{{short description|Professional name used by East Asian artists}} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Art name | t = 號 | s = 号 | p = hào | w = hao | l = "mark" | shinjitai = 号 | kyujitai = 號 | kana = ごう (modern usage)<br />がう (historical usage) | romaji = gō | hangul = 호 | hanja = 號 | rr = ho | mr = ho | hn = 𠸛號 | hide = | j = | mi = | ci = | qn = tên hiệu | pic = Chữ hiệu.png }}
An '''art name''', also variously translated as a '''style name''',<ref>{{citation |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |author-link=Ulrich Theobald |contribution-url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/titles.html#style |contribution=Names of Persons and Titles of Rulers |url=http://chinaknowledge.de |title=China Knowledge |location=Tübingen |date=23 September 2011 }}.</ref> '''pseudonym''', or '''pen name''' and also known directly by its native names '''{{translit|zh|hào}}''' (in Mandarin Chinese), '''{{translit|ja|gō}}''' (in Japanese), '''{{translit|ko|ho}}''' (in Korean), and '''{{translit|vi|tên hiệu}}''' (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by artists, poets, and writers in the Sinosphere. The word and the concept originated in China, where it was used as nicknames for the educated, then became popular in other East Asian countries, especially Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the former Kingdom of Ryukyu.
In some cases, artists adopted different pseudonyms at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. Extreme practitioners of this tendency were Tang Yin of the Ming dynasty, who had more than ten ''hao'', Hokusai of Japan, who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six, and Kim Chŏnghŭi of the Joseon Dynasty who had up to 503.<ref name=":0" />
==History==
===China===
In Chinese culture, ''Hao'' refers to honorific names made by oneself or given by others when one is in middle age. After one's gaining the ''Hao'', other persons may then call such a person by one's ''Hao'' even without such a person being presented.{{notetag|Calling someone's name other than ''Hao'' (i.e. infant name, first name, last name, ''Zi'') without such a person's presentation is seen to be impolite.}} ''Hao'' usually is made by a person oneself, but sometimes is given by a high-ranked official or even is bestowed by the monarch.<ref name='liu'>{{cite journal|last=刘|first=荣升|year=1995|title=中国古人的名、字、号|journal=山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)|volume=2|lang=zh-cn|doi=10.13451/j.cnki.shanxi.univ(phil.soc.).1995.02.012}}</ref>
The use of this name as a nom de plume or artistic name, however, appears to have begun only during the Six Dynasties period, with Tao Yuanming and Ge Hong among the first literati to have given themselves ''Hao''.{{fact|reason=This seems to be an original research mixed with facts.|date=July 2022}}
Art names came into vogue during the Tang dynasty, during which time they could either be coined by the persons themselves, or given to them as a name by others. Most ''Hao'' can be placed within a few categories:{{fact|reason=This seems to be an original research mixed with facts.|date=July 2022}}
* ''Hao'' derived from the locations or characteristics of the person's residence. For instance, Tao Yuanming was Wuliu Xiansheng, "Mister Five-Willows", while Su Shi was Dongpo Jushi, "Householder of the Eastern Slope", after his residence while exiled in Huangzhou. These were mostly self-coined. * ''Hao'' derived from certain well known sayings by the person. For example, Ouyang Xiu was known as Liuyi Jushi, "Householder of the Six Ones", after his self description as "One myriad books, one thousand inscriptions, one qin, one game of chess, one flask of wine and one old man". * ''Hao'' derived from one's famous poetic lines or images. These were most often given by others in admiration. Li Bai, for his free-spirited behaviour, was known as Zhe Xianren, "Banished Immortal"; while the poet He Zhu was known as He Meizi, "He the Plum", after an acclaimed line about yellow plums. * ''Hao'' derived from one's official posts, birthplace, or a place where they served as officials. Du Fu was known as Du Gongbu, "Du of the Ministry of Works", having briefly been a senior officer in that ministry. Tang Xianzu was called "Tang of Nanhai" for his birthplace.
By the Song dynasty, the majority of literati called each other by their art names, which in turn often changed; this situation continued up to the 20th century.
===Japan=== {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2016}} In early modern Japan, a woodblock print artist's first ''gō'' was usually given to them by the head of the school (a group of artists and apprentices, with a senior as master of the school) in which they initially studied; this ''gō'' usually included one of the characters of the master's ''gō''. For example, one of Hokusai's earliest pseudonyms was Shunrō; his master Katsukawa Shunshō having granted him the character 'shun' from his own name.
One can often trace the relationship among artists with this, especially in later years, when it seems to have been fairly (although not uniformly) systematic (particularly in the Utagawa school) that the first character of the pupil's ''gō'' was the last of the master's ''gō''.
Thus, an artist named Toyoharu had a student named Toyohiro, who, in turn, had as a pupil the famous landscape artist Hiroshige.
Another figure who studied under Toyoharu was the principal head of the Utagawa school, Toyokuni. Toyokuni had pupils named Kunisada and Kuniyoshi. Kuniyoshi, in turn, had as a student Yoshitoshi, whose pupils included Toshikata.
=== Korea === In Korea, these names are called {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} ({{Korean|hangul=호|hanja=號}}). According to the ''Encyclopedia of Korean Culture,'' they arrived on the peninsula from China during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57 BC – 668 AD). They are now relatively uncommon, although some recent authors use pen names ({{Korean|hangul=필명|hanja=筆名|rr=pilmyeong|labels=no}}), which are seen as very similar to a subvariant of {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} called {{Transliteration|ko|aho}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=호(號) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0063656 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko}}</ref> During deliberations of the Constitutional Court, justices address one another by their {{Transliteration|ko|ho}}, rather than by personal names.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Moon |first=Hyung-bae |subject-link=Moon Hyung-bae |interviewer-last=Sohn |interviewer-first=Suk-hee|interviewer-link=Sohn Suk-hee |date=2025-08-27 |title=질문들 1회 - 문형배 |trans-title=Questions, ep. 1 – Moon Hyung-bae |work=손석희의 질문들3 |publisher=Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://playvod.imbc.com/Templete/VodView?bid=1006832100002100000 |language=ko |access-date=2025-08-31 |time=00:52:41 |type=Television broadcast}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |last=Lee |first=Gong-hyeon |interviewer=이은영 |title=이공현 재판관이 들려주는 헌재 판결 뒷얘기 |trans-title=Justice Lee Gong-hyeon on behind-the-scenes of Constitutional Court rulings |publisher=신동아 |date=2007-09-10|url=https://shindonga.donga.com/3/search/13/106691/1 |language=ko |access-date=2025-08-31 |script-quote=ko:(평의 때) 재판관들은 서로 호(號)를부릅니다. 이를테면 ‘명산(明山)은 이렇게 얘기하는데 나는 그게 아니다’ 식입니다. |trans-quote =During deliberations, the justices address one another by their ho. For example, 'Myeongsan (明山) says this, but I do not agree.' }}</ref>
People can either create their own {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} or it can be given to them by others. Typically people select their own {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} based on the meaning of the name. When other people give a person a {{Transliteration|ko|ho}}, it typically reflects their shared social context or relationship (parent to child, friend to friend, teacher to student, etc). Names can also be selected to avoid naming taboos.<ref name=":0" />
While most {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} are made of two characters, they can be of any length. For example, the poet Kim Sang-ok had one that is ten characters long ({{Korean|hangul=칠수삼과처용지거주인|hanja=七須三瓜處容之居主人|labels=no}}). A person can also have any number of {{Transliteration|ko|ho}}; Kim exemplified this by having over twenty. According to the ''Encyclopedia of Korean Culture'', he had the most art names of any modern Korean poet. An extreme example is that of the Joseon scholar Kim Jeong-hui who, by the estimate of famous calligrapher Oh Je-bong, had as many as 503. Some people change {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} to reflect changes in their mood or situation.<ref name=":0" />
Some {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} are also exclusively written in the native Korean alphabet Hangul, without corresponding Chinese characters (Hanja). This too could be a symbolic choice. For example, the linguist Lee Byeong-gi chose a pure Hangul name ({{Korean|hangul=가람|rr=Garam|labels=no}}) in part to reflect his sentiments as a Korean independence activist.<ref name=":0" />
When a person writes an explanation for their {{Transliteration|ko|ho}}, the explanation is called a {{Transliteration|ko|hobyeon}} ({{Korean|hangul=호변|hanja=號辨|labels=no}}) or {{Transliteration|ko|hogi}} ({{Korean|hangul=호기|hanja=號記|labels=no}}). A number of texts that catalogue and categorize various {{Transliteration|ko|ho}} exist, which are called {{Transliteration|ko|hobo}} ({{Korean|hangul=호보|hanja=號譜|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" />
==== Types of ''ho'' ==== {{Transliteration|ko|Ho}} can be subdivided into {{Transliteration|ko|aho}} ({{Korean|hangul=아호|hanja=雅號|labels=no}}) or {{Transliteration|ko|dangho}} ({{Korean|hangul=당호|hanja=堂號|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" />
{{Transliteration|ko|Aho}} are typical art names (pseudonyms for artists, writers, etc).<ref name=":0" />
{{Transliteration|ko|Dangho}} refers to the name of the building where an intellectual lives. In other words, intellectuals could be referred to by their house's name (it was once common practice for Korean intellectuals to name their houses). For example, if someone's house was named {{Transliteration|ko|Ch'unghyodang}} ({{Korean|hangul=충효당|labels=no}}) and that person went to the park one day, one could use their {{Transliteration|ko|dangho}} as such: "Ch'unghyodang went to the park." This was sometimes convenient to distinguish between people with similar names. While {{Transliteration|ko|dangho}} was typically reserved for the owner of the house, it could also be used to refer to other occupants. For example: "the eldest son of Ch'unghyodang".<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=미영 |title=택호(宅號) |url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/topic/detail/8553 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture |publisher=National Folk Museum of Korea}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
==Reused names== {{unreferenced section|date=September 2016}} In some schools, in particular the main Utagawa school,{{citation needed|date=July 2009}} the ''gō'' of the most senior member was adopted when the master died and the chief pupil assumed his position. Perhaps as a sign of respect, artists might take the ''gō'' of a previous artist. This makes attribution difficult. The censors' seal helps determine a particular print's date. Style also is significant. For example, Kunisada, once he changed his ''gō'' to Toyokuni, initiated the practice of signing prints with a signature in the elongated oval ''toshidama'' ('New Year's Jewel') seal of the Utagawa school, an unusual cartouche with the zig-zag in the upper right-hand corner. His successors continued this practice.
In modern scholarship on the subject, a Roman numeral identifies an artist in the sequence of artists using a ''gō''. Thus, Kunisada I is also known as Toyokuni III, since he was the third artist to use that ''gō''.
==See also== *Courtesy name *Pen name
==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}}
==References== {{reflist}}
=== Further reading === * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Frederic |first=Louis |year=2002 |entry=Gō |encyclopedia=Japan Encyclopedia |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{cite book |last=Lane |first=Richard |year=1978 |title=Images of the Floating World |location=Old Saybrook, CT |publisher=Konecky & Konecky}}
{{Personal names}}
Category:East Asian art Category:East Asian traditions Category:Pseudonyms Category:Chinese names Category:Japanese names Category:Vietnamese names Category:Korean names