{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}} {{Infobox gene}} '''Lysyl oxidase homolog 2''' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''LOXL2'' gene.<ref name="pmid9722957">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jourdan-Le Saux C, Le Saux O, Donlon T, Boyd CD, Csiszar K | title = The human lysyl oxidase-related gene (LOXL2) maps between markers D8S280 and D8S278 on chromosome 8p21.2-p21.3 | journal = Genomics | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 305–7 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9722957 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5356 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: LOXL2 lysyl oxidase-like 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4017}}</ref>
== Function == This gene encodes a member of the lysyl oxidase gene family. The prototypic member of the family is essential to the biogenesis of connective tissue, encoding an extracellular copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyses the first step in the formation of crosslinks in collagens and elastin. A highly conserved amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end appears to be sufficient for amine oxidase activity, suggesting that each family member may retain this function. The N-terminus is poorly conserved and may impart additional roles in developmental regulation, senescence, tumor suppression, cell growth control, and chemotaxis to each member of the family.<ref name="entrez" />
LOXL2 can also crosslink collagen type IV and hence influence the sprouting of new blood vessels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bignon M, Pichol-Thievend C, Hardouin J, Malbouyres M, Bréchot N, Nasciutti L, Barret A, Teillon J, Guillon E, Etienne E, Caron M, Joubert-Caron R, Monnot C, Ruggiero F, Muller L, Germain S | title = Lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 regulates sprouting angiogenesis and type IV collagen assembly in the endothelial basement membrane | journal = Blood | volume = 118 | issue = 14| pages = 3979–89 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21835952 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313296 | s2cid = 16622717 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Clinical significance == LOXL2 is an enzyme that is up-regulated in several types of cancer and is associated with a poorer prognosis.<ref name="pmid22453058">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishioka T, Eustace A, West C | title = Lysyl oxidase: from basic science to future cancer treatment | journal = Cell Struct. Funct. | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–80 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22453058 | doi = 10.1247/csf.11015| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid23030485">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cano A, Santamaría PG, Moreno-Bueno G | title = LOXL2 in epithelial cell plasticity and tumor progression | journal = Future Oncol | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 1095–108 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23030485 | doi = 10.2217/fon.12.105 }}</ref> LOXL2 changes the structure of histones (proteins that are attached to DNA)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cebrià-Costa |first1=J. P. |last2=Pascual-Reguant |first2=L. |last3=Gonzalez-Perez |first3=A. |last4=Serra-Bardenys |first4=G. |last5=Querol |first5=J. |last6=Cosín |first6=M. |last7=Verde |first7=G. |last8=Cigliano |first8=R. A. |last9=Sanseverino |first9=W. |last10=Segura-Bayona |first10=S. |last11=Iturbide |first11=A. |last12=Andreu |first12=D. |last13=Nuciforo |first13=P. |last14=Bernado-Morales |first14=C. |last15=Rodilla |first15=V. |last16=Arribas |first16=J. |last17=Yelamos |first17=J. |last18=de Herreros |first18=A. Garcia |last19=Stracker |first19=T. H. |last20=Peiró |first20=S. |title=LOXL2-mediated H3K4 oxidation reduces chromatin accessibility in triple-negative breast cancer cells |journal=Oncogene |date=2 January 2020 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=79–121 |doi=10.1038/s41388-019-0969-1|hdl=10230/44004 |hdl-access=free |pmc=6937214 }}</ref> and thus changes the shape of the cells, making it easier for the cancer cells to metastasize.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moreno-Bueno G, Salvador F, Martín A, Floristán A, Cuevas EP, Santos V, Montes A, Morales S, Castilla MA, Rojo-Sebastián A, Martínez A, Hardisson D, Csiszar K, Portillo F, Peinado H, Palacios J, Cano A | title = Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a new regulator of cell polarity required for metastatic dissemination of basal-like breast carcinomas | journal = EMBO Mol Med | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = 528–544 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21732535 | doi = 10.1002/emmm.201100156 | pmc=3377095}}</ref>
An antibody that inhibits the activity of LOXL2, simtuzumab, is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of several types of cancer and fibrotic diseases such as liver fibrosis.<ref name="urlSearch of: simtuzumab - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov">{{cite web | url = https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=simtuzumab&Search=Search | title = Search of: simtuzumab - List Results | work = ClinicalTrials.gov | access-date = 25 February 2015 }}</ref>
