ादी अरा आण्टेम मन्ना गही हक़ ख़खरकी रई। आरिन लूर अरा जिया गही दव बउसा ख़खकी रई अरा तम्हैं मझी नू मेल-प्रेम गही बेवहार ननना चही।}} |- | Ladakhi | Choskat ({{lang|lbj|ལ་དྭག��་སྐད}}) | {{lang|lbj|འགྲོ་བ་མིའི་རིགས་རྒྱུད་ཡོངས་ལ་སྐྱེས་ཙམ་ཉིད་ནས་ཆེ་མཐོངས་དང༌། ཐོབ་ཐངགི་རང་དབང་འདྲ་མཉམ་དུ་ཡོད་ལ། ཁོང་ཚོར་རང་བྱུང་གི་བློ་རྩལ་དང་བསམ་ཚུལ་བཟང་པོ་འདོན་པའི་འོས་བབས་ཀྱང་ཡོད། དེ་བཞིན་ཕན་ཚུན་གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་ལ་བུ་སྤུན་གྱི་འདུ་ཤེས་འཛིན་པའི་བྱ་སྤྱོད་ཀྱང་ལག་ལེན་བསྟར་དགོས་པ་ཡིན༎}}<ref name="UDHR_Tibetan">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Tibetan |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tic.pdf|trans-title=༄༅༎ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་གསལ་བསྒྲགས་འགྲོ་བ་མིའི་ཐོབ་ཐང་།|url-status=live |archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006221311/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tic.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=bo|pages=4–5|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Chorol2016">{{cite journal|last=Chorol|first=Tsering|editor1-last=Beszterda|editor1-first=Rafał|editor2-last=Szymoszyn |editor2-first=Anna |date=2016 |title=How Ladakhi Must Be Written. Postulates Regarding the Codification of Written Ladakhi, Its Development and Education |journal=Ethnologia Polona|volume=37|pages=116–118 |url=https://journals.iaepan.pl/ethp/article/download/71/50/71#:~:text=Ladakhi%20(%20Ladakhi%20language%20)%20has%20since,connected%20to%20classical%20Tibetan%20especially%20its%20script.|access-date=January 17, 2026 |issn=0137-4079}}</ref>{{efn|As Ladakhi is primarily a spoken language, written documents often use standard Tibetan script to communicate formal, standardized phrases like the UDHR, but differs in pronunciation being more closer to Classical Tibetan}} |- | Lepcha | Róng ({{Lang|lep|ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ‎}}) | {{Lang|lep|ᰠᰕᰆᰪ ᰍᰬᰊ: ᰠᰕᰆᰪ-ᰍᰬᰊ ᰀᰪᰃᰧᰊ ᰎᰦᰆᰎᰛᰌᰨᰅ, ᰣᰦᰓᰪᰣᰦᰕᰨᰊ, ᰣᰦᰈᰤᰀ, ᰠᰅᰃᰤᰨ ᰃᰬᰍᰎᰍ ᰣᰰ ᰠᰕᰠᰕᰆᰨ ᰜᰤᰦᰅᰌᰬ ᰣᰰ ᰕᰎᰬᰜᰟᰪ ᰏᰤᰨᰍᰰ ᰍᰪᰛ, ᰣᰧᰊ ᰣᰍ ᰠᰈᰨᰅᰌᰨᱏᰨᰈᰨᰅ ᰠᰤᰪᰋᰨ ᰠᰪᰈᰨᰅᰌᰨ ᰋᰨ ᰕᰪᰌᰪᰀᰕᰪᰌᰪᰀ ᰣᰦᰓᰥᰬᰊ ᰕᰃᰦᰊ ᰀᰦᰊ ᰍᰰ ᰀᰦᰊ ᰠᰕᰤᰪᰛᰬᰕ ᰣᰦᰛᰬ ᰇᰤᰨᰛᰧᰶᰀᰦ ᰎᰧᰋᰨ ᰋᰨᰅᰎᰨᰅᰠᰦ ᰋᰨᰅ ᰍᰧᰠᰧᰶᰕᰣᰨ ᰻ ᰣᰦᰛᰬᰓᰬᰀ ᰃᰬᰍᰎᰍ, ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰋᰨᰀᰦ ᰣᰦᰎᰧᰶᰍ ᰣᰦᰟᰨᰍ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰌᰬᰎ ᰝᰦᰌᰨ ᰠᰮᰕᰪ ᰠᰛᰬᰌᰨ ᰋᰨ, ᰆᰰᱏᰧᰀ ᰈᰤᰫᰅᰕᰃᰦᰊ ᰣᰰ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰈᰤᰫᰅᰠᰦ ᰈᰤᰫᰅ ᰜᰤᰦᰅ ᰜᰧᰈᰨᰅ ᰠᰳᰌᰨᰜᰦ ᰋᰨᰀᰦ ᰣᰦᰓᰥᰬᰊ ᰕᰈᰪᰀᰕᰣᰨ ᰻}}<ref name="UDHR_Lepcha">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lep.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Lepcha|trans-title=ᰀᰪᰵᰶᰛᰦᰵ ᰝᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ ᰝᰥᰪᰵ ᰠᰦᰵᰶ ᰛᰦᰵᰶᰊᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ ᰀᰪᰵᰶ ᰛᰦᰵ ᰝᰦᰵ ᰜᰦᰵ|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |language=lep|page=1|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Limbu | Sirijanga ({{Lang|lif|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ}}) | {{Lang|lif|ᤁᤢᤎᤠ ᥇: ᤁᤧᤖᤧᤰ ᤕᤠᤵᤔᤡᤜᤠ᤹ ᤀᤡᤱᤎᤠᤱ ᤏᤢ ᤕᤢᤰᤖᤧ ᤏᤠ᤺ᤶᤓᤣᤀᤠᤣ ᤛᤠᤘᤠ᤺ᤴᤏᤠᤣᤏᤢᤀᤣ ᤆᤠᤣ᤺ᤰᤕᤢᤶᤓᤠᤣᤒᤠ ᤏᤢ ᤐᤧᤶᤒᤧᤶᤒᤠ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹ ॥ ᤂᤢᤏᤡ᤹ ᤏᤡᤛᤡ᤺ᤰᤐᤠ ᤏᤢ ᤂᤧᤛᤡᤱ ᤔᤧᤍᤠᤖᤢᤀᤠᤱ ᤔᤧᤍᤩᤧᤀᤠᤱ ᤔᤧᤘᤠ᤹ ᤜᤧᤰᤁᤩᤠᤱ ᤌᤡᤰᤘᤣ᤹ᤀᤠᤣ ᤑᤢ᤹ᤏᤢᤛᤠ᤹ ᤀᤡᤛᤡᤰ ᤀᤠᤣᤃᤠᤵ ᤆᤠᤣ᤺ᤰᤔᤠᤛᤡ ᤐᤠᤣ᤺ᤱ ॥}}<ref name="UDHR_Limbu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lif.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Limbu|trans-title=ᤔᤧᤴᤇᤠᤶ ᤕᤢᤰᤖᤧᤴ ᤁᤒᤢ ᤀᤡᤰᤛᤠ ᤀᤡᤱᤓᤥ᤺ᤴᤛᤰ|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=lif |page=1|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Magahi | Kaithi ({{lang|mag|𑂧𑂏𑂯𑂲}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|mag|𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १. - 𑂮𑂥 𑂪𑂷𑂏 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧 𑂪𑂵𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂮𑂥 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂡𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂢 𑂯𑂆। 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂨𑂹𑂫𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂐𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂄𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂹𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂥 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩। 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂹𑂍𑂰 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂔𑂰𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂣𑂛𑂹𑂪 𑂯𑂟𑂹𑂩॥}}<ref name="UDHR_Magadhi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mqm.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Magadhi|trans-title=मानवाधिकार के लेल सयुक्त राष्ट्र उच्वायुक्त|url-status=live|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521050159/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mqm.