Kim Hongdo

{{short description|Joseon painter (1745–c.1806 to 1814)}} {{redirect|Danwon|the district of Ansan|Danwon-gu}} {{family name hatnote|Kim|lang=Korean}} {{Infobox Korean name/auto |image=Kim_Hongdo.jpg |hangul=%김홍도 |hanja=金弘道 |hangulho=%_단원%, %_단구%, %_서호%, %_고면거사%, %_취화사%, %_첩취옹 |hanjaho=檀園, 丹邱, 西湖, 高眠居士, 醉畵士, 輒醉翁 |hangulja=%_사능 |hanjaja=士能 }}

'''Kim Hongdo''' ({{Korean|hangul=김홍도}}, 1745–{{circa|1806 to 1814}}) was a Korean painter during the Joseon dynasty. He is mostly remembered for his depictions of the everyday life of ordinary people, in a manner analogous to painters of the Dutch Golden Age.<ref name="turn">{{harvnb|Turner|2003|p=(18)53}}</ref> He was also widely known by his art name '''Tanwŏn''' ({{Korean|hangul=단원|labels=no}}).

Active during the reign of King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo, he made a profound change in Joseon painting style. By boldly introducing Western painting methods that appeared to have been learned through the Qing Dynasty, he introduced a technique that revealed perspective through jokes and contrasts of colors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Hongdo's portrait |url=https://www.ehistory.go.kr/view/photo?mediaid=1431&mediasrcgbn=PT |website=Video History Museum}}</ref>

==Biography== Kim was a member of the Gimhae Kim clan. He grew up in present-day Ansan, South Korea. At the age of 7, Kim Hongdo studied under the renowned master Pyoam Kang Sehwang, who was then living in seclusion in Ansan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Hongdo, a Distinguished Painter of Joseon Dynasty |url=http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_koreanstory_detail.htm??lang=e&current_page=11&No=23530 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224607/http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_koreanstory_detail.htm?%3Flang=e&current_page=11&No=23530 |archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> In 1766, at the age of 21, on the recommendation of Kang Sehwang,<ref name=prat>{{harvnb|Pratt|1999|p=211}}</ref> he entered the royal service as a member (hwawon) of the Dohwaseo, the official painters of the Joseon court. In 1771, he painted the portrait of the Royal Heir (the future King Jeongjo). In 1773, he assisted Byeon Sang-byeok when painting the Royal Portrait of King Yeongjo (1694–1724–1776).

In 1776, he painted the "Nineteen Taoist Immortals", that skyrocketed his reputation as a painter. At the same time, the new instated King Jeongjo (1752–1776–1800) commissioned him for many institutional paintings.

He died in loneliness and poverty, though the circumstances, and even the year are unknown. Depending on the source, some state that he died in 1806,<ref name=naver/> 1810,<ref name=brit>Britannica. {{cite web |url=http://preview.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b03g2103b |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: 김홍도 |access-date=2013-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023108/http://preview.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b03g2103b |archive-date=2013-12-03 |language=ko}}</ref> or after 1814.<ref name=turn/><ref name=prat/>

==Legacy== Kim is remembered today as one of the "Three Wons," together with Hyewon and Owon. He is also often joined to Owon and the 15th-century painter An Gyeon as one of Joseon's three greatest painters.

The city of Ansan, where he spent his youth and learned his craft, has memorialized him in many ways. The district of Danwon-gu is named after him, as is Ansan's annual "Danwon Art Festival." Many public places have been designed in imitation of his works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2604955&cid=51885&categoryId=53489|title=Danwon-gu|website=GrandCulture}}</ref>

==Gallery== Various sources have various opinions about what could be a 'top ten' list for Kim Hongdo.<ref name="naver">{{Cite web |title=김홍도 |url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1073375&categoryId=33383 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=terms.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=brit/> The most important fact is how successful was Kim Hongdo in all the various types of paintings.

Towooart provides a short notice and an argumented selection of paintings.<ref name=twan>{{harvnb|TWA|2013}}</ref> The Korean Copyright Commission lists 757 paintings, 7 calligraphies and 4 moldings for Kim Hongdo.<ref name=kccn>{{harvnb|KCC|2013}}</ref> Some paintings have multiple descriptions: often a sepia version is given with a very fine resolution, and a colorful one with a lower resolution. An example is "Feast for the Pyongyang Governor" (평양감사 향안도).

* The paintings that launched the reputation of Kim Hongdo.

{{multiple image | align = center | caption_align = center | height = 250 | footer = | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image1 = Kim Hong-do, Indian Prophet.jpg | image2 = Gunseondo.jpg | caption1 = 신언인도 (1773) <br>Indian Prophet | caption2 = Gunseondo 군선도 (1776)<br> The Nineteen Taoist Immortals | xsize1= 2357 × 4694| width1={{#expr: (250 * 2357 / 4694) round 0}} | xsize2= 8094 × 2291| width2={{#expr: (250 * 8094 / 2291) round 0}} }}

* 'Literati' paintings. <div align=center><gallery perrow="5"> 김홍도 금강사군첩 - 총석정.jpg|ChongSeokJeong Image:Hwangmyo.jpg|A cat and a butterfly<br>Hwangmyonongjeopdo Image:Songhamaenghodo.jpg|Tiger under a pine tree<br>Songhamaenghodo Image:Kim Hong-do, Songhachwisaengdo.jpg|Drunkard under a tree<br>Songhachwisaengdo Image:죽하맹호도.jpg|Tiger underneath a Bamboo<br>Jukhamenghodo </gallery></div>