== See also == * LOXL1 * LOXL3 * LOXL4
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == * {{PDBe-KB2|Q9Y4K0|Lysyl oxidase homolog 2}}
== Further reading == {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Csiszar K | title = Lysyl oxidases: a novel multifunctional amine oxidase family | volume = 70 | pages = 1–32 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11642359 | doi = 10.1016/S0079-6603(01)70012-8 | isbn = 978-0-12-540070-1 | series = Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Molnar J, Fong KS, He QP, Hayashi K, Kim Y, Fong SF, Fogelgren B, Szauter KM, Mink M, Csiszar K | title = Structural and functional diversity of lysyl oxidase and the LOX-like proteins | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics | volume = 1647 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 220–4 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12686136 | doi = 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00053-0 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Maruyama K, Sugano S | title = Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides | journal = Gene | volume = 138 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 171–4 | date = Jan 1994 | pmid = 8125298 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Saito H, Papaconstantinou J, Sato H, Goldstein S | title = Regulation of a novel gene encoding a lysyl oxidase-related protein in cellular adhesion and senescence | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 13 | pages = 8157–60 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9079631 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8157 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S | title = Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library | journal = Gene | volume = 200 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 149–56 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9373149 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Jourdan-Le Saux C, Tronecker H, Bogic L, Bryant-Greenwood GD, Boyd CD, Csiszar K | title = The LOXL2 gene encodes a new lysyl oxidase-like protein and is expressed at high levels in reproductive tissues | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 18 | pages = 12939–44 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10212285 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12939 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Hein S, Yamamoto SY, Okazaki K, Jourdan-LeSaux C, Csiszar K, Bryant-Greenwood GD | title = Lysyl oxidases: expression in the fetal membranes and placenta | journal = Placenta | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–57 | date = Jan 2001 | pmid = 11162352 | doi = 10.1053/plac.2000.0580 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Akiri G, Sabo E, Dafni H, Vadasz Z, Kartvelishvily Y, Gan N, Kessler O, Cohen T, Resnick M, Neeman M, Neufeld G | title = Lysyl oxidase-related protein-1 promotes tumor fibrosis and tumor progression in vivo | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 63 | issue = 7 | pages = 1657–66 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12670920 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Rost T, Pyritz V, Rathcke IO, Görögh T, Dünne AA, Werner JA | title = Reduction of LOX- and LOXL2-mRNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas | journal = Anticancer Research | volume = 23 | issue = 2B | pages = 1565–73 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12820424 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Vadasz Z, Kessler O, Akiri G, Gengrinovitch S, Kagan HM, Baruch Y, Izhak OB, Neufeld G | title = Abnormal deposition of collagen around hepatocytes in Wilson's disease is associated with hepatocyte specific expression of lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase like protein-2 | journal = Journal of Hepatology | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–507 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16023247 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.052 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Peinado H, Del Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz M, Olmeda D, Csiszar K, Fong KS, Vega S, Nieto MA, Cano A, Portillo F | title = A molecular role for lysyl oxidase-like 2 enzyme in snail regulation and tumor progression | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 19 | pages = 3446–58 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16096638 | pmc = 1276164 | doi = 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600781 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Akagawa H, Narita A, Yamada H, Tajima A, Krischek B, Kasuya H, Hori T, Kubota M, Saeki N, Hata A, Mizutani T, Inoue I | title = Systematic screening of lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) family genes demonstrates that LOXL2 is a susceptibility gene to intracranial aneurysms | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 121 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 377–87 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17287949 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-007-0333-3 | s2cid = 25771968 }} {{refend}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
Category:Lysyl oxidases
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