{{Short description|Geological group in eastern Morocco}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Kem Kem Group | image = File:KemKem-fig1-map.jpg | type = Geological group | age = Cenomanian<ref name="ibrahim2020" /><br />~{{fossil range|100|94}} | period = Cenomanian | prilithology = Sandstone | underlies= Cenomanian-Turonian limestone platform (Akrabou Formation) | region = Er Rachidia, Tafilalt | country = Morocco | coordinates = {{coord|32|50|N|4|50|W|region:MA|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates ={{coord|18.8|N|4.1|W|display=inline}} | subunits = Douira Formation, Gara Sbaa Formation | extent = central and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough | map = {{Location map+ | Morocco | map_caption = | relief = 1 | width = 250 | float = center | places = {{ Location map~ | Morocco | lat_deg = 32.50 | lon_deg = -4.50 | mark = Green pog.svg | marksize = 12 }} }} }}
The '''Kem Kem Group''' (commonly known as the '''Kem Kem beds''')<ref name="ibrahim2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=N. |author-link=Nizar Ibrahim |last2=Sereno |first2=P.C. |author-link2=Paul Sereno |last3=Varricchio |first3=D.J. |last4=Martill |first4=D.M. |last5=Dutheil |first5=D.B. |last6=Unwin |first6=D.M. |last7=Baidder |first7=L. |last8=Larsson |first8=H.C.E. |last9=Zouhri |first9=S. |last10=Kaoukaya |first10=A. |year=2020 |title=Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco |journal=ZooKeys |issue=928 |pages=1–216 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 |pmc=7188693 |pmid=32362741 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020ZooK..928....1I }}</ref> is a geological group in the Kem Kem region of eastern Morocco, whose strata date back to the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the group.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; ''et al.'' (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, Africa)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 604-605. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref> Recent fossil evidence in the form of isolated large abelisaurid bones and comparisons with other similarly aged deposits elsewhere in Africa indicates that the fauna of the Kem Kem Group (specifically in regard to the numerous predatory theropod dinosaurs) may have been mixed together due to the harsh and changing geology of the region, when in reality they would likely have preferred separate habitats and likely would have been separated by millions of years.<ref name=":3" />
== Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment == Although preserving a freshwater habitat located near a river delta (with some estuarine influence that increased over time as the sea level rose), the Kem Kem deposits were quickly submerged by the sea during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, and are thus overlaid by the marine deposits of the younger latest Cenomanian and early-mid Turonian-aged Akrabou Formation, which was formerly also considered a member of the Kem Kem Group, but has been differentiated from it in more recent studies due to their differing paleoenvironments.'''<ref name="ibrahim2020" />'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=L. |last2=Tong |first2=H. |last3=Boudad |first3=L. |last4=Meister |first4=C. |last5=Piuz |first5=A. |last6=Tabouelle |first6=J. |last7=Aarab |first7=M. |last8=Amiot |first8=R. |last9=Buffetaut |first9=E. |last10=Dyke |first10=G. |last11=Hua |first11=S. |last12=Le Loeuff |first12=J. |date=2010-07-01 |title=Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X09002404 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=391–412 |bibcode=2010JAfES..57..391C |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.007 |issn=1464-343X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Its strata are subdivided into two geological formations, with the lower Ifezouane Formation and the upper Aoufous Formation used for the strata on the eastern side of the Atlas Mountains (Tinghir), with the Gara Sbaa Formation and Douira Formation used in the southern Tafilalt region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Roy E. |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Nizar |last3=Longrich |first3=Nicholas |last4=Unwin |first4=David M. |last5=Jacobs |first5=Megan L. |last6=Williams |first6=Cariad J. |last7=Zouhri |first7=Samir |last8=Martill |first8=David M. |date=2023-02-04 |title=The pterosaurs of the Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco |journal=PalZ |language=en |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=519–568 |bibcode=2023PalZ...97..519S |doi=10.1007/s12542-022-00642-6 |issn=1867-6812 |s2cid=256608633 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is exposed on an escarpment along the Algeria–Morocco border. According to Ibrahim, the Lower Kem Kem consists of the Ifezouane & Gara Sbaa Formations, while the Upper Kem Kem is consisted of The Douira & Aufous Formations. '''<ref name="ibrahim2020" />'''
The unit unconformably overlies Paleozoic marine units of Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian ages and is itself capped by limestone platform rock of Cenomanian-Turonian age. It primarily consists of freshwater and estuarine deltaic deposits. The lower Gara Sbaa Formation primarily consists of fine and medium grained sandstone, while the Douira Formation consists of fining-upward, coarse-to-fine grained sandstones intercalated with siltstones, variegated mudstones, and occasional thin gypsiferous evaporites.'''<ref name="ibrahim2020" />'''
The Kem Kem is interpreted as being deposited in a tropical semi-arid climate, with brief monsoon rains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amiot |first=Romain |last2=Buffetaut |first2=Eric |last3=Lécuyer |first3=Christophe |last4=Wang |first4=Xu |last5=Boudad |first5=Larbi |last6=Ding |first6=Zhongli |last7=Fourel |first7=François |last8=Hutt |first8=Steven |last9=Martineau |first9=François |last10=Medeiros |first10=Manuel Alfredo |last11=Mo |first11=Jinyou |last12=Simon |first12=Laurent |last13=Suteethorn |first13=Varavudh |last14=Sweetman |first14=Steven |last15=Tong |first15=Haiyan |date=February 2010 |title=Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods |url=http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/38/2/139/130188/Oxygen-isotope-evidence-for-semiaquatic-habits |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=139–142 |doi=10.1130/G30402.1 |issn=1943-2682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goedert |first=Jean |last2=Amiot |first2=Romain |last3=Boudad |first3=Larbi |last4=Buffetaut |first4=Eric |last5=Fourel |first5=FrançOis |last6=Godefroit |first6=Pascal |last7=Kusuhashi |first7=Nao |last8=Suteethorn |first8=Varavudh |last9=Tong |first9=Haiyan |last10=Watabe |first10=Mahito |last11=LéCuyer |first11=Christophe |date=January 2016 |title=Preliminary Investigation of Seasonal Pattens Recorded in the Oxygen Isotope Compositions of Theropod Dinosaur Tooth Enamel |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/palaios/article/31/1/10-19/250838 |journal=Palaios |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=10–19 |doi=10.2110/palo.2015.018 |issn=0883-1351}}</ref> It is believed to Span the Lower to Middle Cenomanian, a span of roughly 100-95 mya. '''<ref name="ibrahim2020" />'''
== Vertebrate paleofauna == === Cartilaginous fish === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | Cartilaginous fish |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | Acrodontidae indet.<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | Indeterminate | | | | Members of Hybodontoidea | |- | ''Bahariyodon''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''B. bartheli'' | | | | A member of Hybodontoidea | |- | ''Cenocarcharias''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''C. tenuiplicatus'' | | | One tooth<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A member of the family Cretoxyrhinidae | |- | ''Distobatus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''D. nutiae'' | | | | A member of Hybodontoidea | |- | ''Haimirichia''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''H. amonensis'' | | | One tooth<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A mackerel shark | |- |''Marckgrafia''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> |''M. lybica'' | | | 13 teeth<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A member of Batoidea | |- | ''Onchopristis'' | ''O. numida''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greenfield |first1=T. |date=2021 |title= Corrections to the nomenclature of sawskates (Rajiformes, Sclerorhynchoidei) |journal=Bionomina |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=39–41 |doi=10.11646/bionomina.22.1.3|s2cid=239067365 }}</ref> | | | Various isolated, and some articulated remains | A rajiform sawskate<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Villalobos-Segura|first1=Eduardo|last2=Kriwet|first2=Jürgen|last3=Vullo|first3=Romain|last4=Stumpf|first4=Sebastian|last5=Ward|first5=David J|last6=Underwood|first6=Charlie J|date=2021-10-01|title=The skeletal remains of the euryhaline sclerorhynchoid †Onchopristis (Elasmobranchii) from the 'Mid'-Cretaceous and their palaeontological implications|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=2|pages=746–771|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa166|issn=0024-4082}}</ref> |thumb|200px|center| ''Onchopristis'' rostrum and teeth fossils |- | ''Peyeria''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''P. libyca'' | | | Three teeth<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A sawskate. Might be a junior synonym of ''Onchopristis numida''. | |- | ''Tribodus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''T.'' sp. | | | | A member of Hybodontoidea | |}