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=mag|page=1|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Mahl{{efn|Dialect of Dhivehi used in Minicoy Island}} | Thaana script ({{lang|dv|ސްމާހް}}) | {{Rtl-para|dv|'''މާއްދާ''' '''1''' '''-''' ހުރިހާ އިންސާނުން ވެސް އުފަންވަނީ، ދަރަޖަ އާއި ޙައްޤު ތަކުގައި މިނިވަންކަމާއި ހަމަހަމަކަން ލިބިގެންވާ ބައެއްގެ ގޮތުގައެވެ. އެމީހުންނަށް ހެޔޮ ވިސްނުމާއި ހެޔޮ ބުއްދީގެ ބާރު ލިބިގެން ވެއެވެ. އަދި އެމީހުން އެކަކު އަނެކަކާ މެދު މުއާމަލާތް ކުރަންވާނީ އުޚުއްވަތްތެރި ކަމުގެ ރޫހެއް ގައެވެ}}<ref name="UDHR_Dhivehi">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Dhivehi |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/div.pdf|trans-title=އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކުގެ ޢާންމު ޤަރާރ|url-status=live|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520114516/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/div.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=div|page=4|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''Maithili''' | Mithilakshar ({{lang|mai-Tirh|𑒧𑒻𑒟𑒱𑒪𑒲}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|mai-Tirh|𑒁𑒢𑒳𑒔𑓂𑒕𑒹𑒠 𑓑: 𑒮𑒦 𑒧𑒰𑒢𑒫 𑒖𑒢𑓂𑒧𑒞𑓁 𑒮𑓂𑒫𑒞𑒢𑓂𑒞𑓂𑒩 𑒁𑒕𑒱 𑒞𑒟𑒰 𑒑𑒩𑒱𑒧𑒰 𑒂 𑒁𑒡𑒱𑒏𑒰𑒩𑒧𑒹 𑒮𑒧𑒰𑒢 𑒁𑒕𑒱। 𑒮𑒦𑒏𑒹𑒿 𑒁𑒣𑒢–𑒁𑒣𑒢 𑒥𑒳𑒠𑓂𑒡𑒱 𑒂 𑒫𑒱𑒫𑒹𑒏 𑒕𑒻𑒏 𑒂𑒍𑒩 𑒮𑒦𑒏𑒹𑒿 𑒋𑒏 𑒠𑒼𑒮𑒩𑒏 𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒞𑒱 𑒮𑒾𑒯𑒰𑒩𑓂𑒠𑒣𑒴𑒩𑓂𑒝 𑒫𑓂𑒨𑒫𑒯𑒰𑒩 𑒏𑒩𑒥𑒰𑒏 𑒔𑒰𑒯𑒲।}}<ref name="UDHR_Maithili">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mai.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Maithili|trans-title=𑒧𑒰𑒢𑒫 𑒁𑒡𑒱 𑒏𑒰𑒩𑒏 𑒮𑒰𑒫𑒫𑒦𑒾𑒧 𑒒𑒼𑒭𑒝𑒰|url-status=live|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523052900/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mai.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=2|language=mai|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Kaithi ({{lang|mai-Kthi|𑂧𑂶𑂟𑂱𑂪𑂲}}) (''Historical'') | {{lang|mai-Kthi|𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂦 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂫 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂞𑂂 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 𑂃𑂓𑂱' 𑂞𑂟𑂰 𑂏𑂩𑂱𑂧𑂰 𑂄 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩𑂧𑂵 𑂮𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂃𑂓𑂱'𑃀 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂃𑂣𑂢–𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂥𑂳𑂠𑂹𑂡𑂱 𑂄 𑂫𑂱𑂫𑂵𑂍 𑂓𑂶𑂍 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂮𑂦𑂍𑂵𑂀 𑂉𑂍 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰𑂍 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂸𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂹𑂠𑂣𑂴𑂩𑂹𑂝 𑂫𑂹𑂨𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂥𑂰𑂍 𑂒𑂰𑂯𑂲𑃀}} |- | rowspan="3" | '''Malayalam''' | Malayalam Lipi{{efn| Besides the Malayalam script, the language has been written in other scripts like Latin, Hebrew, Syriac & Arabic}} ({{lang|ml|മലയാളം}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|ml|വകുപ്പ് ൧. - മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്‌. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ്‌ മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്‌.}}<ref name="UDHR_Malayalam">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mjs.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Malayalam|trans-title=മനുഷ്യാവകാശങ്ങളെക്കുറിക്കുന്ന പൊതുപ്രഖ്യാപനം|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202232710/http://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mjs.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=3|language=ml|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Karshoni{{efn| Nasranis of Kerala use a modified version of the Syriac script called ''Karshoni''. See also: ''Suriyani Malayalam''}} ({{lang|ml-Syrn|ܣܘܪܝܢܝ ܡܠܝܠܡ}}) (''Historical / Liturgical'') | {{Rtl-para|ml-Syrn|ܒ݂ܲܟ݁ܘܼܦ݁ ൧. - ܡܲܢܘܼܫܝܲܪܸܠܵܒ݂ܲܪܘܼܡ ܬ݁ܘܼܠܝܵܒ݂ܲܟ݁ܵܫܲܢܲܠܘܿܬ݁ܘܼܡ ܐܲܢܬ݁ܲܣܘܿܬ݁ܘܼܡ ܣܒ݂ܵܬ݁ܲܢܬ݁ܪܝܲܬ݁ܘܿܬ݁ܘܼܡܟ݁ܘܼܬ݁ܝܼ ܓ̰ܲܢܝܼܟ̰ܝܼܬ݁ܘܼܠܲܒ݂ܲܪܵܢ܀ ܐܲܢܝܘܿܢܝܲܡ ܒ݁ܪܵܬ݁ܪܘܼܒ݁ܵܒ݂ܲܬ݁ܘܿܬܸ݁ ܦܸ݁ܪܘܼܡܵܪܘܼܒ݂ܵܢܵܢ ܡܲܢܘܼܫܝܲܢ ܒ݂ܝܼܒ݂ܹܟ݁ܲܒ݁ܘܼܕ݁ܝܼܝܘܼܡ ܡܲܢܲܣܵܟ݁ܫܝܼܝܘܼܡ ܣܝܼܕ݁ܲܡܵܝܝܼܪܝܼܟ݁ܘܼܢܲܬ݁܀}} |- | Ponnani Lipi{{efn| Mappilas of Kerala use a modified version of the Arabic script called ''Ponnani Script''. See also: ''Arabi Malayalam''}} ({{lang|ml-Arab|عَرَبِ مَلَیٰاۻَمْ}}) (''Historical / Liturgical'') | {{Rtl-para|ml-Arab|مَنُۺْيَڔ٘لّٰاوَڔ٘مْ تُلْيٰاوَكٰاشَۼَّۻٗوڊُمْ اَنتَسّٗوڊُمْ سْوٰاتَنْڔّْیَتّٗوڊُۼْكُوڊِ جَنِچِّڊُّۻَّوَڔٰاڹْ. اَنْیٗونْيَمْ بْھ‎ڔٰاتْرْبٰھاوَتّٗوڊ٘ پ٘ڔُمٰارُوٰانٰاڹ‎ْ مَنُۺْیَنْ وِو٘یكَبُدِّھیُمْ مَنَسٰاكْۺِیُمْ سِدَّھمٰایِرِكُّنَّتْ.}} |- | '''Manipuri''' | Meitei Mayek ({{lang|mni|ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|mni|ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯀꯜ ꯱. - ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯧꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫}}<ref name="UDHR_Manipuri">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bpy.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Manipuri|trans-title=ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯛꯂꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯍ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯔꯥꯏꯠꯁ꯫|url-status=live|archive-date=8 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608220026/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bpy.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=mni|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | '''Marathi''' | Balbodh ({{lang|mr|मराठी}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|mr|कलम १ : सर्व मानवे जन्मतः स्वतंत्र आहेत व त्यांना समान प्रतिष्ठा व अधिकार आहेत. त्यांना विचारशक्ती व सदसद्विवेकबुद्धी लाभलेली आहे आणि त्यांनी एकमेकांशी बंधुत्वाच्या भावनेने वागावे.