Ipheion

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |taxon = Ipheion |image = Ipheion uniflorum1.jpg |image_caption = ''Ipheion uniflorum'' |authority = Raf.{{sfn|Rafinesque|1836|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191#page/140/mode/1up Part Two, Cent. I, p. 12. 10 Ipheion R.]}} |type_species = ''Ipheion uniflorum'' |type_species_authority = (Graham) Raf. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = 3; see text |}}

The flowering plant genus '''''Ipheion''''' ('''starflower''', '''spring starflower''') belongs to Allioideae, a subfamily of the family Amaryllidaceae.{{sfn|Chase et al.|2009}} It includes three species native to southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay.<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330285-2 ''Ipheion'' Raf.] ''Plants of the World Online''. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</ref>

== Description == They are small bulbous perennials with narrow grass-like leaves and honey-scented star-shaped flowers in spring, usually in shades of white or pale blue.{{sfn|RHS|2008}} The genus occurs naturally in Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, although ''Ipheion uniflorum'' has naturalized elsewhere.

== Taxonomy ==

=== History === The genus was originally described in 1836 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, based on ''Ipheion uniflorum'', separating it from ''Milla uniflora'' Graham (now ''Tristagma'').{{sfn|Rafinesque|1836|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191#page/140/mode/1up Part Two, Cent. I, p. 12. 10 Ipheion R.]}} The original description was unifloral inflorescences with white flowers, spathe formed by one bifid bract, staminal filaments independently fused to the perigonial tube and the fruit being a clavate trilocular capsule.

[[File:Tristagma uniflorum Lindley1837.jpg|thumb|''Ipheion uniflorum'', by John Lindley 1837 (as ''Triteleia uniflorum'')]] The name then disappeared for more than a century and at various times the species have been included under other related genera (''Milla'', ''Tristagma'', ''Brodiaea'' (including ''Hookera''), ''Leucocoryne'', ''Nothoscordum'', ''Triteleia'' and ''Beauverdia''). Several of these genera are now in a completely different but related family (Themidaceae). The closest of these genera to ''Ipheion'' is actually ''Tristagma''. For instance in 1837, at the same time as Rafinesque's description, ''Ipheion uniflorum'' was described by John Lindley in the ''Botanical Register'' as ''Triteleia uniflora'' Lindl. (see illustration)

In 1908, Beauverd placed ''Ipheion uniflorum'' in a new section of ''Nothoscordum'', ''Nothoscordum'' section ''uniflora'' Beauv. as ''Nothoscordum uniflorum'' Baker (without attributing Rafinesque), along with four other species.{{sfn|Beauverd|1908}} However the name ''Ipheion'' did not appear again until 1943. In that year Herter elevated ''Nothoscordum'' section ''uniflora'' to the rank of genus, as ''Beauverdia''.{{sfn|Herter|1943}} Later that same year Stearn pointed out that the name ''Ipheion'' had precedence and described the genus with nine species under that name.{{sfn|Stearn|1943a}}{{sfn|Stearn|1943b}}{{sfn|Sassone|2014}}{{sfn|Vigneron|2015}}{{sfn|Howard|2001|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9BvxFbG_jGsC&pg=PA29 ''Ipheion'' Rafinesque 1836 pp. 29–31]}}

There has been constant uncertainty as to the limits of the genus.{{sfn|Sassone|2014}} At one stage it included 23 species in two sections,{{sfn|Traub|Moldenke|1955}} at other times it was completely absorbed into other genera such as ''Tristagma''. Those species with yellow flowers were returned to ''Nothoscordum''. In 1972 Guaglianone separated it again from ''Tristagma'' and divided it into two sections, ''Hirtellum'' and ''Ipheion''. At that time it consisted of eight species in Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and central Chile.

=== Familial circumscription === Lindley included ''Ipheion'' (as ''Triteleia'') under the family Liliaceae, a pattern that remained until 1926, when Hutchinson moved parts of that family to Amaryllidaceae, as tribe Gilesieae,{{sfn|Hutchinson|1926}} an arrangement that has largely persisted since.