=== Ray-finned fish === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | Ray-finned fish |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | ''Adrianaichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''A. pankowskii'' | | | Isolated scales<ref name="Cavin">{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Boudad|first2=Larbi|last3=Tong|first3=Haiyan|last4=Läng|first4=Emilie|last5=Tabouelle|first5=Jérôme|last6=Vullo|first6=Romain|date=2015|title=Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=5|article-number=e0125786|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125786|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4446216|pmid=26018561|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025786C|doi-access=free}}</ref> and two skulls<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_1/239/239.pdf |title=A New Species of Lepidotes (Actinopterygii: Semiontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Morocco |first1=Peter L. |last1=Forey |first2=Adriana |last2=López-Arbarello |first3=Norman |last3=MacLeod |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=7A–12 |date=2011}}</ref> | A member of Lepisosteiformes. Originally described as a species of ''Lepidotes'', but subsequently transferred to a separate genus.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=François J. Meunier |author2=René-Paul Eustache |author3=Didier Dutheil |author4=Lionel Cavin |year=2016 |title=Histology of ganoid scales from the early Late Cretaceous of the Kem Kem beds, SE Morocco: systematic and evolutionary implications |journal=Cybium |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303018377 |doi=10.26028/cybium/2016-402-003 }}</ref> | rowspan="99" | [[File:Aidachar paludalis.jpg|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Aidachar'']] [[File:Bawitius_restoration.png|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Bawitius'']] [[File:Calamopleurus_cylindricus.png|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Calamopleurus'']] [[File:SpinosaurusAegyptiacusHabitat_(cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Concavotectum'']] [[File:Serenoichthys_kemkemensis_2019.jpg|thumb|200px|center|''Serenoichthys'']] |- | ''Afrocascudo''<ref name=Afrocascudo>{{Cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=P. M. |last2=Dutheil |first2=D. B. |last3=Gueriau |first3=P. |last4=Keith |first4=P. |last5=Carnevale |first5=G. |last6=Britto |first6=M. |last7=Meunier |first7=F. J. |last8=Khalloufi |first8=B. |last9=King |first9=A. |last10=de Amorim |first10=P. F. |last11=Costa |first11=W. J. E. M. |title=A saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana |year=2024 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=132 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.008 |bibcode=2024GondR.132..103B |url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_E3F9F6493E66.P002/REF.pdf }}</ref> | ''A. saharaensis'' | | | | A neopterygiian fish, either an ancient loricariid catfish or a juvenile obaichthyid lepisosteiform.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Britz, R.|author2=Pinion, Amanda K.|author3=Kubicek, Kole M.|author4=Conway, Kevin W.|year=2024|title=Comment on "A Saharan fossil and the dawn of Neotropical armoured catfishes in Gondwana" by Brito et al|journal=Gondwana Research|volume=133 |pages=267–269 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2024.06.014|bibcode=2024GondR.133..267B }}</ref> |- | ''Agassizilia''<ref name=Agassizilia>{{Cite journal|author1=Samuel L.A. Cooper |author2=David M. Martill |year=2020 |title=A diverse assemblage of pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontomorpha) from the mid-Cretaceous, continental Kem Kem beds of South-East Morocco |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=112 |article-number=104456 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104456 |s2cid=216214083 }}</ref> | ''A. erfoudina'' | | | | Possibly a member of the family Pycnodontidae. |- | ''Agoultichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''A. chattertoni'' | | | | A long-bodied member of Actinopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Might be a member of the family Macrosemiidae<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Alison M. Murray |author2=Mark V. H. Wilson |year=2009 |title=A new Late Cretaceous macrosemiid fish (Neopterygii, Halecostomi) from Morocco, with temporal and geographical range extensions for the family |journal=Palaeontology |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=429–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00851.x |bibcode=2009Palgy..52..429M |s2cid=128548868 |doi-access=free }}</ref> or Ophiopsiellidae.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin Ebert |year=2018 |title=''Cerinichthys koelblae'', gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic of Cerin, France, and its phylogenetic setting, leading to a reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Halecomorphi (Actinopterygii) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=38 |issue=1 |article-number=e1420071 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1420071 |bibcode=2018JVPal..38E0071E |s2cid=89886438 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/5990965 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> |- | ''Aidachar''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''A. pankowskii'' | | Ifezouane Formation | Isolated braincase and teeth | A member of Ichthyodectiformes |- | ''Bartschichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''B.'' sp. | | | Isolated pinnulae (spines that support each dorsal finlet)<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A cladistian |- | ''Bawitius'' | cf. ''B. sp.'' | | | Isolated scales and jaw fragments<ref name="Cavin" /> | A cladistian |- | ''Calamopleurus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''C. africanus'' | | | A partial skull<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A member of Amiiformes |- | ''Concavotectum''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''C. moroccensis'' | Tizi Moumrad, Chaaft, and Douira | |Isolated braincases, post cranial remains | A member of Tselfatiiformes |- | ''Dentilepisosteus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''D. kemkemensis'' | | | | A member of Lepisosteiformes |- | ''Diplomystus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''D.'' sp. | | | | A deep-bodied teleost belonging to the group Clupeomorpha |- | ''Diplospondichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''D. moreaui'' | | | | A member of Actinopterygii of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a teleost |- | ''Erfoudichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''E. rosae'' | | | Isolated skull<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A small-bodied teleost of unknown affinity |- | ''Neoproscinetes''<ref name=Agassizilia /> | ''N. africanus'' | | | | A member of the family Pycnodontidae |- | ''Obaichthys'' | ''O. africanus'' | | Ifezouane Formation | Isolated scales<ref name="Cavin" /> | A member of Lepisosteiformes |- | ''Oniichthys'' | ''O. falipoui'' | | | Near complete skeleton including skull<ref name="Cavin" /> | A member of Lepisosteiformes |- | ''Palaeonotopterus''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''P. greenwoodi'' | | | | A member of Osteoglossomorpha |- | ''Serenoichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''S. kemkemensis'' | | | Several articulated skeletons<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A small cladistian |- | ''Spinocaudichthys''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''S. oumtkoutensis'' | | | | An elongate freshwater acanthomorph |- | ''Stromerichthys'' | ''S. aethiopicus'' | | | | |- | ''Sudania''<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''S.'' sp. | | | An isolated pinnula<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | A cladistian |}
