Cladistia

{{Short description|Clade of ray-finned fishes}} {{distinguish|Cladistics}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|earliest=Carboniferous|Early Triassic|0|Early Triassic–present}}(Possible Permian and Carboniferous records) | image = Polypterus_senegalus.jpg | image_caption = ''Polypterus senegalus'' | taxon = Cladistia | authority = Pander 1860 emend. Cope 1871 sensu Lund 2000 | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = * Polypteriformes Bleeker, 1859 * †Scanilepiformes Sytchevskaya, 1999 * †Guildayichthyiformes? Lund, 2000 }}

'''Cladistia''' is a subclass of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs of tropical Africa.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lecointre G, Le Guyader H | date = 2007 | title = The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification | publisher = Harvard University Press Reference Library | isbn = 978-0-674-02183-9 }}</ref> Their major synapomorphies are a dorsal fin with independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid.

Cladistia are the earliest diverging branch of living Actinopterygii, and are thought to have diverged from the Actinopteri, the group which includes all other living ray finned fish, by the Carboniferous.<ref name=":0" /> However, the fossil range for the only extant order (Polypteriformes) is comparatively young, only reaching as far back as the mid-Cretaceous of South America and Africa, and the two extant genera of bichir only diverged around the Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Dornburg |first2=Alex |last3=Tokita |first3=Masayoshi |last4=Suzuki |first4=Dai |last5=Brandley |first5=Matthew C. |last6=Friedman |first6=Matt |date=2014-01-02 |title=Boom and Bust: Ancient and Recent Diversification in Bichirs (Polypteridae: Actinopterygii), A Relictual Lineage of Ray-Finned Fishes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12323 |journal=Evolution |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1014–1026 |doi=10.1111/evo.12323 |pmid=24274466 |issn=0014-3820|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Aside from bichirs, other extinct fish groups thought to be members of the group include the '''Scanilepiformes''', known from Triassic (and possibly Permian<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bakaev |first1=A. S. |last2=Kogan |first2=I. |date=2022 |title=Squamation of the Permian actinopterygian ''Toyemia'' Minich, 1990: evenkiid (Scanilepiformes) affinities and implications for the origin of polypteroid scales |url=http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/art1841 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.geology.cz}}</ref>) of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Argyriou T, Giles S, Friedman M, Romano C, Kogan I, Sánchez-Villagra MR | title = Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 161 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30382811 | pmc = 6211452 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-018-1264-4 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018BMCEE..18..161A }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Giles |first1=Sam |last2=Xu |first2=Guang-Hui |last3=Near |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Friedman |first4=Matt |date=2017 |title=Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes |url=https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/b8b37a1f-cbc6-4286-b0b7-2003fc236728 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=549 |issue=7671 |pages=265–268 |doi=10.1038/nature23654 |pmid=28854173 |bibcode=2017Natur.549..265G |issn=1476-4687|url-access= }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |page=101 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024BPMNH..65..101N }}</ref> The Guildayichthyiformes of Carboniferous North America are also sometimes considered cladistians, but this is thought to be dubious, with other authorities placing them as a stem-group to Neopterygii.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=The new Actinopterygian order Guildayichthyiformes from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana (USA) |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/22/2/guildayichthyiformes-un-nouvel-ordre-d-actinopterygii-du-carbonifere-inferieur-du-montana-etats-unis |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=171–206}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==

Based on work done by Near ''et al'' (2017) and Lund (2000):<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mikko Haaramo | title = Cladistia – bichirs and relatives| journal = Mikko's Phylogeny Archive| accessdate= 2013-10-26| url = http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/chondrostei/cladistia.html}}</ref>