}}<ref name="UDHR_Marathi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mrt.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Marathi|trans-title=मानवी अधिकाराचा जागधिक जाहीरनामा|url-status=live|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718140704/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mrt.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=mr|pages=1–2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Modi script ({{lang|mr-Modi|𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|mr-Modi|𑘎𑘩𑘦 𑙑 : 𑘭𑘿𑘨𑘿𑘪 𑘦𑘰𑘡𑘪𑘹 𑘕𑘿𑘡𑘿𑘦𑘝𑘾 𑘭𑘿𑘪𑘝𑘽𑘝𑘿𑘨 𑘁𑘮𑘹𑘝 𑘪 𑘝𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘽𑘡𑘰 𑘭𑘦𑘰𑘡 𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘝𑘱𑘘𑘿𑘙𑘰 𑘪 𑘁𑘠𑘱𑘏𑘰𑘨 𑘁𑘮𑘹𑘝. 𑘝𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘽𑘡𑘰 𑘪𑘱𑘓𑘰𑘨𑘿𑘬𑘎𑘿𑘝𑘱 𑘪 𑘭𑘟𑘿𑘭𑘟𑘿𑘪𑘱𑘪𑘹𑘎𑘤𑘳𑘟𑘿𑘠𑘱 𑘩𑘰𑘥𑘩𑘹𑘩𑘱 𑘁𑘮𑘹 𑘁𑘜𑘱 𑘝𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘽𑘓𑘱 𑘊𑘎𑘦𑘹𑘎𑘰𑘽𑘬𑘱 𑘤𑘽𑘠𑘳𑘝𑘿𑘪𑘰𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰 𑘥𑘰𑘪𑘡𑘹𑘡𑘹 𑘪𑘰𑘐𑘰𑘪𑘹.}} |- | rowspan="2" | Marwari | Devanagari ({{lang|mwr-Deva|मारवाड़ी}}) (''Contemporary'') | {{lang|mwr-Deva|अनुच्छेद १ - सगळा मिणख जलम सूं आजाद है और मान-मरजादा अर हक्कां में बरोबर है। उणां ने बुध अर अंतरात्मा री देन मिली है और उणां ने आपां में भाईचारे रे भाव सूं रेवणो चाईजै।}}<ref name="UDHR_Marwari">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Marwari |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mkd.pdf|trans-title=मानवी हक वे सार्वभोग लान सावना|url-status=live|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718123907/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mkd.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=mwr|page=3|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Mahajani ({{lang|mwr-Mahj|𑅬𑅐𑅭𑅯𑅐𑅲𑅑}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|mwr-Mahj|𑅐𑅧𑅒𑅙𑅚𑅓𑅥 १ - 𑅰𑅗𑅮𑅳𑅐 𑅬𑅑𑅢𑅖 𑅛𑅮𑅬 𑅰𑅒𑅧 𑅐𑅛𑅐𑅥 𑅱𑅑 𑅒𑅭 𑅬𑅐𑅧-𑅬𑅭𑅛𑅐𑅥𑅐 𑅐𑅭 𑅱𑅕𑅕𑅐𑅧 𑅬𑅓𑅧 𑅪𑅭𑅔𑅪𑅭 𑅱𑅑। 𑅒𑅢𑅐𑅧 𑅧𑅓 𑅪𑅒𑅦 𑅐𑅭 𑅐𑅧𑅣𑅭𑅐𑅣𑅬𑅐 𑅭𑅑 𑅥𑅓𑅧 𑅬𑅑𑅮𑅑 𑅱𑅑 𑅒𑅭 𑅒𑅢𑅐𑅧 𑅧𑅓 𑅐𑅨𑅐𑅧 𑅬𑅓𑅧 𑅫𑅐𑅑𑅙𑅐𑅭𑅓 𑅭𑅓 𑅫𑅐𑅯 𑅰𑅒𑅧 𑅭𑅓𑅯𑅢𑅔 𑅙𑅐𑅑𑅛𑅑।}}{{efn|''Mahajani'' was employed for financial registers and accounting, rather than literary documents. Hence, it is common for vowels to be omitted entirely, often only discernible to people familiar with the script. Additionally, long and short vowels are not distinguished.}} |- | Mizo | Mizo alphabet ({{lang|lus|Mizo ṭawng}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|lus|Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tláng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fím neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni.}}<ref name="UDHR_Mizo">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lus.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Mizo|trans-title=MIHRING DIKNA CHANVO THUPUANCHHUAH|url-status=live|archive-date=10 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110121159/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/lus.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=lus|page=1|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Mundari | Mundari Bani ({{lang|unr|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚}}) (''Native'') | {{lang|unr|𞓝𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓗-𞓱: 𞓛𞓐𞓗𞓤𞓨 𞓞𞓐𞓪𞓐 𞓢𞓐𞓢𞓤𞓮 𞓧𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓣𞓔 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓐𞓢𞓝𞓚𞓓𞓕𞓣 𞓢𞓐𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓦 𞓑𞓕𞓚𞓝𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓝 𞓣𞓤 𞓖𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓧 𞓖𞓐𞓣𞓐𞓔𞓤𞓝𞓤 𞓕𞓡𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓡 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓚 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕. 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓦𞓢𞓤 𞓛𞓤𞓥𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓮𞓭 𞓑𞓤𞓪𞓤𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓭𞓟𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓙 𞓤𞓨𞓤𞓧𞓢𞓐 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓙 𞓒𞓐𞓙𞓝𞓤 𞓞𞓕𞓦𞓤𞓓𞓕 𞓗𞓐𞓓𞓕 𞓒𞓤𞓢𞓕 𞓖𞓕𞓦𞓕𞓣 𞓗𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓝𞓚𞓘𞓕𞓙.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm |title=Mundari Bani Alphabet |website=Omniglot.com |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Nepali''' | Devanagari ({{lang|npi|नेपाली}}) | {{lang|npi|धारा १. - सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Nepali">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Nepali |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf|trans-title=मानव अधिकारहरूको विश्वव्यापी घोषणा|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614133744/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=npi|page=4|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Newari | Pracalit ({{lang|new|𑐣𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂‎}}) | {{lang|new|𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵 𑑑. - 