=== Phylogenetics === In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the ''rbcL'' gene{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} created the Gilliesioideae, as one of three subfamilies within Alliaceae. As phylogenetically constructed, Gilliesioideae (Gilliesioideae (Lindl.) Am., Botany: 134. 1832 - Gilliesieae Lindl. in Bot. Reg.: ad t. 992. 1826.) consisted of those New World Alliaceae not included in the other two subfamilies, which included both the former Gilliesieae together with ''Ipheion'', ''Leucocoryne'', ''Nothoscordum'', and ''Tristagma''. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae ''sensu stricto'' (''s.s.'').{{sfn|APG|1998}}

This construction of Gilliesioideae, implicitly recognised that it was composed of two groups or tribes, informally referred to as Ipheieae and Gilliesieae. The Ipheieae were actinomorphic, and included ''Ipheion'', ''Nothoscordum'', ''Leucocoryne'' ''s.l.'' (including ''Pabellonia'' and ''Stemmatium'').{{sfn|Fay|Rudall|Chase|2006}} Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that ''Ipheion'' was not monophyletic but rather biphyletic with some species clustering with ''Tristagma'', and others with ''Nothoscordum'' (Fay 2006) although the division into sections was later supported.{{sfn|Sassone|2014}} Research published in 2010 suggests that although related to genera such as ''Tristagma'' and ''Nothoscordum'', it is a distinct genus of 3 species.{{sfn|Souza et al.|2010}} However, other sources do not recognize the genus, placing all the ''Ipheion'' species in ''Tristagma''.{{sfn|WCSPF|2015}}

''Ipheion'' section ''Hirtellum'' was raised to genus rank in 2014 under the older name of ''Beauverdia'', with four species found in Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay. This corresponds to Group 3 of Sassone ''et al.'' 2013.{{sfn|Sassone|2014}} This leaves ''Ipheion'' section ''Ipheion ''representing the genus, but further work is required.{{sfn|Sassone|2013}} This cluster (Group 2 in the cladistic analysis of Sassone ''et al.'' 2013) which clusters with ''Tristagma'' may either be an independent genus, or a section of the latter genus. These are the three species listed here.{{sfn|Sassone|2013}}

===Species=== Three species are accepted.<ref name = powo/> * ''Ipheion recurvifolium'' {{small|(C.H.Wright) Traub}} – northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay * ''Ipheion tweedieanum'' {{small|(Baker) Traub}} – northeastern Argentina and Uruguay * ''Ipheion uniflorum'' {{small|(Graham) Raf.}} – spring starflower, north-central Argentina and Uruguay

====Species formerly placed in this genus==== Other species formerly placed in ''Ipheion'' have been transferred to ''Nothoscordum'' or ''Tristagma'':{{sfn|WCSPF|2015}} * ''Ipheion ameghinoi'' (Speg.) Traub = ''Tristagma ameghinoi'' (Speg.) Speg. * ''Ipheion bivalve'' (Hook. ex Lindl.) Traub = ''Tristagma bivalve'' (Hook. ex Lindl.) Traub * ''Ipheion brevipes'' (Kuntze) Traub = ''Tristagma brevipes'' (Kuntze) Traub * ''Ipheion circinatum'' (Sandwith) Traub = ''Tristagma circinatum'' (Sandwith) Traub * ''Ipheion dialystemon'' Guagl. = ''Nothoscordum dialystemon'' (Guagl.) Crosa * ''Ipheion felipponei'' (Beauverd) Traub = ''Nothoscordum felipponei'' Beauverd * ''Ipheion gracile'' (Phil.) Traub = ''Tristagma gracile'' (Phil.) Traub * ''Ipheion hirtellum'' (Kunth) Traub = ''Nothoscordum hirtellum'' (Kunth) Herter * ''Ipheion lloydiiflorum'' (Beauverd) Traub = ''Nothoscordum vittatum'' (Griseb.) Ravenna * ''Ipheion lorentzii'' (Herter) Traub = ''Nothoscordum hirtellum'' subsp. ''lorentzii'' {{small|(Herter) Ravenna}} * ''Ipheion nivale'' (Poepp.) Traub = ''Tristagma nivale'' Poepp. * ''Ipheion patagonicum'' (Baker) Traub = ''Tristagma patagonicum'' (Baker) Traub * ''Ipheion poeppigianum'' (Gay) Traub = ''Tristagma poeppigianum'' (Gay) Traub * ''Ipheion porrifolium'' (Poepp.) Traub = ''Tristagma porrifolium'' (Poepp.) Traub * ''Ipheion recurvifolium'' (C.H.Wright) Traub = ''Tristagma sessile'' (Phil.) Traub * ''Ipheion sellowianum'' (Kunth) Traub = ''Nothoscordum felipponei'' Beauverd * ''Ipheion setaceum'' (Baker) Traub = ''Nothoscordum setaceum'' (Baker) Ravenna * ''Ipheion spegazzinii'' (Macloskie) Traub = ''Tristagma patagonicum'' (Baker) Traub * ''Ipheion subsessile'' (Beauverd) Traub = ''Nothoscordum hirtellum'' subsp. ''hirtellum'' {{small|(Kunth) Herter}} * ''Ipheion violaceum'' (Kunth) Traub = ''Tristagma bivalve'' (Hook. ex Lindl.) Traub * ''Ipheion viridius'' (Killip) Traub = ''Tristagma patagonicum'' (Baker) Traub * ''Ipheion vittatum'' (Griseb.) Traub = ''Nothoscordum vittatum'' (Griseb.) Ravenna