* Official paintings {{multiple image | align = center | footer = Feast for the Pyongyang Governor (1, Dinner) | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image1 = Kim Hong-do, Feast for the Pyongyang Governor (1, Dinner).jpg | width1 = 700 }} {{multiple image | align = center | footer = 연광정연회도(練光亭宴會圖), Pyongyang in 1700s | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image2 = | width2 = 700 }} {{multiple image | align = center | footer = 월야선유도(月夜船遊圖), Moonlight boat festival of Pyongyang | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image3 = | width3 = 500 }}

* The designated painter of the King

{{multiple image | height = 250 | align = center | caption_align = center | footer = | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image1 = Kim Hong-do, Kyujanggak.jpg | xsize1= 738 × 911 | width1 = {{#expr: (250 * 738 / 911) round 0}} | caption1 = Kyujanggak | image2 = Kim Hong-do, Samseyeolaechetaeng.jpg | xsize2= 740 × 880 | width2 = {{#expr: (250 * 740/880) round 0}} | caption2 = Main hall of Yongjusa | image3 = Kim Hong-do, Hwaseongpalgyeong.jpg | xsize3= 1814 × 4483 | width3 = {{#expr: (250 * 1814/4483) round 0}} | caption3 = <div align=center>Seojangdae</div>

}}

* "Genre paintings". Among them, the album Danwon pungsokdo provides a serie of 25 paintings. Here are only four of them:

<div align=center><gallery perrow="4"> File:Danwon-Seodang.jpg|Teacher and pupils <br>Seodang (서당:書堂) File:Danwon-Mudong.jpg|Dancing boy <br>Mudong (무동:舞童) File:Danwon-Bbalrae.teo.jpg|Washing place<br>Bbalraeteo (빨래터:漂母) File:Danwon-Daejanggan.jpg| Forge Daejanggan (대장간) File:Danwon-Nongali.jpg|Plowing a rice field <br>Nongali (논갈이) File:Danwon-Pyeonja.bakgi.jpg|Shoeing a horse <br>Pyeonjabakgi (편자박기) File:Danwon-Ssireum.jpg|Ssireum (씨름) File:Danwon-Jeomsim.jpg|Lunch time <br>Jeomsim (점심) </gallery></div>

* After 1800 and the death of King Jeongjo. {{multiple image | align = center | footer = Chuseongbu 추성부도, Landscape in night of autumn [poem by Ouyang Xiu (1007~1072)] | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image1 = Kim Hong-do, Chuseongbu-large.jpg | width1 = 700 }} {{multiple image | align = center | footer = Samgongbulhwando 삼공불환, The Nature Better than the Official Ranks | footer_align = center | footer_background = #dddddd | image1 = Kim Hong-do, Samgongbulhwando.jpg | width1 = 700 }}

==In popular culture== ===Literature=== The novel ''Painter of the Wind'',<ref>Lee Jung-myung (이정명,), ''Painter of the Wind'' Vol. 1 & 2, Million House, Seoul, 2007. {{ISBN|978-89-91643-26-0}} & {{ISBN|978-89-91643-27-7}}.</ref> by Lee Jung-myung, is centered on Gim and Sin Yun-bok, who is portrayed as a woman disguised as a man.

===Film and television=== * Portrayed by Park Shin-yang in the 2008 SBS TV series ''Painter of the Wind''.<ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=32393 Mysterious Artist Resurfaces on Modern Culture Scene], Korea Times, 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</ref> * Portrayed by Kim Young-ho in the 2008 film ''Portrait of a Beauty''. * Portrayed by Kim Da-hyun in the 2011 SBS TV series ''Warrior Baek Dong-soo''.

==See also== {{Commons category}} *Danwon pungsokdo cheop *Korean painting *List of Korean painters

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name -->

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite book |title=Korea, A Historical and Cultural Dictionary|series=Durham East Asia Series|first1=Keith L. |last1=Pratt| first2=Richard|last2= Rutt|first3=James E.|last3=Hoare|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7007-0463-7|pages=568|ref={{harvid|Pratt|1999}}}} * {{cite book |title=Grove Dictionary of Art|first1=Jane |last1=Turner|author-link=Grove Dictionary of Art|publisher=Oxford University Press, US| year=2003|isbn=978-0-1951-7068-9|pages=32600}} * {{cite journal|title= The Life and Art of Kim Hong-do |last=Oh |first=Joosok, Adjunct Professor, Chung-Ang University|journal=Korean Art and Archeology|publisher=National Museum of Korea|volume=1|year=2007|pages=34–45}} * {{cite web |url =http://gongu.copyright.or.kr/search/search.do?kwd=김홍도&fGroup=02&fLicCode=&authorSeq= |title =Kim Hong-do |author =KCC |year =2013 |work =Database |publisher =Korean Copyright Commission |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150713220732/http://gongu.copyright.or.kr/search/search.do?kwd=%EA%B9%80%ED%99%8D%EB%8F%84&fGroup=02&fLicCode=&authorSeq= |archive-date =2015-07-13 }} {{in lang|ko}} * {{cite web |url = http://www.towooart.com/oldart/old_korea/kimhongdo/kimhongdo.htm |title = Kim Hong-do |author = TWA |year =2013 |work = Art Database |publisher = Towooart }} {{in lang|ko}}

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==External links== *[http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=김홍도&ridx=1&tot=59 Encyclopedia of Korean culture-Kim Hong do] *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/46962/rec/1 Arts of Korea], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kim Hong-do

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Hong-do}} Category:1745 births Category:19th-century deaths Category:18th-century Korean painters Category:Gimhae Kim clan Category:18th-century Korean poets Category:People from Ansan