𑐦𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐩𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐖𑐣𑑂𑐩𑐖𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐛𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐣 (𑐄𑐟𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐫𑑄𑐎) 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑑋 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐰𑐾𑐎 𑐰 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐃𑑋 𑐂𑐩𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐟𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐣𑐵 𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐾𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐩𑐵𑑅 𑑋}}<ref name="UDHR_Newari">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Newari |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/new.pdf|trans-title=𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐰 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐷 𑐑𑑀𑐲𑐞𑐵|url-status=live|archive-date=11 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011030924/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/new.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=new|page=1|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Odia''' | Oriya Lipi ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}) | {{lang|or|ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧: ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Oriya">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Oriya |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ory.pdf|trans-title=ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା|url-status=live|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521115453/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ory.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=or|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Punjabi''' | Gurmukhi{{efn|In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet and in India, it is written using the ''Gurmukhi alphabet''.}} ({{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|pa|ਆਰਟੀਕਲ ੧: ਸਾਰੇ ਇਨਸਾਨ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਅਤੇ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਤੇ ਇੱਜ਼ਤ ਦੇ ਲਿਹਾਜ਼ ਨਾਲ ਬਰਾਬਰ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਏ ਹਨ। ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਤਰਕ ਅਤੇ ਜ਼ਮੀਰ ਦੀ ਦਾਤ ਮਿਲੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਭਾਈਚਾਰੇ ਦੀ ਭਾਵਨਾ ਨਾਲ ਵਿਹਾਰ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਹੈ।}}<ref name="UDHR_Punjabi">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Punjabi |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/pnj1.pdf|trans-title=ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਵਿਆਪੀ ਐਲਾਨਨਾਮਾ|url-status=live|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718141003/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/pnj1.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=pa|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Rajasthani | Devanagari ({{lang|raj|राजस्थानी}}) (''Official'') | {{lang|raj|अनुच्छेद १. - सागला मिनख आज़ाद अर प्रतिष्ठा ने आधिकारां री बरोबरी लियोडा पैदा होवे। व्हां में इन बात री समझ अर विवेक होवे के व्हाने एक दूजे रे सागे भाईचारे सूं रैणों है॥}}<ref name="UDHR_Rajasthani">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Rajasthani |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/raj.pdf|trans-title=मानव अधिकारां री सार्वभौम घोषणा|url-status=live|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523002427/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/raj.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=raj|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="10" | '''Sanskrit{{efn|Despite lacking first-language speakers in the modern period, ''Sanskrit'' remains an official Scheduled and Classical language in India due to its cultural heritage. It serves as an intrinsic ceremonial language for Hindu and Buddhist rituals, having been documented across centuries and nations in various regional scripts. ''See also: Sanskrit Revival''}}''' | Devanāgarī{{efn|Originally known as ''Nāgarī'', it is the most well-known script for Sanskrit today. Its status as the exclusive script is a modern development from the 19th century, driven by the introduction of printing presses and British colonial standardization.}} ({{lang|sa-Deva|संस्कृतम्}}) (''Contemporary'') | {{lang|sa-Deva|अनुच्छेदः १ - सर्वे मानवाः स्वतन्त्रताः समुत्पन्नाः वर्तन्ते अपि च, गौरवदृशा अधिकारदृशा च समानाः एव वर्तन्ते। एते सर्वे चेतना-तर्क-शक्तिभ्यां सुसम्पन्नाः सन्ति। अपि च, सर्वेऽपि बन्धुत्व-भावनया परस्परं व्यवहरन्तु॥}}<ref name="UDHR_Sanskrit">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/skt.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Sanskrit|trans-title=मानवाधिकाराणां जागत-अभिघोषणा|url-status=live |archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521143522/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/skt.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=2|language=sa|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref>{{efn|This text is in Classical Sanskrit.}} |- | Grantha Lipi{{efn|''Grantha'' was developed to write ''Sanskrit'' in South India, as writing in Tamil script was not suitable and was the standard for writing ''Sanskrit'' texts across South India for over a millennium. Still used by traditional Vedic scholars and in Hindu ceremonies in Tamil-speaking regions.}} ({{lang|sa-Gran|𑌸𑌂𑌸𑍍𑌕𑍃𑌤𑌮𑍍}}) {{small|(''Used by Tamil people only in religious-liturgical context'')}} | {{lang|sa-Gran|𑌅𑌨𑍁𑌚𑍍𑌛𑍇𑌦𑌃 ௧ - 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌵𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌮𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌗𑍌𑌰𑌵𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌅𑌧𑌿𑌕𑌾𑌰𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌚 𑌸𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌏𑌵 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇। 𑌏𑌤𑍇 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌚𑍇𑌤𑌨𑌾-𑌤𑌰𑍍𑌕-𑌶𑌕𑍍𑌤𑌿𑌭𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌂 𑌸𑍁𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌨𑍍𑌤𑌿। 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇𑌽𑌪𑌿 𑌬𑌨𑍍𑌧𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌵-𑌭𑌾𑌵𑌨𑌯𑌾 𑌪𑌰𑌸𑍍𑌪𑌰𑌂 𑌵𑍍𑌯𑌵𑌹𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍁।}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Sanskrit (Grantha) |url=http://efele.net/udhr/d/udhr_san_gran.html |website=UDHR in XML Project |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- | Śāradā{{efn|''Śāradā'' was the principal script for ''Sanskrit'' in the Kashmir region and northwestern Indic sphere for centuries. It is now largely restricted to religious and ceremonial use by the Kashmiri Pandit community.}} ({{lang|sa-Shrd|𑆱𑆁𑆱𑇀𑆑𑆸𑆠𑆩𑇀}}) {{small|(''Used in Kashmir region in a religious-liturgical context.'')}} | {{lang|sa-Shrd|𑆃𑆤𑆶𑆖𑇀𑆗𑆼𑆢𑆂 𑇑 - 𑆱𑆫𑇀𑆮𑆼 𑆩𑆳𑆤𑆮𑆳𑆂 𑆱𑇀𑆮𑆠𑆤𑇀𑆠𑇀𑆫𑆠𑆳𑆂 𑆱𑆩𑆶𑆠𑇀𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆤𑆳𑆂 𑆮𑆫𑇀𑆠𑆤𑇀𑆠𑆼 𑆃𑆥𑆴 𑆖, 𑆓𑆿𑆫𑆮𑆢𑆸𑆯𑆳 𑆃𑆣𑆴𑆑𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆸𑆯𑆳 𑆖 𑆱𑆩𑆳𑆤𑆳𑆂 𑆍𑆮 𑆮𑆫𑇀𑆠𑆤𑇀𑆠𑆼𑇅 𑆍𑆠𑆼 𑆱𑆫𑇀𑆮𑆼 𑆖𑆼𑆠𑆤𑆳-𑆠𑆫𑇀𑆑-𑆯𑆑𑇀𑆠𑆴𑆨𑇀𑆪𑆳𑆁 𑆱𑆶𑆱𑆩𑇀𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆤𑆳𑆂 𑆱𑆤𑇀𑆠𑆴𑇅 𑆃𑆥𑆴 𑆖, 𑆱𑆫𑇀𑆮𑆼𑇁𑆥𑆴 𑆧𑆤𑇀𑆣𑆶𑆠𑇀𑆮-𑆨𑆳𑆮𑆤𑆪𑆳 𑆥𑆫𑆱𑇀𑆥𑆫𑆁 𑆮𑇀𑆪𑆮𑆲𑆫𑆤𑇀𑆠𑆶॥}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Article 1 of the UDHR in Indo-Iranian languages|url=https://www.omniglot.com/udhr/indoiranian.htm |website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- | Tigalari{{efn|A Southern Brahmic script which was primarily used for writing Vedic texts in ''Sanskrit''. Presently used in the Tulu Nadu region by Brahmin communities (''Shivalli'', ''Havyaka'', & ''Kota'') to document Vedic mantras, Upanishads, Jyotisha and Dharmaśāstra.}} ({{lang|sa-Tutg|𑎱𑏌𑎱𑏎𑎒𑎽𑎡𑏌}}) {{small|(''Used in Tulu Nadu region in a religious-liturgical context.'')}} | (''being encoded'') |- | Tirhuta{{efn|Originating in the Mithila region (modern-day Bihar and parts of Nepal), ''Tirhuta'' was the primary vehicle for ''Sanskrit'' in Eastern India for centuries. It was used for extensive Sanskrit works, like ''Panjikas'' (genealogical records), religious texts, and literature by Maithil Pundits.}} ({{lang|sa-Tirh|𑒮𑓀𑒮𑓂𑒏𑒵𑒞𑒧𑓂}}) {{small|(''Used in Eastern India in a religious-liturgical context'')}} | {{lang|sa-Tirh|𑒁𑒢𑒳𑒔𑓂𑒕𑒹𑒠𑓁 𑓑 - 𑒮𑒩𑓂𑒫𑒹 𑒧𑒰𑒢𑒫𑒰𑓁 𑒮𑓂𑒫𑒞𑒢𑓂𑒞𑓂𑒩𑒞𑒰𑓁 𑒮𑒧𑒳𑒞𑓂𑒣𑒢𑓂𑒢𑒰𑓁 𑒫𑒩𑓂𑒞𑒢𑓂𑒞𑒹 𑒁𑒣𑒱 𑒔, 𑒑𑒾𑒩𑒫𑒠𑒵𑒬𑒰 𑒁𑒡𑒱𑒏𑒰𑒩𑒠𑒵𑒬𑒰 𑒔 𑒮𑒧𑒰𑒢𑒰𑓁 𑒋𑒫 𑒫𑒩𑓂𑒞𑒢𑓂𑒞𑒹। 𑒋𑒞𑒹 𑒮𑒩𑓂𑒫𑒹 𑒔𑒹𑒞𑒢𑒰-𑒞𑒩𑓂𑒏-𑒬𑒏𑓂𑒞𑒱𑒦𑓂𑒨𑒰𑓀 𑒮𑒳𑒮𑒧𑓂𑒣𑒢𑓂𑒢𑒰𑓁 𑒮𑒢𑓂𑒞𑒱। 𑒁𑒣𑒱 𑒔, 𑒮𑒩𑓂𑒫𑒹𑓄𑒣𑒱 𑒥𑒢𑓂𑒡𑒳𑒞𑓂𑒫-𑒦𑒰𑒫𑒢𑒨𑒰 𑒣𑒩𑒮𑓂𑒣𑒩𑓀 𑒫𑓂𑒨𑒫𑒯𑒩𑒢𑓂𑒞𑒳 ॥}} |- | Nandinagari{{efn|''Nandināgarī'' is a southern variant of the ''Nāgarī'' script, and it was the official script of the Vijayanagara Empire. Used extensively for Sanskrit copper plate inscriptions and palm-leaf manuscripts in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. ''Nandināgarī'' and ''Devanāgarī'' scripts are very close and share many similarities, but they also show systematic differences.}} ({{lang|sa-Nand|𑧍𑧞𑧍𑧠𑦮𑧖𑦽𑧆𑧠}}) {{small|(''Historical in Deccan region. Presently inactive'')}} | {{lang|sa-Nand|𑦠𑧁𑧔𑦳𑧠𑦴𑧚𑦿𑧟 ೧ - 𑧍𑧈𑧠𑧊𑧚 𑧆𑧑𑧁𑧊𑧑𑧟 𑧍𑧠𑧊𑦽𑧁𑧠𑦽𑧠𑧈𑦽𑧑𑧟 𑧍𑧆𑧔𑦽𑧠𑧂𑧁𑧠𑧁𑧑𑧟 𑧊𑧈𑧠𑦽𑧁𑧠𑦽𑧚 𑦠𑧂𑧒 𑦳, 𑦰𑧝𑧈𑧊𑦿𑧖𑧋𑧑 𑦠𑧀𑧒𑦮𑧑𑧈𑦿𑧖𑧋𑧑 𑦳 𑧍𑧆𑧑𑧁𑧑𑧟 𑦪𑧊 𑧊𑧈𑧠𑦽𑧁𑧠𑦽𑧚। 𑦪𑦽𑧚 𑧍𑧈𑧠𑧊𑧚 𑦳𑧚𑦽𑧁𑧑-𑦽𑧈𑧠𑦮-𑧋𑦮𑧠𑦽𑧒𑧅𑧠𑧇𑧑𑧞 𑧍𑧔𑧍𑧆𑧠𑧂𑧁𑧠𑧁𑧑𑧟 𑧍𑧁𑧠𑦽𑧒। 𑦠𑧂𑧒 𑦳, 𑧍𑧈𑧠𑧊𑧚𑧡𑧂𑧒 𑧄𑧁𑧠𑧀𑧔𑦽𑧠𑧊-𑧅𑧑𑧊𑧁𑧇𑧑 𑧂𑧈𑧍𑧠𑧂𑧈𑧞 𑧊𑧠𑧇𑧊𑧎𑧈𑧁𑧠𑦽𑧔 ॥}} |- | Siddhaṃ{{efn|''Siddhaṃ'' means "''accomplished''", "''completed''" or "''perfected''" in Sanskrit. It was used in India from the 6th-13th centuries by Indian Buddhists. Its usage survives into the modern period for liturgical purposes in Japan and Korea by East Asian Buddhists.}} ({{lang|sa-Sidd|𑖭𑖽𑖭𑖿𑖎𑖴𑖝𑖦𑖿}}) {{small|(''Historical in India, presently active in Japan & Korea'')}} | {{lang|sa-Sidd|𑖀𑖡𑖲𑖓𑖿𑖔𑖸𑖟𑖾 १ - 𑖭𑖨𑖿𑖪𑖸 𑖦𑖯𑖡𑖪𑖯𑖾 𑖭𑖿𑖪𑖝𑖡𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖨𑖝𑖯𑖾 𑖭𑖦𑗜𑖝𑖿𑖢𑖡𑖿𑖡𑖯𑖾 𑖪𑖨𑖿𑖝𑖡𑖿𑖝𑖸 𑖀𑖢𑖰 𑖓, 𑖐𑖻𑖨𑖪𑖟𑖴𑖫𑖯 𑖀𑖠𑖰𑖎𑖯𑖨𑖟𑖴𑖫𑖯 𑖓 𑖭𑖦𑖯𑖡𑖯𑖾 𑖊𑖪 𑖪𑖨𑖿𑖝𑖡𑖿𑖝𑖸𑗂 𑖊𑖝𑖸 𑖭𑖨𑖿𑖪𑖸 𑖓𑖸𑖝𑖡𑖯-𑖝𑖨𑖿𑖎-𑖫𑖎𑖿𑖝𑖰𑖥𑖿𑖧𑖯𑖽 𑖭𑗜𑖭𑖦𑖿𑖢𑖡𑖿𑖡𑖯𑖾 𑖭𑖡𑖿𑖝𑖰𑗂 𑗅 𑖀𑖢𑖰 𑖓, 𑖭𑖨𑖿𑖪𑖸𑖢𑖰 𑖤𑖡𑖿𑖠𑗜𑖝𑖿𑖪-𑖥𑖯𑖪𑖡𑖧𑖯 𑖢𑖨𑖭𑖿𑖢𑖨𑖽 𑖪𑖿𑖧𑖪𑖮𑖨𑖡𑖿𑖝𑗜𑗂 𑗉}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddham (Bonji) script |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/siddham.htm|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>{{efn|''Siddhaṃ'' is still mostly handwritten. Over time, additional markings were developed like punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The ''nuqta'' (𑗀 ) is also used in some modern ''Siddhaṃ'' texts.