* '''Order Polypteriformes''' Bleeker 1859 ** Genus †''Latinopollia'' Meunier and Gayet 1998 *** Species †''Latinopollia suarezi'' (Meunier & Gayet 1996) Meunier & Gayet 1998 ** Genus †''Dagetella'' Gayet & Meunier 1991 *** Species †''Dagetella sudamericana'' Gayet & Meunier 1991 ** Genus †''Bartschichthys'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 [''Bartschia'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 non Rehder 1943] *** Species †''B. arnoulti'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Bartschia arnoulti'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] *** Species †''B. napatensis'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''B. tubularis'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Bartschia tubularis'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] ** Genus †''Sudania'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''S. gracilis'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''S. oblonga'' Werner & Gayet 1997 ** Genus †''Saharichthys'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''S. nigeriensis'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Sainthilairia nigeriensis'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] *** Species †''S. africanus'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Sainthilairia africana'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] ** Genus †''Sainthilairia'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 *** Species †''S. beccussiformis'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 *** Species †''S. elongata'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''S. falciformis'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 *** Species †''S. grandis'' Gayet & Meunier 1996 *** Species †''S. intermedia'' Werner & Gayet 1997 ** Genus †''Inbecetemia'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''I. torta'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Sainthilairia torta'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] *** Species †''I. tortissima'' (Gayet & Meunier 1996) [''Sainthilairia tortissima'' Gayet & Meunier 1996] ** Genus †''Nagaia'' Werner & Gayet 1997 *** Species †''Nagaia extrema'' Werner & Gayet 1997 ** '''Family Polypteridae''' Lacépède 1803 sensu stricto *** Genus †''Bawitius'' Grandstaff et al. 2012 **** Species †''Bawitius bartheli'' (Schaal 1984) Grandstaff et al. 2012 [''Polypterus bartheli'' Schaal 1984] *** Genus †''Serenoichthys'' Dutheil 1999 **** Species †''Serenoichthys kemkemensis'' Dutheil 1999 *** Genus ''Erpetoichthys'' Smith 1865 [''Calamoichthys'' Smith 1866] **** Species ''Erpetoichthys calabaricus'' *** Genus ''Polypterus'' Lacepède 1803 **** Species ''Polypterus ansorgii'' Boulenger, 1910 **** Species ''Polypterus bichir'' Lacépède, 1803 **** Species ''Polypterus congicus'' Boulenger, 1898 **** Species ''Polypterus delhezi'' Boulenger, 1899 **** Species ''Polypterus endlicherii'' Heckel, 1847 **** Species ''Polypterus mokelembembe'' Schliewen & Schäfer, 2006 **** Species ''Polypterus ornatipinnis'' Boulenger, 1902 **** Species ''Polypterus palmas'' Ayres, 1850 **** Species ''Polypterus polli'' J. P. Gosse, 1988 **** Species ''Polypterus retropinnis'' Vaillant, 1899 **** Species ''Polypterus senegalus'' Cuvier, 1829 **** Species ''Polypterus teugelsi'' Britz, 2004 **** Species ''Polypterus weeksii'' Boulenger, 1898 *'''Order''' †'''Scanilepiformes''' Sytchevskaya, 1999<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=178347 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Guang-Hui |last2=Gao |first2=Ke-Qin |date=2011 |title=A new scanilepiform from the Lower Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of non-teleostean Actinopterygii: EARLY TRIASSIC SCANILEPIFORM FROM CHINA |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00645.x |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=161 |issue=3 |pages=595–612 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00645.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref> **Genus †''Beishanichthys'' Xu and Gao, 2011 ***Species †''Beishanichthys brevicaudalis'' Xu and Gao, 2011 **Genus †''Fukangichthys'' Su, 1978 ***Species †''Fukangichthys longidorsalis'' Su, 1978 **Genus †''Mizhilepis'' Liu & Shen, 2006 ***Species †''Mizhilepis zhangyaensis'' Liu & Shen, 2006 **Genus †''Tanaocrossus'' Schaeffer, 1967 ***Species †''Tanaocrossus kalliokoskii'' Schaeffer, 1967 **'''Family''' †'''Scanilepididae''' Aldinger, 1935 ***Genus †''Scanilepis'' Aldinger, 1935 ****Species †''Scanilepis dubius'' (Woodward, 1893) ****?Species †''Scanilepis spitzbergensis'' Aldinger, 1935 **'''Family''' †'''Evenkiidae''' Selezneva, 1985 ***Genus †''Evenkia'' Berg, 1941 ****Species †''Evenkia eunotoptera'' Berg, 1941 ***Genus †''Oshiaichthys'' Schultze ''et al''., 2021 ****Species †''Oshiaichthys ferganica'' Schultze ''et al.'', 2021 ***Genus †''Toyemia'' Minikh, 1990 ****Species †''Toyemia blumentalis'' Minikh, 1995 ****Species †''Toyemia tverdochlebovi'' Minikh, 1990

=== Disputed members === * '''Order''' †'''Guildayichthyiformes''' Lund 2000 ** '''Family''' †'''Guildayichthyidae''' Lund 2000 *** Genus †''Guildayichthys'' Lund 2000 **** Species †''Guildayichthys carnegiei'' Lund 2000 *** Genus †''Discoserra'' Lund 2000 **** Species †''Discoserra pectinodon'' Lund 2000

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Cladistia Category:Actinopterygii taxonomy Category:Vertebrate subclasses Category:Extant Permian first appearances Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope