Jeremiah 44

{{Short description|Book of Jeremiah, chapter 44}} {{For|Jeremiah 44 in the Septuagint|Jeremiah 37}} {{Bible chapter|letname= Jeremiah 44 |previouslink= Jeremiah 43 |previousletter= chapter 43 |nextlink= Jeremiah 45 |nextletter= chapter 45 |book=Book of Jeremiah |biblepart=Old Testament | booknum= 24 |hbiblepart= Nevi'im | hbooknum = 6 |category= Latter Prophets | filename= Aleppo-HighRes2-Neviim6-Jeremiah (page 1 crop).jpg |size=242px |caption=<div style="width: 242px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">A high resolution scan of the Aleppo Codex showing the Book of Jeremiah (the sixth book in Nevi'im).</div>}} '''Jeremiah 44''' is the forty-fourth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter is part of a narrative section consisting of chapters 37 to the present one.{{sfn|Coogan|2007|pp= 1137-1138 Hebrew Bible}} Chapters 42-44 describe the emigration to Egypt involving the remnant who remained in Judah after much of the population was exiled to Babylon.{{sfn|O'Connor|2007|p=520}} The Jerusalem Bible describes this chapter as "the last episode of Jeremiah's ministry".<ref>Jerusalem Bible (1966), Heading at Jeremiah 44:1</ref>

== Text == The original text was written in Hebrew. This chapter is divided into 30 verses.

===Textual witnesses=== Some ancient manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Some fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., 2QJer (2Q13; 1st century CE<ref>{{cite book |last = Sweeney |first = Marvin A. |title =Form and Intertextuality in Prophetic and Apocalyptic Literature |volume = 45 |series=Forschungen zum Alten Testament |issn = 0940-4155 |edition=reprint |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year= 2010 |pages=66 |isbn=9781608994182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIxMAwAAQBAJ }}</ref>), with extant verses 1‑3, 12‑14.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.| author-link = Joseph Fitzmyer | publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008 | pages = 26 |isbn = 9780802862419 | location = Grand Rapids, MI | access-date= February 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene | editor-link = Eugene Ulrich | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls/page/n596 580] | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls |access-date= May 15, 2017 | isbn= 9789004181830}}</ref>

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (with a different chapter and verse numbering), made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus ('''S'''; BHK: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>Q</sup>; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

==Parashot== The ''parashah'' sections (weekly Torah portion in Judaism) listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.<ref>As reflected in the [http://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English].</ref> Jeremiah 44 is a part of the "''Sixteenth prophecy (Jeremiah 40 -45)''" in the section of ''Prophecies interwoven with narratives about the prophet's life (Jeremiah 26-45)''. {P}: open ''parashah''; {S}: closed ''parashah''. : {P} 44:1-6 {S} 44:7-10 {S} 44:11-14 {P} 44:15-19 {S} 44:20-23 {S} 44:24-25 {S} 44:26-29 {P} 44:30 {S}

==Verse numbering== The order of chapters and verses of the Book of Jeremiah in the English Bibles, Masoretic Text (Hebrew), and Vulgate (Latin), in some places differs from that in the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek Bible used in the Eastern Orthodox Church and others) according to Rahlfs or Brenton. The following table is taken with minor adjustments from ''Brenton's Septuagint'', page 971.<ref name="ccel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/Jeremiah/appendix.html|title=Table of Order of Jeremiah in Hebrew and Septuagint|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>

The order of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study (CATSS) based on ''Alfred Rahlfs' Septuaginta'' (1935) differs in some details from Joseph Ziegler's critical edition (1957) in ''Göttingen LXX''. ''Swete's Introduction'' mostly agrees with Rahlfs' edition (=CATSS).<ref name="ccel"/>

{| class=wikitable !Hebrew, Vulgate, English!!Rahlfs' LXX (CATSS) |- |align=center|'''44''':1-30 |align=center|51:1-30 |- |align=center|37:1-21 |align=center|'''44''':1-21 |}

==Verse 1== :''The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying,'' (KJV)<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|44:1|KJV}} King James</ref> This is Jeremiah's final message to the Judeans living in various places in Egypt,{{sfn|O'Connor|2007|p=521}} and therefore the Jerusalem Bible suggests that this introduction to Jeremiah's final prophecy "represents [a] discourse as addressed to the whole Jewish diaspora in Egypt".<ref name="44je">Jerusalem Bible (1966), Footnote [a] at Jeremiah 44</ref> *"Tahpanhes": was the border point first reach by the migrant community coming from occupied Judah (Jeremiah 43:7).<ref name="44je"/> *"Noph": the same as Memphis, in Lower Egypt.<ref name="44je"/> *"Pathros": refers to Upper Egypt (southern Egypt).<ref name="44je"/>

==Verse 30== thumb|right|150px|The head of Hophra (Apries), Louvre. :''"Thus says the Lord: 'Behold, I will give Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies and into the hand of those who seek his life, as I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, his enemy who sought his life.'"'' (KJV)<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|44:30|NKJV}} NKJV</ref> The same way Yahweh handed Zedekiah over to Nebuchadnezzar II (Jeremiah 39:5–7), Pharaoh Hophra (or Apries) ({{Langx|he|חפרע}} ''Ḥāp̄əra‘'') would be handed over to his enemies.{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=370}} Hophra is the fourth king (counting from Psamtik I) of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, ruling 589-570 BCE.{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=25}} His name is written as Ουαφρη[ς], ''Ouaphre[s]'' in the Greek Old Testament,<ref>Cf. Christoffer Theis, Sollte Re sich schämen? Eine subliminale Bedeutung von עפרח in Jeremia 44,30, in: UF 42 (2011), S. 677–691 for the writing of this particular name.</ref> {{langx|grc|Ἁπρίης}} ''Apries'' by Herodotus (ii. 161) and Diodorus (i. 68), or ''Waphres'' by Manetho, who correctly records that he reigned for 19 years.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Apries}}</ref> He forged an alliance with Zedekiah to rebel against Babylon (Jeremiah 37:5), sending an army in the summer of 588 BC, but that action failed to prevent the fall of Jerusalem in July 587 BCE.{{sfn|Thompson|1980|pp=25-26}} In 570 BC Hophra was forced to rule together as co-regents with Amasis (or Ahmosis/Ahmose II), but three years later Hophra was overthrown and executed, while Amasis continued to be a sole ruler until his death in 526 BCE.{{sfn|Huey|1993|p=370}}

==See also== {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *Egypt *Israel *Jerusalem *Migdol *Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon *Noph *Pathros *Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt *Tahpanhes *Zedekiah king of Judah}} {{Portal|Bible}} *Related Bible part: Jeremiah 42, Jeremiah 43, Jeremiah 45

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Sources== *{{cite book |last= Coogan |first = Michael David |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition=Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ }} * {{cite book | last = Huey | first = F. B. | title = The New American Commentary - Jeremiah, Lamentations: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture, NIV Text | publisher = B&H Publishing Group | year = 1993| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HBguYZCdAM4C | isbn = 9780805401165}} *{{cite book|last=O'Connor | first= Kathleen M. | chapter = 23. Jeremiah | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 487–533 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}} * {{cite book |last =Thompson |first= J. A. |title= A Book of Jeremiah |series=The New International Commentary on the Old Testament |author-link = J. A. Thompson |edition=illustrated, revised |date= 1980 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | url= https://archive.org/details/bookofjeremiah00thom |url-access =registration |isbn=9780802825308}} *{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

==External links==

===Jewish=== *[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1144.htm Jeremiah 44 Hebrew with Parallel English]

===Christian=== *[http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=28&c=44 Jeremiah 44, English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate]

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