}}<ref>{{cite report |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |date=2012-08-01 |title=N4294: Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12234r-n4294-siddham.pdf |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |type=Working Group Document |pages=5–13|access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Bhaiksuki{{efn|Bhaikshuki was used around the 11th-12th centuries in Eastern India and parts of Tibet and Nepal. Very few manuscripts and attestations are available so far.}} ({{lang|sa-Bhks|𑰭𑰽𑰭𑰿𑰎𑰴𑰝𑰦𑰿}}) (''Ancient'') | {{lang|sa-Bhks|𑰀𑰡𑰲𑰓𑰿𑰔𑰸𑰟𑰾 𑱑 - 𑰭𑰨𑰿𑰪𑰸 𑰦𑰯𑰡𑰪𑰯𑰾 𑰕𑰡𑰿𑰦𑰡𑰯𑰾 𑰭𑰿𑰪𑰝𑰡𑰿𑰝𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰾 𑰪𑰹𑰧𑰎𑰿𑰝𑰰𑰎𑰐𑰹𑰨𑰪𑰸𑰜 𑰀𑰠𑰰𑰎𑰯𑰨𑰸𑰜 𑰓 𑰝𑰲𑰩𑰿𑰧𑰯𑰾 𑰊𑰪 𑱁 𑰭𑰨𑰿𑰪𑰸𑰬𑰯𑰽 𑰪𑰰𑰪𑰸𑰎𑰾 𑰁𑰝𑰿𑰦𑰭𑰯𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰱 𑰓 𑰪𑰨𑰿𑰝𑰝𑰸 𑱁 𑰭𑰨𑰿𑰪𑰸 𑰢𑰨𑰭𑰿𑰢𑰨𑰽 𑰥𑰿𑰨𑰯𑰝𑰴𑰥𑰯𑰪𑰸𑰡 𑰪𑰿𑰧𑰪𑰮𑰨𑰸𑰧𑰲𑰾 𑱂}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhaiksuki alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bhaiksuki.htm|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- | Kharoṣṭhī{{efn|''Kharoṣṭhī'' emerged in the Gandhara region. While it was primarily used for ''Gandhari Prakrit'', it was also used to write ''Sanskrit'' in the northwestern areas and Central Asia until approximately the 4th century. It died out by the 7th century without leaving any modern descendant scripts.}} ({{lang|sa-Khar|𐨯𐨎𐨯𐨿𐨐𐨃𐨟𐨨𐨿}}) (''Archaic'') | {{Rtl-para|sa-Khar|𐨀𐨣𐨂𐨕𐨿𐨖𐨅𐨡𐨏 𐩀 - 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨅 𐨨𐨌𐨣𐨬𐨌𐨏 𐨯𐨿𐨬𐨟𐨣𐨿𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨌𐨏 𐨯𐨨𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨤𐨣𐨿𐨣𐨌𐨏 𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨣𐨿𐨟𐨅 𐨀𐨤𐨁 𐨕, 𐨒𐨆𐨌𐨪𐨬𐨡𐨃𐨭𐨌 𐨀𐨢𐨁𐨐𐨌𐨪𐨡𐨃𐨭𐨌 𐨕 𐨯𐨨𐨌𐨣𐨌𐨏 𐨀𐨅𐨬 𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨣𐨿𐨟𐨅𐩖 𐨀𐨅𐨟𐨅 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨅 𐨕𐨅𐨟𐨣𐨌-𐨟𐨪𐨿𐨐-𐨭𐨐𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨧𐨿𐨩𐨌𐨎 𐨯𐨂𐨯𐨨𐨿𐨤𐨣𐨿𐨣𐨌𐨏 𐨯𐨣𐨿𐨟𐨁𐩖 𐨀𐨤𐨁 𐨕, 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨅𐨤𐨁 𐨦𐨣𐨿𐨢𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨬-𐨧𐨌𐨬𐨣𐨩𐨌 𐨤𐨪𐨯𐨿𐨤𐨪𐨎 𐨬𐨿𐨩𐨬𐨱𐨪𐨣𐨿𐨟𐨂 𐩗}}{{efn|Unlike most Indian scripts, ''Kharoṣṭhī'' was written from right to left.}} |- | Ashokan Brāhmī{{efn|''Brāhmī'' is the mother of almost all modern Indian scripts. It was used to record the earliest surviving Sanskrit inscriptions, such as the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (''c. 150 CE''). It developed into the Gupta script, which then branched into northern scripts like ''Devanāgarī'' and ''Śāradā''.}} ({{lang|sa-Brah|𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀫𑁆}}) (''Archaic'') | {{lang|sa-Brah|𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀤𑀂 𑁧 - 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑁂 𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀯𑀸𑀂 𑀲𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀢𑀸𑀂 𑀲𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀧𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀸𑀂 𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀅𑀧𑀺 𑀘, 𑀕𑁅𑀭𑀯𑀤𑀾𑀰𑀸 𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀤𑀾𑀰𑀸 𑀘 𑀲𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀸𑀂 𑀏𑀯 𑀯𑀭𑁆𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑁇 𑀏𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑁂 𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀦𑀸-𑀢𑀭𑁆𑀓-𑀰𑀓𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀪𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀁 𑀲𑀼𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀸𑀂 𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇 𑀅𑀧𑀺 𑀘, 𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀧𑀺 𑀩𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀯-𑀪𑀸𑀯𑀦𑀬𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀧𑀭𑀁 𑀯𑁆𑀬𑀯𑀳𑀭𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀼 𑁈}} |- | '''Santali''' | Ol Chiki ({{lang|sat|ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ}}) | {{lang|sat|ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱑: ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾}}<ref name="UDHR_Santali">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Santali |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/sat.pdf|trans-title=ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱚᱥᱚᱬᱟ|url-status=live|archive-date=10 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110045916/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/sat.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=sat|page=2|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | '''Sindhi'''{{efn|Is a scheduled language in India without any state-level official status, as it is spoken mostly by the descendants of partition-era migrants. ''See: Sindhis in India''.}} | Sindhi Naskh{{efn| Sole Official script in Sindh Province, Pakistan}} ({{lang|sd-Arab|{{naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}) (''Sole Official until Partition and then Co-Official script in India along with Devanagri script'') | {{Rtl-para|sd-Arab|{{naskh|دفعه ١۔ سمورا انسان آزاد ۽ عزت ۽ حقن جي حوالي کان برابر پيدا ٿيا آھن. انھن کي عقل ۽ ضمير حاصل ٿيو آھي، ان ڪري انھن کي ھڪ ٻئي سان ڀائيچاري وارو سلوڪ اختيار ڪرڻ گھرجي.}}}}<ref name="UDHR_Sindhi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/snd.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Sindhi|trans-title=انساني حقن جو عالمي پڌرنامو |url-status=live|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210071104/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/snd.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=2|language=sd|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Devanagari{{efn| Co-Official script in India along with Naskh script.}} ({{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}) (''Used in India along with Nashk script'') | {{lang|sd-Deva|दफ़अ १: समूरा इंसान आज़ाद ऐं इज़्ज़त ऐं हक़न जी हवाले खां बराबर पैदा थिया आहिन। इन्हन खे अक़्ल ऐं ज़मीर हासिल थियो आहे, इन करे इन्हन खे हिक ॿिए सां भाईचारे वारो सुलूक इख़्तियार करण घुरजे॥}} |- | Khudabadi ({{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}}) (''Traditional'') | {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋏𑋓𑋩𑊰 𑋱: 𑋝𑋗𑋤𑋙𑋠 𑊲𑋟𑋝𑋠𑋑 𑊱𑋂𑋩𑋠𑋏 𑊷𑋟 𑊲𑋂𑋩𑋪𑋂𑋩𑋍 𑊷𑋟 𑋞𑊺𑋩𑋑 𑋂𑋢 𑋞𑋛𑋠𑋚𑋥 𑊻𑋠𑋟 𑋔𑋙𑋠𑋔𑋙 𑋒𑋦𑋏𑋠 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋠 𑊱𑋞𑋡𑋑. 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑊰𑊺𑋩𑋪𑋚 𑊷𑋟 𑋂𑋩𑋗𑋢𑋙 𑋞𑋠𑋝𑋡�� 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋧 𑊱𑋞𑋥, 𑊲𑋑 𑊺𑋙𑋥 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑋞𑋡𑊺 𑋕𑋡𑊶 𑋝𑋠𑋟 𑋖𑋠𑊳𑋀𑋠𑋙𑋥 𑋛𑋠𑋙𑋧 𑋝𑋣𑋚𑋤𑊺 𑊲𑊻𑋩𑋪𑋍𑋡𑋘𑋠𑋙 𑊺𑋙𑋌 𑊾𑋣𑋙𑋂𑋥।}} |- | Khojki Sindhi{{efn| Used exclusively by the Ismaili Khoja Community in the Sindh region.}} ({{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈞𑈵𑈝𑈮}}) (''Historical'') | {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈛𑈠𑈶𑈀 ૧: 𑈩𑈤𑈯𑈦𑈬 𑉀𑈴𑈩𑈬𑈞 𑈁𑈐𑈶𑈬𑈛 𑈅𑈴 𑉀𑈐𑈶𑈷𑈙 𑈅𑈴 𑈪𑈿𑈞 𑈐𑈮 𑈪𑈨𑈬𑈧𑈰 𑈉𑈬𑈴 𑈡𑈦𑈬𑈡𑈦 𑈟𑈱𑈛𑈬 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈬 𑈁𑈪𑈭𑈞𑈻 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈀𑈿𑈵𑈧 𑈅𑈴 𑈐𑈶𑈤𑈮𑈦 𑈪𑈬𑈩𑈭𑈧 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈲 𑈁𑈪𑈰, 𑉀𑈞 𑈈𑈦𑈰 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈪𑈭𑈈 𑈢𑈭𑈄 𑈩𑈬𑈴 𑈣𑈬𑈂𑈎𑈬𑈦𑈰 𑈨𑈬𑈦𑈲 𑈩𑈯𑈧𑈯𑈈 𑉀𑈉𑈶𑈵𑈙𑈭𑈥𑈬𑈦 𑈈𑈦𑈘 𑈌𑈯𑈦𑈐𑈰𑈸𑈼}} |- | rowspan="2" | Sherpa | Devanagari ({{lang|xsr-Deva|शेर्वि तम्ङ॓}}) | {{lang|xsr-Deva|धारा १: तेरी मिमाङगी चिजिन तङ ओछाकी ग्युला क्येने ज्युन कुन्ड्यम गिवी । खोङ तिवा तेरीकी रिक्या ल्येमो खुर्ने हुङगु यिन तङ तेरीकी पर्ला चिरडील हुङगु लाका कि गोकी।}}<ref name="UDHR_Sherpa">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Sherpa |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/xsr.pdf|trans-title=मिमाङ ओङछा थाप्ताङगी जम्बुलिङ सल्डकलेन|url-status=live|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712060038/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/xsr.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=xsr|page=1|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- | Sambhota ({{lang|xsr-Tibt|ཤར་པའི་སྐད་ཡིག}}) | {{lang|xsr-Tibt|དོན་ཚན་དང་པོ། ཐམས་ཅད་མི་མང་གི་ཅིག་བྱིན་དང་འོ་ཆ་གྱི་རྒྱུ་ལ་སྐྱེས་ནས་འབྱུང་ཀུན་མཉམ་གྱི་རེད། ཁོང་ཚོ་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་རིག་པ་ལེགས་མོ་འཁུར་ནས་འོང་གུ་ཡིན་དང་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་བར་ལ་སྤུན་ཟླ་འོང་གུ་ལས་ཀ་བྱེད་དགོས།}} |- | Sora | Sora Sompeng ({{lang|srb|𑃐𑃚𑃝}}) | {{lang|srb|𑃦𑃨𑃙𑃑𑃣𑃙𑃢𑃐𑃢 𑃒𑃢𑃙𑃐𑃤𑃖𑃢𑃙𑃥𑃐𑃣𑃙𑃠𑃤 𑃖𑃢𑃚𑃢𑃖𑃢𑃚𑃢𑃜𑃒𑃣𑃙 𑃘𑃦𑃘𑃘𑃣𑃙𑃙𑃢𑃦 𑃣𑃑𑃑𑃣𑃘𑃢 𑃑𑃣𑃑𑃑𑃣 𑃦𑃨𑃑𑃑𑃢𑃤 𑃕𑃙𑃢𑃦𑃨𑃝𑃟𑃢𑃔𑃨𑃢𑃙𑃑𑃣𑃙𑃢 𑃖𑃢𑃙𑃐𑃤𑃖𑃢𑃙𑃥𑃐𑃣𑃙𑃠𑃤. 𑃦𑃨𑃙𑃑𑃣𑃙𑃠𑃤𑃑𑃣 𑃒𑃥𑃔𑃨𑃔𑃨𑃠𑃤 𑃣𑃑𑃑𑃣𑃘𑃢 𑃒𑃤𑃒𑃣𑃟 𑃦𑃨𑃝𑃤𑃔𑃨𑃢 𑃖𑃣𑃙𑃙𑃣. 𑃦𑃨𑃙𑃑𑃣𑃙𑃢𑃐𑃢 𑃦𑃨𑃙𑃑𑃣𑃙𑃠𑃤 𑃣𑃟𑃥𑃢𑃙 𑃒𑃤𑃒𑃤 𑃣𑃑𑃑𑃣𑃘𑃢 𑃖𑃙𑃑 𑃖𑃙𑃑 𑃖𑃣𑃙𑃙𑃣.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/sora.htm|title=Sora Alphabet and Language|website=Omniglot.com|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> |- | Sylheti | Sylheti Nagri ({{lang|syl|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ}}) | {{lang|syl|ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ১: ꠢꠇꠟ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠎ꠆ꠎꠔ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠙꠄꠖꠣ 'ꠅꠄ। ꠔꠣꠁꠘꠔꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠇꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ। ꠄꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘꠦ ꠀꠞꠇꠎꠘꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠤꠞꠣꠖꠞꠤꠞ ꠝꠘ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠀꠌꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠃꠌꠤꠔ।}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sylheti language & alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/syloti.htm|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Tamil''' | Tamil Ariccuvaṭi ({{lang|ta|தமிழ்}}) | {{lang|ta|உறுப்புரை ௧: மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனசாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.}}<ref name="UDHR_Tamil">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tcv.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Tamil|trans-title=மனித உரிமைகள் பற்றிய உலகப் பிரகடனம்|url-status=live |archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208103803/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tcv.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=2|language=ta|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Telugu''' | Telugu Lipi ({{lang|te|తెలుగు}}) | {{lang|te|అనుచ్ఛేదము ౧: ప్రతిపత్తిస్వత్వముల విషయమున మానవులెల్లరును జన్మతః స్వతంత్రులును సమానులును నగుదురు. వారు వివేచన-అంతఃకరణ సంపన్నులగుటచే పరస్పరము భ్రాతృభావముతో వర్తింపవలయును.}}<ref name="UDHR_Telugu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tcw.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Telugu|trans-title=మానవ హక్కుల సార్వత్రిక ప్రకటన|url-status=live|archive-date= 6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206120136/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/tcw.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |page=2|language=te|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | Tulu | Tigalari ({{lang|tcy-Tutg|𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻}}) (''Historical / Officially adopted'') | (''being encoded'') |- | Kannada Lipi ({{lang|tcy-Knda|ತುಳು}}) (''Contemporary'') | {{lang|tcy-Knda|ಮಾತಾ ನರಮಾನಿಲು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾದ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಗೌರವೊಡು ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಹಕ್ಕುಲೆಡ್ ಸಮಾನವಾದ್ ಪುಟ್ಟುವೆರ್. ಅಕುಲು ತರ್ಕ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಆತ್ಮಸಾಕ್ಷಿಡ್ ಪುಗರ್ತೆ ಪಡೆಯಿನಕುಲು ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಒರಿ ಒರಿ ಸೋದರತ್ವದ ಸ್ಪಿರಿಟ್ ಡ್ ವರ್ತನೆ ಮಲ್ಪೊಡು.}}<ref name="Tulu language & alphabet">{{Cite web |title=Tulu language & alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tulu.htm|access-date=16 January 2026|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> |- | Malayalam Lipi ({{lang|tcy-Mlym|തുളു}}) (''Regional'') | {{lang|tcy-Mlym|മാതാ നരമാനിലു സ്വതന്ത്രവാദ് ബൊക്ക ഗൗരവൊഡു ബൊക്ക ഹക്കുലെഡ് സമാനവാദ് പുട്ടുവെർ. അകുലു തർക ബൊക്ക ആത്മസാക്ഷിഡ് പുഗർതെ പഡെയിനകുലു ബൊക്ക ഒരി ഒരി സോദരത്വദ സ്പിരിട് ഡ് വർതനെ മല്പൊഡു.}}<ref name="Tulu language & alphabet"/> |- |rowspan="2" | Wancho | Wancho Alphabet ({{lang|nnp-Wcho|𞋒𞋀𞋉𞋃𞋕}}) | {{lang|nnp-Wcho|𞋙𞋞𞋩𞋛𞋔 𞋉𞋞𞋮𞋎𞋀𞋮 𞋔𞋜𞋘𞋯 𞋐𞋀𞋞 𞋔𞋁𞋞 𞋋𞋁𞋘 𞋚𞋕𞋉𞋯 𞋃𞋁 𞋐𞋛𞋯 𞋔𞋁𞋮𞋉 𞋋𞋁𞋜𞋫 𞋘𞋢 𞋌𞋞𞋝𞋮 𞋇𞋁 𞋊𞋞𞋫 𞋃𞋁 𞋉𞋞𞋮𞋊𞋞𞋮, 𞋃𞋁 𞋃𞋀𞋮 𞋈𞋁𞋘 𞋅𞋕𞋜𞋮 𞋔𞋁 𞋃𞋁𞋜 𞋃𞋁 𞋉𞋀𞋞 𞋈𞋁 𞋋𞋁𞋜𞋫 𞋀 𞋊𞋁𞋐𞋜.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wancho language and alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/wancho.htm|access-date=16 January 2026|website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref> |- | Latin alphabet ({{lang|nnp-Latn|Wancho}}) | {{lang|nnp-Latn|Khunyek nusaa kim jaau kau tam hon ca je kan taiʔ mong thung pha puʔ ca nupu, ca caa lam goi ka cai ca naau la taiʔ aa paji.}} |- | '''Urdu'''{{efn|Urdu is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language, mutually intelligible with Hindi.}} | Urdu alphabet in Nastaliq calligraphy style ({{lang|ur|{{uninastaliq|اردو}}}}) | {{Rtl-para|ur|{{uninastaliq|دفعہ ١۔ تمام انسان آزاد اور حقوق و عزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پیدا ہوئے ہیں۔ انہیں ضمیر اور عقل ودیعت ہوئی ہے۔ اس لیے انہیں ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سلوک کرنا چاہیے۔}}}}<ref name="UDHR_Urdu">{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Urdu |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/urd.pdf|trans-title=انسانی حقوق کا عالمی منشور|url-status=live|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113143907/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/urd.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|language=ur|page=3|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> |- |}

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasie/10.htm Linguistic map of India] with a detailed map of [http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/7.htm the Seven Sister States (India)] at Muturzikin.com * [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html Languages and Scripts of India] * Kulkarni-Joshi, Sonal. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334266653_Linguistic_history_and_language_diversity_in_India_Views_and_counterviews Linguistic history and language diversity in India: Views and counterviews.]" Journal of Biosciences 44 (2019): 1–10. * [http://www.kamat.com/indica/diversity/languages.htm Diversity of Languages in India] * [http://www.ciil.org/ A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages] * [http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/Services/Lang_Tech_Product.aspx Technology Development for Indian Languages, Government of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115113958/http://www.tdil.meity.gov.in/Services/Lang_Tech_Product.aspx |date=15 November 2019}} * [https://www.himachalpariksha.in/2020/03/languages-spoken-in-himachal-pradesh.html Languages Spoken in Himachal Pradesh – Himachal Pariksha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406143423/https://www.himachalpariksha.in/2020/03/languages-spoken-in-himachal-pradesh.html |date=6 April 2023}}

{{Languages of India}} {{Languages of South Asia}} {{Asia topic|Languages of}} {{Life in India}} {{Portal bar|India|Languages}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of India Category:Demographics of India

Languages of India

Connections

Linked from (783 total)

Links to (475 total)