=== Lobe-finned fish === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="6" align="center" | Lobe-finned fish |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | ''Arganodus'' | ''A. tiguidiensis'' | | | A lungfish | rowspan="98" | [[File:Axelrodichthys megadromos.jpg|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Axelrodichthys'']] [[File:Queensland Lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri).jpg|thumb|200px|center|The Queensland Lungfish, the only living member of ''Neoceratodus'']] |- | ''Axelrodichthys''<ref name="Fragoso&al.2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fragoso|first1=L.G.C.|author2=Brito, P.|author3=Yabumoto, Y.|title=''Axelrodichthys araripensis'' Maisey, 1986 revisited|journal=Historical Biology|date=2019|volume=31|issue=10|pages=1350–1372|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443|bibcode=2019HBio...31.1350C |s2cid=89795160|url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/_i_Axelrodichthys_araripensis_i_Maisey_1986_revisited/6031925 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ''A.? lavocati'' | | | A mawsoniid coelacanth; this species was previously assigned to ''Mawsonia'', and its generic assignment is still not certain<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=L.|author2=Cupello, C.|author3=Yabumoto, Y.|author4=Fragoso, L.G.C.|author5=Deesri, U.|author6=Brito, P.M.|title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths|journal=Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A|date=2019|volume=17|pages=3–13|url=http://www.kmnh.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A17-3-Cavin.pdf|archive-date=2022-02-20|access-date=2024-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220030133/https://www.kmnh.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A17-3-Cavin.pdf}}</ref> |- | ''Neoceratodus'' | ''N. africanus'' | | Isolated tooth plates | A lungfish |}
=== Amphibians === {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | Amphibians |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | Anura indet.<ref name=Cretadhefdaa /> | Indeterminate | | Douira Formation | Incomplete left ilium | | |- | ''Cretadhefdaa''<ref name=Cretadhefdaa>{{Cite journal|last1=Lemierre |first1=A. |last2=Blackburn |first2=D. C. |year=2022 |title=A new genus and species of frog from the Kem Kem (Morocco), the second neobatrachian from Cretaceous Africa |journal=PeerJ |volume=10 |pages=e13669 |article-number=e13699 |doi=10.7717/peerj.13699 |pmid=35860040 |pmc=9291016 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | ''C. taouzensis'' | | Douira Formation | Posterior portion of the skull, incomplete squamosal, incomplete maxilla, three incomplete presacral vertebrae, one incomplete sacral vertebra | A neobatrachian frog with possible hyloid affinities. | |- | cf. ''Kababisha''<ref name=Oumtkoutia /> | Indeterminate | | | | A salamander belonging to the family Sirenidae | |- | ?Neobatrachia indet.<ref name=Cretadhefdaa /> | Indeterminate | | Douira Formation | Incomplete humerus | A frog, possibly a member of Ranoidea. | |- | ''Oumtkoutia''<ref name=Oumtkoutia>{{Cite journal|author1=Jean-Claude Rage |author2=Didier B. Dutheil |year=2008 |title=Amphibians and squamates from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco - A preliminary study, with description of a new genus of pipid frog |journal=Palaeontographica Abteilung A |volume=285 |issue=1–3 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1127/pala/285/2008/1 |bibcode=2008PalAA.285....1R }}</ref> | ''O. anae'' | | | | A frog belonging to the family Pipidae | |- |}
===Lizards and snakes=== {{Paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Lizards and snakes reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Bicuspidon'' | ''B. hogreli''<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Romain Vullo |author2=Jean-Claude Rage |year=2018 |title=The first Gondwanan borioteiioid lizard and the mid-Cretaceous dispersal event between North America and Africa |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=105 |issue=11–12 |article-number=61 |doi=10.1007/s00114-018-1588-3 |pmid=30291449 |bibcode=2018SciNa.105...61V |s2cid=52924052 }}</ref> | | | | A polyglyphanodontid lizard. | |- style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''Jeddaherdan''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sebastián Apesteguía |author2=Juan D. Daza |author3=Tiago R. Simões |author4=Jean Claude Rage |year=2016 |title=The first iguanian lizard from the Mesozoic of Africa |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=3 |issue=9 |article-number=160462 |doi=10.1098/rsos.160462 |doi-access=free|pmid=27703708 |pmc=5043327 |bibcode=2016RSOS....360462A }}</ref> | ''J. aleadonta'' | | | Partial mandible with teeth. | An iguanian belonging to the group Acrodonta, possibly a relative of the uromastycine agamids. Argued by Vullo ''et al.'' (2022) to actually come from Quaternary beds, and to be based on a fossil material of a member of the genus ''Uromastyx''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Romain Vullo |author2=Salvador Bailon |author3=Yannicke Dauphin |author4=Hervé Monchot |author5=Ronan Allain |year=2022 |title=A reappraisal of ''Jeddaherdan aleadonta'' (Squamata: Acrodonta), the purported oldest iguanian lizard from Africa |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=143 |at=105412 |article-number=105412 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105412 |s2cid=253349389 |url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03843530 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | |- | ''Lapparentophis'' | ''L. ragei''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Romain Vullo |year=2019 |title= A new species of ''Lapparentophis'' from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds, Morocco, with remarks on the distribution of lapparentophiid snakes |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=765–770 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.08.004 |bibcode=2019CRPal..18..765V |s2cid=210297438 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | | | Two isolated trunk vertebrae | An early snake. | |- | Madtsoiidae indet.<ref name="Oumtkoutia" /> | Indeterminate | | | Vertebrae<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | An early snake. | |- | ?Nigerophiidae indet.<ref name="Oumtkoutia" /> | Indeterminate | | | Dorsal vertebrae<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | An early snake. | |- | rowspan="2" | ''Norisophis''<ref name="Norisophis">{{Cite journal|author1=Catherine G. Klein |author2=Nicholas R. Longrich |author3=Nizar Ibrahim |author4=Samir Zouhri |author5=David M. Martill |year=2017 |title=A new basal snake from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=72 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2016.12.001 |bibcode=2017CrRes..72..134K |url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/54192/1/Basal_Snake_Cretaceous_Morocco_PostReviewCleanCopyFigs.pdf }}</ref> | ''N. begaa''<ref name="Norisophis" /> | | | One posterior and two mid-trunk vertebrae | rowspan="2" | A stem-snake. | rowspan="2" | |- | Indeterminate<ref name="Norisophis" /> | | | A mid-trunk vertebra |- | ''Simoliophis''<ref name="Oumtkoutia" /> | cf. ''S. libycus'' | | | Vertebrae<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | An early snake. | |- |}
=== Plesiosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" | Plesiosaurs |- ! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images |- | Leptocleididae cf. ''Leptocleidus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bunker |first1=G. |last2=Martill |first2=D. M. |last3=Smith |first3=R. |last4=Zourhi |first4=S. |last5=Longrich |first5=N. |year=2022 |title=Plesiosaurs from the fluvial Kem Kem Group (mid-Cretaceous) of eastern Morocco and a review of non-marine plesiosaurs |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=140 |article-number=105310 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105310 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005310B |s2cid=250964381 }}</ref> | indeterminate | | |Isolated teeth, a humerus and vertebrae | |[[File:Leptocleidus_capensis.png|thumb|200px|center|Life restoration of ''Leptocleidus'']] |- |}
===Turtles=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Turtles reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Dirqadim'' | ''D. schaefferi'' | | | | A Euraxemydid | rowspan="99" | [[File:Galianemys cf. emringeri.jpg|thumb|200px|center|''Skull of Galianemys'']]
|- | rowspan="2" | ''Galianemys'' <ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''G. emringeri'' | | | | A Cearachelyin |- |''G. whitei'' | | |Skull material | |- | ''Hamadachelys'' <ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | ''H. escuilliei'' | | |Skull and mandible |A basal Podocnemidoid |- |}
===Crocodylomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Crocodylomorphs reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Aegisuchus'' | ''A. witmeri'' | | | "Partial braincase of a large individual with skull roof, temporal, and occipital regions."<ref name=HG12>{{cite journal |author1=Casey M. Holliday |author2=Nicholas M. Gardner |year=2012 |title=A New Eusuchian Crocodyliform with Novel Cranial Integument and Its Significance for the Origin and Evolution of Crocodylia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e30471 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 |pmid=22303441 |pmc=3269432|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730471H |doi-access=free }}</ref> | An aegyptosuchid that may be a synonym of ''Laganosuchus.''<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | rowspan="101" | [[File:Aegisuchus.png|thumb|center|200px|''Aegisuchus'']] [[File:Antaeusuchus_taouzensis.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Antaeusuchus'']] [[File:Araripesuchus_wegeneri.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Araripesuchus'']] [[File:Elosuchus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Elosuchus cherifiensis'']] [[File:Hamadasuchus BSPG 2005 I 83.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Hamadasuchus rebouli'']] [[File:Laganosuchus thaumastos.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Laganosuchus'']] |- | ''Antaeusuchus''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Cecily S. C. Nicholl |author2=Eloise S. E. Hunt |author3=Driss Ouarhache |author4=Philip D. Mannion | title = A second peirosaurid crocodyliform from the Mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of Morocco and the diversity of Gondwanan notosuchians outside South America | journal = Royal Society Open Science | volume = 8 | issue = 10 | article-number = 211254 | year = 2021 | pmid=34659786| doi = 10.1098/rsos.211254 |pmc=8511751 |bibcode=2021RSOS....811254N | doi-access = free }}</ref> | ''A. taouzensis'' |Near Jebel Beg'aa, Taouz | | Paired mandibles and a partial right mandible | A peirosaurid. |- | ''Araripesuchus'' | ''A. rattoides'' | |Douira Formation<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | | |- | ''Elosuchus'' | ''E. cherifiensis'' | | * Gara Sbaa Formation * Douira Formation | | A pholidosaurid. The material may represent two different species.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |- | ''Hamadasuchus'' | ''H. rebouli'' | | * Gara Sbaa Formation<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> * Douira Formation<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | | A peirosaurid. |- | ''Kemkemia'' | ''K. auditorei'' | Errachidia Province, Morocco<ref name="kemkemia" /> | | Known from an isolated caudal vertebra.<ref name="kemkemia" /> | Initially thought to be a neotheropod,<ref name="kemkemia">Cau, Andrea; Maganuco, Simone (2009). "A new theropod dinosaur, represented by a single unusual caudal vertebra from the Kem Kem Beds (Cretaceous) of Morocco". Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano 150 (II): 239–257.</ref> but subsequently discovered to be an indeterminate crocodyliform.<ref>Lio, G., Agnolin, F., Cau, A. and Maganuco, S. (2012). "Crocodyliform affinities for ''Kemkemia auditorei'' Cau and Maganuco, 2009, from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco." ''Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano'', '''153''' (I), s. 119–126.</ref> |- | ''Laganosuchus'' |''L. maghrebensis'' | | | | A stomatosuchid. |- | ''Lavocatchampsa''<ref name=Lavocatchampsa>{{cite journal |author1=Jeremy E. Martin |author2=France De Lapparent De Broin |year=2016 |title=A miniature notosuchian with multicuspid teeth from the Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=6 |article-number=e1211534 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1211534 |bibcode=2016JVPal..36E1534M |s2cid=89354184 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02124147/file/Lavocatchampsa.pdf }}</ref> | ''L. sigogneaurusselae'' | | | Anterior portion of a rostrum with mandible, with an almost complete dentition<ref name=Lavocatchampsa /> | A candidodontid notosuchian.<ref name=Lavocatchampsa /> |- |Notosuchia indet. |Indeterminate | |Douira Formation<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |Teeth |Indeterminate notosuchians. Represent by distinct multicuspid teeth,similar to ''Adamantinasuchus'' & ''Yacarerani.'' Suggestive of a herbivorous diet.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |- |cf. ''Sarcosuchus'' |Indeterminate | | |Teeth and Osteoderms |Possible remains of ''Sarcosuchus.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amiot |first=Romain |last2=Wang |first2=Xu |last3=Lécuyer |first3=Christophe |last4=Buffetaut |first4=Eric |last5=Boudad |first5=Larbi |last6=Cavin |first6=Lionel |last7=Ding |first7=Zhongli |last8=Fluteau |first8=Frédéric |last9=Kellner |first9=Alexander W. A. |last10=Tong |first10=Haiyan |last11=Zhang |first11=Fusong |date=2010-11-10 |title=Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of middle Cretaceous vertebrates from North Africa and Brazil: Ecological and environmental significance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018210005213 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=297 |issue=2 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.027 |issn=0031-0182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=AAAS |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.272.5264.986}}</ref> Additional Cenomanian occurrences known from Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Draoui |first=Abdelmalik |last2=Bendella |first2=Mohamed |last3=Ferré |first3=Bruno |last4=Benhamou |first4=Miloud |last5=Ben Abdelkrim |first5=Moussa |last6=Benyoucef |first6=Madani |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Lower Cretaceous "Continental Intercalaire" around Tidikelt (Central Sahara, Algeria): Sedimentology, palaeontology and ichnology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X21002971 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=185 |article-number=104396 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104396 |issn=1464-343X}}</ref> |- |}
===Dinosaurs=== Indeterminate lithostrotian remains once misattributed to the Titanosauridae are present in the province of Ksar-es-Souk, Morocco.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> {{paleobiota-key-compact}} ==== Ornithischians ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Ornithischians reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | Thyreophora<ref name=ibrahim2020 /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Rozadilla|first1=Sebastián|last2=Agnolín|first2=Federico|last3=Manabe|first3=Makoto|last4=Tsuihiji|first4=Takanobu|last5=Novas|first5=Fernando E.|date=September 2021|title=Ornithischian remains from the Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern Hemisphere|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=125|article-number=104881|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881|bibcode=2021CrRes.12504881R |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> | Indeterminate | |Douira Formation | An isolated tooth.<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> | An indeterminate thyreophoran.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> Possibly an ankylosaur.<ref name=":1" /> | |- |style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Ornithopoda<ref name=Plos2014>{{cite journal |author1=Nizar Ibrahim |author2=David J. Varricchio |author3=Paul C. Sereno |author4=Jeff A. Wilson |author5=Didier B. Dutheil |author6=David M. Martill |author7=Lahssen Baidder |author8=Samir Zouhri |year=2014 |title=Dinosaur footprints and other ichnofauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Morocco |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e90751 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090751 |pmid=24603467 |pmc=3946209 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...990751I |doi-access=free }}</ref> |style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Indeterminate |style="background:#FEF6E4;" | |style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Douira Formation |style="background:#FEF6E4;" | A large, clover-shaped, three-toed footprint.<ref name=ibrahim2020 /> A smaller print is known as well.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Comparable in size and shape to tracks typically attributed to ''Iguanodon''.