== Uses == ''Ipheion uniflorum'' is widely used as an ornamental garden plant in the Americas, Africa, Australia and Europe.

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{Refbegin|30em}} === General === * {{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Thad M. |title=Bulbs: From Warm Climates |date=2001 |publisher=University of Texas |location=Austin |isbn=978-0292731264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BvxFbG_jGsC |access-date=23 January 2015 }} * {{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136|ref={{harvid|RHS|2008}}}} * {{cite book |title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production |year=2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC |editor1-first=Rina |editor1-last=Kamenetsky |editor2-first=Hiroshi |editor2-last=Okubo |ref={{harvid|Kamenetsky|2012}} |name-list-style=amp }}

==== Systematics ==== * {{cite book|first=Constantine Samuel|last=Rafinesque|title=The Synoptical Flora Telluriana, With new Natural Classes, Orders and families: containing the 2000 New or revised Genera and Species of Trees, Palms, Shrubs, Vines, Plants, Lilies, Grasses, Ferns, Algas, Fungi, & c. from North and South America, Polynesia, Australia, Asia Europe and Africa, omitted or mistaken by the authors, that were observed or ascertained, described or revised, collected or figured, between 1796 and 1836|date=1836|publisher=H. Probasco|location=Philadelphia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32191|access-date=24 January 2015}} * {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. Volume 1: Monocotyledonae|date=1926|edition=1|publisher=Macmillan|title-link=Monocotyledon}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=J|title=The tribe ''Gilliesieae'' of ''Amaryllidaceae''|journal=Herbertia|date=1939|volume=6|pages=136–145}} * {{cite journal |last=Stearn |first=W.T. |date=September 1943 |title=The Welsh Onion and the Ever-ready Onion |journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle |series=Third Series |volume=114|pages=86–88|ref={{harvid|Stearn|1943b}}}} * {{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Herbert F.J.|title=Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliiflorae|journal=Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. [Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München]|year=1969|volume=8|pages=219–538|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/639/mode/1up|access-date=10 February 2015}} * {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=Rolf M.T. |last2=Clifford |first2=H. Trevor |last3=Yeo |first3=Peter F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren |title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC |isbn=978-3-642-64903-5 |access-date=10 February 2014 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=M.F. |last2=Chase |first2=M.W. |date=1996 |title=Resurrection of Themidaceae for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Agapanthoideae |journal=Taxon |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=441–451 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.2307/1224136|jstor=1224136 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–53 |jstor=2992015 |ref={{harvid|APG|1998}} |doi=10.2307/2992015 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/2234 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=M.F. |last2=Rudall |first2=P.J. |last3=Chase |first3=M.W. |date=2006 |title=Molecular Studies of Subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae) |journal=Aliso |volume=22 |pages=367–371 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.30 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal|last1=Chase|first1=Mark W.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|last3=Fay|first3=Michael F.|name-list-style=amp |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=October 2009|volume=161|issue=2|pages=132–136|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|ref={{harvid|Chase et al.|2009}}|doi-access=free}}