<ref name=Plos2014 /> Smaller possible ornithopod track is known as well. |} ==== Sauropods ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Sauropods reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Rebbachisaurus'' | ''R. garasbae'' | Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |Gara Sbaa Formation | | A rebbachisaurid. | rowspan="101" | [[File:Rebbachisaurus BW.jpg|thumb|200px|center|''Rebbachisaurus garasbae'']] |- | Somphospondyli<ref name="LamannaHasegawa2014">{{Cite journal|author1=Matthew C. Lamanna |author2=Yoshikazu Hasegawa |year=2014 |title=New titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur material from the Cenomanian of Morocco: implications for paleoecology and sauropod diversity in the Late Cretaceous of North Africa |journal=Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History |volume=18 |pages=1–19 |url=http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/wp-content/uploads/bulletin18_3.pdf }}</ref> | Indeterminate | | | Anterior dorsal vertebra, partial right ischium<ref name="LamannaHasegawa2014" /> | The vertebra might belong to a basal titanosaurian, possibly distinct from ''Aegyptosaurus'' and ''Paralititan''.<ref name="LamannaHasegawa2014" /> The ischium is not identifiable beyond Somphospondyli; it preserves numerous grooves and pits which might be feeding traces left by a very large non-avian theropod.<ref name="LamannaHasegawa2014" /> |- | Titanosauria<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Nizar Ibrahim |author2=Cristiano Dal Sasso |author3=Simone Maganuco |author4=Matteo Fabbri |author5=David M. Martill |author6=Eric Gorscak |author7=Matthew C. Lamanna |year=2016 |title=Evidence of a derived titanosaurian (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) in the "Kem Kem beds" of Morocco, with comments on sauropod paleoecology in the Cretaceous of Africa |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=71 |pages=149–159 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304214496 }}</ref><ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | Indeterminate | | * Ifezouane Formation * Douira Formation | Isolated teeth, caudal vertebrae, a partial humerus, a tarsal bone and proximal partial ulna.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | Fossil material of one or more titanosaurian sauropods. Some fossils are indicative of large body size comparable to ''Paralititan stromeri''.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> The largest specimens hail from the Douira Formation.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> An ulna from Doira has a width of 51 cm.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |- |Rebbachisauridae Indet. |Indeterminate | | * Douira Formation |Teeth |Teeth referred to an indeterminate rebbachisaurid.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |- |}
==== Theropods ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Theropods reported from the Continental Red Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | Abelisauridae<ref name="RichteretalPZ" /> | Indeterminate | | | Isolated teeth.<ref name="RichteretalPZ">{{Cite journal|author1=Ute Richter |author2=Alexander Mudroch |author3=Lisa G. Buckley |year=2013 |title=Isolated theropod teeth from the Kem Kem Beds (Early Cenomanian) near Taouz, Morocco |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=291–309 |doi=10.1007/s12542-012-0153-1|bibcode=2013PalZ...87..291R |s2cid=129382593 }}</ref><ref name=HendrickxetalJVP2024>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Trapman |first2=T. H. |last3=Wills |first3=S. |last4=Holwerda |first4=F. M. |last5=Stein |first5=K. H. W. |last6=Rauhut |first6=O. W. M. |last7=Melzer |first7=R. R. |last8=Van Woensel |first8=J. |last9=Reumer |first9=J. W. F. |year=2024 |title=A combined approach to identify isolated theropod teeth from the Cenomanian Kem Kem Group of Morocco: cladistic, discriminant, and machine learning analyses |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=43 |issue=4 |at=e2311791 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2311791 }}</ref><br />Partial right femur.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author1=Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza |author2=Andrea Cau |year=2016 |title=A large abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Morocco and comments on the Cenomanian theropods from North Africa |journal=PeerJ |volume=4 |article-number=e1754 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1754 |pmid=26966675 |pmc=4782726 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Partial right maxilla.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> A cervical vertebra.<ref name="SmythetalCR">{{Cite journal|author1=Robert S.H. Smyth|author2=Nizar Ibrahim|author3=Alexander Kao|author4=David M. Martill|year=2019|title=Abelisauroid cervical vertebrae from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Southern Morocco and a review of Kem Kem abelisauroids|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=108|article-number=104330|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104330|bibcode=2020CrRes.10804330S |s2cid=214136033 }}</ref> Left maxilla.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | Abelisaurid material belonging to one or two distinct taxa.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> Some of the material has been noted as similar to ''Rugops'', but the diagnostic features in that genus are on the orbital bones;not preserved in the Kem Kem material. Preventing definitive referral.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | rowspan="97" |[[File:Carcharodontosaurus.png|thumb|200px|center|''Carcharodontosaurus saharicus'']] [[File:DeltaSize.png|thumb|200px|center|''Deltadromeus agilis'']] [[File:Life_reconstruction_of_Sigilmassasaurus_brevicollis.png|200px|thumb|center|''Sigilmassasaurus'']] [[File:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.png|center|thumb|200px|''Spinosaurus aegyptiacus'']] |- | ''Carcharodontosaurus''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> | ''C. saharicus''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> | Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |Douira Formation |Partial skull, including braincase, nasals, postorbitals, jugals, left lacrimal and right maxilla with most teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brusatte|first1=Stephen L.|last2=Sereno|first2=Paul C.|date=2007-12-12|title=A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282007%2927%5B902%3AANSOCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=27|issue=4|pages=902–916|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[902:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86202969 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | A carcharodontosaurid theropod. |- |Carcharodontosauridae<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paterna |first1=Alessandro |last2=Cau |first2=Andrea |date=2022-10-11 |title=New giant theropod material from the Kem Kem Compound Assemblage (Morocco) with implications on the diversity of the mid-Cretaceous carcharodontosaurids from North Africa |url= |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2036–2044 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2131406 |s2cid=252856791 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> |Indeterminate |Southeast of Taouz, Errachidia Province |Ifezouane Formation |partial maxilla and partial jugal |A carcharodontosaurid theropod different from ''C. saharicus'' |- | ''Deltadromeus'' | ''D. agilis'' | |Gara Sbaa Formation | "Partial skeleton, isolated limb elements."<ref name="table-4-1-76">"Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.</ref> | A noasaurid ceratosaurian, May be synonymous with ''Bahariasaurus''. |-style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Dromaeosauridae<ref name="RichteretalPZ" /> | Indeterminate | | | Isolated teeth.<ref name="RichteretalPZ" /> | Originally described as teeth of indeterminate dromaeosaurids. Hendrickx ''et al.'' (2024) reinterpreted this fossil material as teeth of abelisauroid theropods, including noasaurids and juvenile abelisaurids.<ref name=HendrickxetalJVP2024 /> |- |style="background:#f3e9f3;" | cf. ''Elaphrosaurus'' |style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Indeterminate |style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |style="background:#f3e9f3;" | |style="background:#f3e9f3;" | |style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Fossils previously referred to cf. ''Elaphrosaurus'' are actually indeterminate theropod remains. |- | Noasauridae<ref name=SmythetalCR /> | Indeterminate | | | An anterior cervical vertebra<ref name=SmythetalCR /><br />Isolated teeth<ref name=HendrickxetalJVP2024 /> | |- |"Osteoporosia"''<ref name="Singer15:2">Singer (2015). JURAPARK NA TROPIE NOWYCH DINOZAURÓW Z MAROKA (Online).</ref>'' |"O. gigantea"''<ref name="Singer15:2" />'' | | |A tooth and a possible neural arch from another specimen.''<ref name="Singer15:2" />'' |A theropod, possibly synonymous with ''Sauroniops''.<ref name=Molina2019>{{Cite book |last1=Molina-Pérez |first1=Rubén |url=https://princetonup.degruyter.com/view/title/550250 |title=Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes |last2=Larramendi |first2=Asier |last3=Connolly |first3=David |last4=Ramírez Cruz |first4=Gonzalo Ángel |last5=Mazzei |first5=Sante |last6=Atuchin |first6=Andrey |date=2019-06-25 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19059-4 |doi=10.1515/9780691190594-013 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | Saurischia<ref name="McFeeters">{{Cite journal|author=B. McFeeters |year=2013 |title=Bone "taxon" B: Reevaluation of a supposed small theropod dinosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=Kirtlandia |volume=58 |pages=38–41 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284444286 }}</ref> | Indeterminate | | | An isolated cervical vertebra.<ref name="McFeeters" /> | An indeterminate saurischian. |- |- style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Sauroniops''<ref name=Sauroniops>{{Cite journal|author1=Andrea Cau |author2=Fabio M. Dalla Vecchia |author3=Matteo Fabbri |year=2012 |title=A thick-skulled theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with implications for carcharodontosaurid cranial evolution |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=40 |pages= 251–260|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.09.002}}</ref> | ''S. pachytholus'' | |Ifezouane Formation | "An isolated and almost complete left frontal,<ref name="CauetalAPP">{{Cite journal |author1=Andrea Cau |author2=Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia |author3=Matteo Fabbri |year=2012 |title=Evidence of a new carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=661–665 |doi=10.4202/app.2011.0043 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and a possible tooth and neural arch from two other specimens."<ref name="Molina2019" /> | A carcharodontosaurid thought to be distinct from ''Carcharodontosaurus'',<ref name=Sauroniops /><ref name="CauetalAPP" /> considered a nomen dubium by Kellerman et al.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kellermann |first1=Maximilian |last2=Cuesta |first2=Elena |last3=Rauhut |first3=Oliver W. M. |date=2025-01-14 |editor-last=Spekker |editor-first=Olga |title=Re-evaluation of the Bahariya Formation carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for allosauroid phylogeny |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |article-number=e0311096 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0311096 |doi-access=free |pmid=39808629 |pmc=11731741 |bibcode=2025PLoSO..2011096K |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> |- | ''Sigilmassasaurus'' | ''S. brevicollis'' | Tafilalt Oasis region, Morocco. | | A single neck vertebrae. | A controversial spinosaurid theropod. |- | ''Spinosaurus'' | ''S. aegyptiacus'' |Ksar-es-Souk province, Morocco.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |Douira Formation |Partial skeleton, including parts of the skull, neck, torso, and most of the tail and hind limbs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Nizar|last2=Maganuco|first2=Simone|last3=Dal Sasso|first3=Cristiano|last4=Fabbri|first4=Matteo|last5=Auditore|first5=Marco|last6=Bindellini|first6=Gabriele|last7=Martill|first7=David M.|last8=Zouhri|first8=Samir|last9=Mattarelli|first9=Diego A.|last10=Unwin|first10=David M.|last11=Wiemann|first11=Jasmina|date=May 2020|title=Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaur|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=581|issue=7806|pages=67–70|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2190-3|pmid=32376955 |bibcode=2020Natur.581...67I |s2cid=256820907 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> Numerous isolated bones. | A spinosaurid theropod. |- |Averostra indet |Indeterminate | | |Tooth |Said to belong to either a non-abelisaurid ceratosaur or a megaraptoran.<ref name="HendrickxetalJVP2024" /> |- |Abelisauroidea indet. |Indeterminate | |Douira Formation<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vecchia |first=Fabio Marco Dalla |title=Theropod pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/1080746/Theropod_pedal_unguals_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Cenomanian_of_Morocco_Africa}}</ref> |Pedal ungual<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Souza-Júnior |first=André Luis de |last2=Candeiro |first2=Carlos Roberto dos Anjos |last3=Vidal |first3=Luciano da Silva |last4=Brusatte |first4=Stephen Louis |last5=Mortimer |first5=Mickey |date=2023-07-05 |title=Abelisauroidea (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Africa: a review of the fossil record |url=https://revistas.usp.br/paz/article/view/177016 |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia |language=en |volume=63 |pages=e202363019–e202363019 |doi=10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.019 |issn=1807-0205}}</ref>Large vertebrae<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Martill |first=David |date=2020-04-01 |title=Abelisauroid cervical vertebrae from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Southern Morocco and a review of Kem Kem abelisauroids |url=https://www.academia.edu/130181229/Abelisauroid_cervical_vertebrae_from_the_Cretaceous_Kem_Kem_beds_of_Southern_Morocco_and_a_review_of_Kem_Kem_abelisauroids |journal=Cretaceous Research |doi=10.1016/J.CRETRES.2019.104330}}</ref> |An indeterminate abelisauroid, known from a 7 cm long pedal ungual. Likely an abelisaurid or noasaurid. The vertebrae came from a giant abelisauroid.<ref name=":7" /> |}
===Pterosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |Pterosaurs of the Kem Kem Beds |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Stratigraphic position ! Abundance ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Afrotapejara''<ref name=martilletal2020>{{cite journal |author1=David M. Martill |author2=Roy Smith |author3=David M. Unwin |author4=Alexander Kao |author5=James McPhee |author6=Nizar Ibrahim | year = 2020 |title = A new tapejarid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchoidea) from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Takmout, southern Morocco | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 112 |article-number = 104424 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104424 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11204424M |s2cid=216303122 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-tapejarid-pterosauria-azhdarchoidea-from-the-midcretaceous-kem-kem-beds-of-takmout-southern-morocco(eb55e1bd-d84a-4126-ad63-7c500a93f57e).html }}</ref> | ''A. zouhri''<ref name=martilletal2020 /> |Takmout |Ifezouane Formation | A fragment of bone interpreted as a fragment of anterior mandibular symphysis,<ref name=PZ1999>{{cite journal |author1=Peter Wellnhofer |author2=Eric Buffetaut | year = 1999 | title = Pterosaur remains from the Cretaceous of Morocco | doi = 10.1007/BF02987987 | journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift | volume = 73 | issue=1–2 | pages = 133–142 |bibcode=1999PalZ...73..133W |s2cid=129032233 }}</ref> and additional jaw fragments that pertain to the rostrum as well as indeterminate jaw fragments.<ref name=":2" /> | A tapejarid pterosaur. Originally believed to belong to either the family Thalassodromidae<ref name="ibrahimetal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=N. |last2=Unwin |first2=D.M. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |last4=Baidder |first4=L. |last5=Zouhri |first5=S. |year=2010 |title=A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=5 |article-number=e10875 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510875I |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010875 |pmc=2877115 |pmid=20520782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> or an additional specimen of ''Alanqa saharica''.<ref name=ZK2014 /> | rowspan="99" | [[File:Afrotapejara zouhri.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Afrotapejara zouhri'']] [[File:Akharhynchus (holotype rostrum - 3D scan).jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Akharhynchus martilli'']] [[File:AlanqaJF.png|thumb|center|200px|''Alanqa saharica'']] [[File:Anhanguera blittersdorffi Life Restoration by Matt Martyniuk.png|thumb|center|200px|''Anhanguera'']] [[File:Anhanguera piscator jconway.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Coloborhynchus'']] [[File:Leptostomia_begaaensis.png|center|thumb|200x200px|''Leptostomia'']][[File:Ornithocheirus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''Ornithocheirus'']] |- |''Akharhynchus''<ref name="Akharhynchus">{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Megan L. |last2=Smith |first2=Roy E. |last3=Zouhri |first3=Samir |date=2024 |title=A new ornithocheirid pterosaur (Pterosauria: Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous Ifezouane Formation, Kem Kem Group of Morocco |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=166 |at=106015 |article-number=106015 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106015|doi-access=free }}</ref> |''A. martilli'' |Tafilalt |Ifezouane Formation |A fragment of the anterior part of the premaxillae |A tropeognathine anhanguerian. |- | ''Alanqa''<ref name=ibrahimetal2010 /> | ''A. saharica''<ref name=ibrahimetal2010 /> | |Ifezouane Formation |The holotype is a mandibular symphysis, of different parts of the jaw |A pterosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably an azhdarchid.<ref name=":2" /> |- | ''Anhanguera''<ref name=jacobsetal2020>{{cite journal |author1= Megan L. Jacobs |author2=David M. Martill |author3=David M. Unwin |author4=Nizar Ibrahim |author5=Samir Zouhri |author6=Nicholas R. Longrich | year = 2020 |title = New toothed pterosaurs (Pterosauria: Ornithocheiridae) from the middle Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Morocco and implications for pterosaur palaeobiogeography and diversity | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 110 |article-number = 104413 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104413 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11004413J |s2cid=214542129 }}</ref> | ''A.'' cf. ''piscator''<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> | |upper Ifezouane Formation | Partial mandibular symphysis<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> | |- | ''Apatorhamphus''<ref name=mcpheeetal2020>{{cite journal |author1=James McPhee |author2=Nizar Ibrahim |author3=Alex Kao |author4=David M. Unwin |author5=Roy Smith |author6=David M. Martill | year = 2020 |title = A new ?chaoyangopterid (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Cretaceous Kem Kem beds of Southern Morocco | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 110 |article-number = 104410 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104410 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11004410M |s2cid=213739173 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-chaoyangopterid-pterosauria-pterodactyloidea-from-the-cretaceous-kem-kem-beds-of-southern-morocco(78a38938-aa6d-4802-973e-d646e1e6d594).html |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ''A. gyrostega''<ref name=mcpheeetal2020 /> | |Ifezouane Formation | Partial rostrum and mandible, with additional referred jaw fragments<ref name=":2" /> | A possible chaoyangopterid azhdarchoid pterosaur.<ref name=mcpheeetal2020 /> Originally believed to be a possible pteranodontid,<ref name=ibrahimetal2010 /> a possible dsungaripterid,<ref name=RIPS2011 /> a possible non-azhdarchid azhdarchoid or nyctosaurid,<ref name=RIPS2011 /> or a specimen of ''Alanqa saharica''.<ref name=ZK2014>{{cite journal | author = Alexander Averianov | year = 2014 | title = Review of taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironments of Azhdarchidae (Pterosauria) | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.432.7913 | journal =ZooKeys | issue = 432 | pages = 1–107 | pmid=25152671 | pmc=4141157| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014ZooK..432....1A }}</ref> |- | Azhdarchidae indet.<ref name=RIPS2011>{{cite journal | author1 = Taissa Rodrigues | author2 = Alexander W. A. Kellner | author3 = Bryn J. Mader | author4 = Dale A. Russell | year = 2011 | title = New pterosaur specimens from the Kem Kem beds (Upper Cretaceous, Cenomanian) of Morocco | doi = 10.13130/2039-4942/5967 | journal = Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia | volume = 117 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–160 }}</ref><ref name=":2"/> | Indeterminate<ref name=RIPS2011 /><ref name=":2"/> | | | Numerous middle cervical vertebrae and a femur.<ref name=RIPS2011 /><ref name=ibrahimetal2010 /><ref name=":2"/> | Indicative of multiple taxa.<ref name=RIPS2011 /> Some of these vertebrae may pertain to ''Alanqa saharica''.<ref name=ZK2014 /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cariad J. |last2=Pani |first2=Martino |last3=Bucchi |first3=Andrea |last4=Smith |first4=Roy E. |last5=Kao |first5=Alexander |last6=Keeble |first6=William |last7=Ibrahim |first7=Nizar |last8=Martill |first8=David M. |date=2021-04-23 |title=Helically arranged cross struts in azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebrae and their biomechanical implications |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=4 |article-number=102338 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102338 |pmid=33997669 |pmc=8101050 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j2338W }}</ref> |- | rowspan=4| Azhdarchoidea indet. | "Jaw morphotype A"<ref name=":2"/> | | | Two jaw fragments<ref name=":2"/> | Different from all named Kem Kem pterosaur taxa<ref name=":2"/> |- | "Jaw morphotype B"<ref name=":2"/> | | | Partial mandible fragment<ref name=":2"/> | Probably had a similarly long jaw to ''Leptostomia''<ref name=":2"/> |- | "Jaw morphotype C"<ref name=":2"/> | | | Partial jaw fragments<ref name=":2"/> | May belong to ''Apatorhamphus'' or ''Xericeps''<ref name=":2"/> |- | Indeterminate<ref name=":2"/> | | | Five cervical vertebrae, a scapulocoracoid, two humeri, two ulnae, a metacarpal IV, and a tibiotarsus<ref name=":2"/> |- |''Coloborhynchus''<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> |''C.'' sp. A.<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> |Hassi El Begaa | |Premaxillae fragment<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> |Possibly a specimen of ''Nicorhynchus fluviferox''.<ref name=APPanhanguerids /> |- | ''Leptostomia''<ref name=smithetal2020>{{cite journal |author1=Roy E. Smith |author2=David M. Martill |author3=Alexander Kao |author4=Samir Zouhri |author5=Nicholas Longrich |year=2020 |title=A long-billed, possible probe-feeding pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: ?Azhdarchoidea) from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco, North Africa |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=118 |article-number=104643 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104643 |s2cid=225201538 |url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-longbilled-possible-probefeeding-pterosaur-pterodactyloidea-azhdarchoidea-from-the-midcretaceous-of-morocco-north-africa(4cd598bb-c55d-469e-b450-dbcbad9c22ae).html }}</ref> | ''L. begaaensis''<ref name=smithetal2020 /> | Aferdou N' Chaft |upper Ifezouane Formation | Partial rostrum and partial mandibular synthesis<ref name=smithetal2020 /> | A small, long-beaked pterosaur, likely a member of Azhdarchoidea.<ref name=smithetal2020 /> |- | ''Nicorhynchus''<ref name=APPanhanguerids>{{cite journal |author1=Borja Holgado |author2=Rodrigo V. Pêgas |year=2020 |title=A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=743–761 |doi=10.4202/app.00751.2020 |s2cid=222075296 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | ''N. fluviferox''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=APPanhanguerids /> | Possibly Aferdou N'Chaft, Hassi El Begaa<ref name=APPanhanguerids /> |Ifezouane Formation | An anterior portion of the rostrum.<ref name=APPanhanguerids /> | Originally described as a species of ''Coloborhynchus''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Jacobs|first1=Megan L.|last2=Martill|first2=David M.|last3=Ibrahim|first3=Nizar|last4=Longrich|first4=Nick|date=March 2019|title=A new species of ''Coloborhynchus'' (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=95|pages=77–88|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.018|bibcode=2019CrRes..95...77J |s2cid=134439172 |issn=0195-6671|url=https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-species-of-coloborhynchus-pterosauria-ornithocheiridae-from-the-midcretaceous-of-north-africa(d0467c1b-2328-4004-8ad3-13a2d7a08bac).html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but subsequently transferred to the genus ''Nicorhynchus''. |- | ''Ornithocheirus''<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> | ''O.'' cf. ''simus.''<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> | |upper Ifezouane Formation | Premaxillae fragment<ref name=jacobsetal2020 /> | |- | ''Siroccopteryx''<ref name=Coloborhynchus>{{cite journal | last1 = Rodrigues | first1 = Taissa | last2 = Kellner | first2 = Alexander W. A | year = 2008 | title = Review of the pterodactyloid pterosaur ''Coloborhynchus'' | url = http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12017/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_15.pdf | journal = Zitteliana | volume = B 28 | pages = 219–228 }}</ref> | ''S. moroccensis''<ref name=Coloborhynchus /> | | |Anterior part of a rostrum | Classified by some authors as a species belonging to the genus ''Coloborhynchus''.<ref name=ibrahimetal2010 /> |- | ''Xericeps'' | ''X. curvirostra'' |Aferdou N'Chaft |Douira Formation | Mandibular symphysis and partial mandible<ref name=":2" /> |An indeterminate azhdarchoid, possibly a chaoyangopterid.<ref name=":2" /> |}
== Non-vertebrate paleofauna == The formation contains fossils of various insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and sea urchins.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cavin |first=L. |last2=Tong |first2=H. |last3=Boudad |first3=L. |last4=Meister |first4=C. |last5=Piuz |first5=A. |last6=Tabouelle |first6=J. |last7=Aarab |first7=M. |last8=Amiot |first8=R. |last9=Buffetaut |first9=E. |last10=Dyke |first10=G. |last11=Hua |first11=S. |last12=Le Loeuff |first12=J. |date=2010-07-01 |title=Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X09002404 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=391–412 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.007 |issn=1464-343X}}</ref> There are also traces of insect and priapulid activity.<ref name="Plos2014" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Krassilov |first=V. |last2=Bacchia |first2=F. |date=2013-03-01 |title=New Cenomanian florule and a leaf mine from southeastern Morocco: Palaeoecological and climatological inferences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667112001243 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=40 |pages=218–226 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.07.005 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}
=== Unicellular organisms === {| class="wikitable" !Genus !Species !Stratigraphic position !Material !Notes !Image |- |style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Eukaryote | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Indeterminate | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Douira Formation | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Biofilm of bacteria or fungi.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> |style="background:#FEF6E4;" |thumb|Fossilized biofilm |- | Foraminifera | |Douira Formation, Aoufous Formation |Foraminiferal tests |Various foraminifera.<ref name=":4" /> |thumb|Foraminiferal diversity in the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco |}
=== Mollusc === Gastropods and ammonites were found in the upper units.<ref name=":4" /> {| class="wikitable" ! valign="top" |Genus ! valign="top" |Species ! valign="top" |Stratigraphic position ! valign="top" |Material ! valign="top" |Notes |- | valign="top" |?Margaritifera<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Kiera E. |last2=Munt |first2=Martin C. |last3=Martill |first3=David M. |last4=Zouhri |first4=Samir |last5=Smith |first5=Roy E. |date=2025-12-01 |title=Non-marine Bivalvia of the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of southeastern Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X25002808 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=232 |article-number=105813 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105813 |issn=1464-343X}}</ref> | valign="top" | | rowspan="7" |Ifezouane Formation | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |''Goumardonaia<ref name=":6" />'' | valign="top" |''G. radieri'' | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A large (83 mm) freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |''Kemkemnaia<ref name=":6" />'' | valign="top" |''K. parvum'' | valign="top" |Shell with preserved gill structures. | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |''Monginella<ref name=":6" />'' | valign="top" |''M.'' cf. ''flattersensis'' | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |Trigonioidoidea<ref name=":6" /> | valign="top" |Indeterminate | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |''Unio<ref name=":6" />'' | valign="top" |''U. radleyi'' | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |- | valign="top" |Unionidae<ref name=":6" /> | valign="top" |Indeterminate | valign="top" |Shell | valign="top" |A freshwater bivalve. |}
=== Arthropods === {| class="wikitable" ! valign="top" |Genus ! valign="top" |Species ! valign="top" |Stratigraphic position ! valign="top" |Material ! valign="top" |Notes !Image |- | ''Cretapenaeus'' | ''C. berberus'' | | | A freshwater prawn.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''Cubiculum'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''C. ornatus'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Traces of bone borings on dead animals. | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |A terrestrial necrophagous insect.<ref name="Plos2014" /> |style="background:#FEF6E4;" |[[File:Bone boring.png|thumb|Bone boring left by ''Cubiculum'']] |- | Odonata | Indeterminate | | | A dragonfly larva.<ref name="ibrahim2020" /> | |- | Ostracoda | | | | Different types of ostracods.<ref name=":4" /> | |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''Troponoma'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''T. constricta'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Feeding traces on a leaf. | style="background:#FEF6E4;" |A herbivorous insect.<ref name=":5" /> |style="background:#FEF6E4;" |[[File:Cocculophyllum.png|thumb|A ''Cocculophyllum'' leaf with traces of feeding.]] |}
== Paleoflora == {{Paleobiota-key-compact}} Based primarily on Krassilov & Bacchia.<ref name=":5" /> {| class="wikitable" ! valign="top" |Genus ! valign="top" |Species ! valign="top" |Stratigraphic position ! valign="top" |Material ! valign="top" |Notes ! valign="top" |Image |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Abietites'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. (Tritaenia)'' cf. ''linkii'' | rowspan="11" style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Gara Sbaa Formation | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Needles | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A conifer. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="11" |[[File:Sulcatocladus.png|thumb|Sulcatocladus]][[File:Garasbahia.png|thumb|Garasbahia]][[File:Coniopteris and Frenelopsis.png|thumb|Coniopteris (left) and Frenelopsis (right)]] |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Barykovia'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''B.'' cf. ''tschuckotika'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A potentially fagalean angiosperm. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cocculophyllum'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''C.'' cf. ''fucinerve'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A climbing angiosperm. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Coniopteris'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''C.'' cf. ''Dicksonia mamiyai'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaflet | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A fern. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Dryophyllum'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''D.'' cf. ''subcretaceum'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A potentially fagalean angiosperm. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Frenelopsis'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''F.'' cf. ''teixeirae'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Shoot | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A cheirolepidiacean conifer. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Garasbahia'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''G. flexuosa'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branching shoot with leaves | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A cabombacean angiosperm. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Pseudotorellia'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P.'' cf. ''ensiformis'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A ginkgoalean. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Sulcatocladus'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''S.'' cf. ''robustus'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Shoot | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A conifer. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Weichselia<ref name="ibrahim2020" />'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''W. reticulata'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Shoot | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A tree fern. |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Welwitschiophyllum'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''W''. sp. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A possible welwitschialean. |}
== See also == {{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs}} * Aoufous Formation, which lies within the Kem Kem Beds * List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
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== References == {{Reflist}}
Category:Geologic groups of Africa Category:Upper Cretaceous Series of Africa Category:Cenomanian Stage Category:Cretaceous Morocco Category:Sandstone groups Category:Paleontology in Morocco Category:Algeria–Morocco border