=== ''Ipheion'' === * {{cite journal |last1=Sassone |first1=Agostina B. |last2=Giussani |first2=Liliana M. |last3=Guaglianone| first3=Encarnación Rosa |title=Multivariate studies of ''Ipheion'' (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) and related genera |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=30 April 2013 |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=1561–1575 |doi=10.1007/s00606-013-0819-5 |bibcode=2013PSyEv.299.1561S |s2cid=1843811 |ref={{harvid|Sassone|2013}} |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11336/18970 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Guaglianone |first=E.R. |date=1972 |title=Sinopsis de las especies de ''Ipheion'' Raf. y ''Nothoscordum'' Kunth (Liliáceas) de Entre Ríos y regiones vecinas |journal=Darwiniana |volume=17 |pages=159–242 |jstor= 23215044}} * {{cite journal |last1=Traub |first1=H.P. |last2=Moldenke |first2=H.N. |date=1955 |title=The genus ''Ipheion'': diagnosis, key to species and synonymy |journal=Plant Life (Stanford) |volume=11 |pages=125–130 |name-list-style=amp }} * {{Citation|title=''Ipheion''|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=279339|access-date=2015-01-05|ref={{harvid|WCSPF|2015}}}} * {{cite web |title=''Ipheion'' |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Ipheion/ |work=The Plant List |access-date=2015-01-23 }} * {{cite web |title=IPNI Plant Name Query Results for ''Ipheion'' |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Ipheion |access-date=2015-01-23 }} * {{Citation|last1=Souza |first1=L.G.R |last2=Crosa |first2=O. |last3=Guerra |first3=M. |year=2010 |title=Karyological circumscription of ''Ipheion'' Rafinesque (Gilliesioideae, Alliaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=287 |issue=3–4 |pages=119–27|name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1007/s00606-010-0304-3|bibcode=2010PSyEv.287..119S |s2cid=21914243 |ref={{harvid|Souza et al.|2010}}}} * {{cite web|last1=Vigneron|first1=Pascal|title=''Ipheion''|url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Ipheion/index.htm|website=Amaryllidaceae.org|access-date=24 January 2015|language=French|ref={{harvid|Vigneron|2015}}|archive-date=6 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206221422/http://amaryllidaceae.org/Ipheion/index.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal |last=Stearn |first=W.T. |date=August 1943 |title= ''Ipheion uniflorum'' (Syns. ''Triteleia'', ''Milla'', ''Brodiaea'' and ''Beauverdia uniflora'')|journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle |series=Third Series |volume=114 |pages=60–61|ref={{harvid|Stearn|1943a}}}} * {{cite web|last1=Keator|first1=Glenn|title=''Ipheion''|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8349,8588|publisher=Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley|access-date=24 January 2015|date=1993}} * {{cite web|title=Spring Starflower; or, Springstar|url=http://www.paghat.com/ipheion.html|website=Paghat's Garden|access-date=25 January 2015}}

=== Related genera === * {{cite journal |last1=Sassone |first1=Agostina B. |last2=Giussani |first2=Liliana M. |last3=Guaglianone |first3=Encarnación R. |title=''Beauverdia'', a Resurrected Genus of Amaryllidaceae (Allioideae, Gilliesieae) |journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 July 2014 |volume=39| issue=3 |pages=767–775 |doi=10.1600/036364414X681527 |s2cid=86287897 |ref={{harvid|Sassone|2014}} |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11336/19039 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Herter |first=W.G. |date=1943 |title=''Beauverdia'' genus novum Liliacearum |journal=Boissiera |volume=7 |pages=505–512 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Beauverd|first1=Gustave Beauverd|title=Nouvelles espèces uruguayennes du genre ''Nothoscordum'' Kunth|journal=Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier|series=Second Series|volume=VIII|pages=993–1007|date=1908|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/1071/mode/1up|access-date=24 January 2015}} {{Refend}}

Category:Amaryllidaceae genera Category:Flora of Southern America Category:Allioideae Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque