{{Short description|Dinosaurs in sci-fi media franchise}} {{Italic title|string=Jurassic Park}} [[File:Jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-dinosaurs-wallpaper-2.webp|thumb|400x400px|Promotional image for ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'' featuring multiple dinosaurs from the 2018 film.]] ''Jurassic Park'', later also referred to as ''Jurassic World'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Wakeman |first=Gregory |title=Colin Trevorrow had to persuade Steven Spielberg to rename 'Jurassic Park' franchise 'Jurassic World' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/colin-trevorrow-steven-spielberg-jurassic-world-154529026.html |website=Yahoo! |date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> is an American science fiction media franchise. It focuses on the cloning of prehistoric animals (mainly non-avian dinosaurs) through ancient DNA extracted from mosquitoes that have been fossilized in amber. The franchise explores the ethics of cloning and genetic engineering and the morals behind de-extinction, commercialization of science, and animal cruelty.
The franchise began in 1990 with the release of Michael Crichton's novel ''Jurassic Park''. A 1993 film adaptation, also titled ''Jurassic Park'', was directed by Steven Spielberg. Crichton then wrote a sequel novel, ''The Lost World'' (1995), and Spielberg directed its film adaptation, ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' (1997). Additional films have been released since then, including ''Jurassic Park III'' in 2001, completing the original trilogy of films.
The fourth installment, ''Jurassic World'', was released in 2015, marking the start of a new trilogy. Its sequel, ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', was released in 2018. ''Jurassic World Dominion'', released in 2022, marks the conclusion of the second trilogy. A standalone sequel, ''Jurassic World Rebirth'', was released in 2025. Two ''Jurassic World'' short films have also been released: ''Battle at Big Rock'' (2019) and a ''Jurassic World Dominion'' prologue (2021).
Theropod dinosaurs like ''Tyrannosaurus'' and ''Velociraptor'' have had major roles throughout the film series. Other species, including ''Brachiosaurus'' and ''Spinosaurus'', have also played significant roles. The series has also featured other creatures, such as ''Mosasaurus'' and members of the pterosaur group, both commonly misidentified by the public as dinosaurs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Kyle |title=The Best Dinosaur in the Jurassic World Trailer Isn't Actually a Dinosaur |url=https://archive.nerdist.com/the-best-dinosaur-in-the-jurassic-world-trailer-isnt-actually-a-dinosaur/ |website=Nerdist |access-date=September 27, 2020 |date=November 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name=BI>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Ian |title=Here's how the 'Jurassic World' dinosaurs looked in real life |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-world-dinosaurs-in-real-life-2015-6 |access-date=September 27, 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Forbes>{{cite web |last=Montanari |first=Shaena |title=A Paleontologist Reviews 'Jurassic World' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shaenamontanari/2015/06/12/a-paleontologist-reviews-jurassic-world/ |website=Forbes |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Paul |title=Jurassic World: What a noted dinosaur expert thinks |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150619-jurassic-a-dino-experts-view |access-date=September 27, 2020 |work=BBC |date=June 18, 2015}}</ref> The various creatures in the films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI). For the first three films, the animatronics were created by special-effects artist Stan Winston and his team, while Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) handled the CGI for the entire series. The first film garnered critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics. Since Winston's death in 2008, the practical dinosaurs have been created by other artists, including Legacy Effects (''Jurassic World''), Neal Scanlan (''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom''), and John Nolan (''Jurassic World Dominion'' and ''Jurassic World Rebirth'').
Paleontologist Jack Horner has served as the longtime scientific advisor on the films, and paleontologist Stephen L. Brusatte was also consulted for ''Jurassic World Dominion'' and ''Jurassic World Rebirth''. The original film was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs. Horner said that it still contained many inaccuracies, such as not portraying dinosaurs as having colorful feathers, but noted that it was not meant as a documentary. Later films in the series contain inaccuracies as well, for entertainment purposes. This includes the films' velociraptors, which are depicted as being larger than their real-life counterparts. In addition, the franchise's method for cloning dinosaurs has been deemed scientifically implausible for a number of reasons.
==On-screen portrayals== The various creatures in the ''Jurassic Park'' and ''Jurassic World'' films were created through a combination of animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI).<ref name=Making/><ref name=Notes/><ref>{{cite web |title=Building a Better Dinosaur with Stan Winston |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/07/18/building-a-better-dinosaur-with-stan-winston |website=IGN |access-date=February 21, 2020 |date=July 18, 2001}}</ref><ref name=Zemler/> For each film, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) has handled dinosaur scenes that required CGI. The company has studied large animals such as elephants and rhinos, for reference in designing the digital dinosaurs.<ref name="Earl doc"/><ref name=back/><ref name=Interviews/><ref name=USA-Dinos/><ref name=Prod-info>{{cite web|title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom–Production Information|url=https://jurassicoutpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Jurassic-World-Fallen-Kingdom-Production-Information.pdf|date=May 2018|publisher=Universal Pictures |pages=2–4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 21, 26, 28, 30–34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516065841/https://jurassicoutpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Jurassic-World-Fallen-Kingdom-Production-Information.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>
===''Jurassic Park'' films (1993–2001)=== For the original 1993 film ''Jurassic Park'', director Steven Spielberg wanted to use practical dinosaurs as much as possible.<ref name=Sears>{{cite news |last=Sears |first=Rufus |title=How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park/ |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=Empire |date=August 1993}}</ref> He chose special-effects artist Stan Winston to create animatronic dinosaurs for the film, after seeing his work on the Queen Alien in the 1986 film ''Aliens''. Winston said the Queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic: "The queen was exoskeletal, so all of its surfaces were hard. There were no muscles, no flesh, and there was no real weight to it. The alien queen also didn't have to look like a real, organic animal because it was a fictional character -- so there was nothing in real life to compare it to. There was just no comparison in the difficulty level of building that alien queen and building a full-size dinosaur". Winston's team spent much time perfecting the animatronics,<ref name=CNET>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/making-the-dinosaurs-of-jurassic-park-pictures/ |website=CNET |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=April 10, 2013}}</ref> which used metal skeletons powered by electric motors.<ref name=Browne>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Film; Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/movies/film-visiting-jurassic-park-for-real.html |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref> They molded latex skin that was then fitted over the robotic models, forming the exterior appearance.<ref name="Earl doc"/> Up to 20 puppeteers were required to operate some of the dinosaurs. After filming concluded, most of the animatronics were disassembled.<ref name=Browne/> thumb|Dinosaur Input Device used in the first film For certain scenes, Spielberg had considered using go motion dinosaurs created by visual-effects artist Phil Tippett. Spielberg was disappointed with the results and opted for ILM's digital dinosaurs instead, although Tippett and his team of animators remained with the project to supervise the dinosaur movements.<ref name="Earl doc"/><ref name=Sears/> Tippett and ILM worked together to create the Dinosaur Input Device (DID), a robot shaped like a dinosaur skeleton. The DID included an array of sensors that captured various poses, which were then transferred into graphics software at ILM.<ref name=EWGuide/><ref>{{cite news |last=Gray Painter |first=Alysia |title=Dino-Cool 'Jurassic Park' Tech Will Go on Display in LA |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/the-scene/dino-cool-jurassic-park-tech-will-go-on-display-in-la/2509567/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=NBC |date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> Animatics and storyboards by Tippett were also used by the film crew as reference for action sequences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> ILM based their CGI dinosaurs on Winston's models.<ref name=Sears/> Herds of dinosaurs were created through computer animation, using duplicate individuals which were slightly altered to give the illusion of multiple animals.<ref name=Browne/> The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI animals.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |last1=Effron |first1=Lauren |last2=Gowen |first2=Gwen |title='Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/jurassic-park-turns-25-scenes-moments-iconic-summer/story?id=55332468 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |work=ABC |date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Wow/><ref>{{cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-park-special-effects/ |website=/Film |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=June 16, 2014}}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' received critical acclaim for its innovations in CGI technology and animatronics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jurassic_park/ |title=Jurassic Park (1993) |work=Rotten Tomatoes |date=11 June 1993 |publisher=Fandango Media|access-date=September 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rex n' Effects |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 18, 1993 |url=https://ew.com/article/1993/06/18/rex-n-effects/ |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013204922/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306929,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Freer, Ian |title=The 15 Most Influential Films Of Our Lifetime |page=120 |work=Empire |date=April 30, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shone |first=Tom |title=Blockbuster: How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer |date=2004 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-3568-1 |pages=213, 217}}</ref> Among adults, the film generated an interest in dinosaurs,<ref>{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |title=20 years later, 'Jurassic Park' reopens in 3-D |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/04/03/jurassic-park-3d/1996081/ |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=USA Today |date=April 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Feltman |first1=Rachel |last2=Ohlheiser |first2=Abby |title=Why paleontologists love the noisy, featherless, inaccurate dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/06/13/why-paleontologists-love-jurassic-parks-noisy-featherless-inaccurate-dinosaurs/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 13, 2015}}</ref> and it increased interest in the field of paleontology.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Wired/><ref>{{cite web |title=Many Paleontologists Today Are Part Of The 'Jurassic Park' Generation |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/10/627782777/many-paleontologists-today-are-part-of-the-jurassic-park-generation |website=NPR |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=July 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Woodward/>
Winston and his team returned for the 1997 sequel, ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'', although the film relied more on CGI by ILM.<ref name=find/> The film features 75 computer-generated shots.<ref name=Interviews/> While the first film showed that dinosaurs could be adequately recreated through special effects, the sequel raised the question of what could be done with the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/notes_prod2.html|title= Encore section|website=Lost-World.com |access-date= November 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Starlog/><ref>{{cite web |title=Making Info |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_overview.html |website=Lost-World.com |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712103648/http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_overview.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Winston said, "I wanted to show the world what they didn't see in 'Jurassic Park': more dinosaurs and more dinosaur action. 'More, bigger, better' was our motto".<ref name=LA>{{cite news|last=Crisafulli|first=Chuck|title=How to Build a Better Dino|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-11-ca-57544-story.html|access-date=May 19, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 11, 1997|pages=1–3}}</ref> Technology had not advanced much since the first film, although director Spielberg said that "the artistry of the creative computer people" had advanced: "There's better detail, much better lighting, better muscle tone and movement in the animals. When a dinosaur transfers weight from his left side to his right, the whole movement of fat and sinew is smoother, more physiologically correct".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986365,00.html|title= Cinema: I Wanted to See a T. rex Stomping Down a Street|last= Ressner|first= Jeffrey|date= May 19, 1997|magazine= Time|access-date= November 12, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Besides animatronics, Winston's team also painted maquettes of dinosaurs that would subsequently be created through CGI.<ref name=Making/>
Spielberg served as executive producer for each subsequent film.<ref name=Time>{{cite magazine |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |title=The Real Scientific History Behind the 'Jurassic Park' Dinosaurs |url=https://time.com/5313949/real-dinosaurs-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-jurassic-park-fact-check-checking-history/ |magazine=Time |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 22, 2018 |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116232936/https://time.com/5313949/real-dinosaurs-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-jurassic-park-fact-check-checking-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ILM and Winston returned for the 2001 film ''Jurassic Park III'', directed by Joe Johnston. Winston's animatronics were more advanced than those used in previous films;<ref name=Might/><ref>{{cite news |title=Macy Gets Fired Up Over Jurassic Park Dinosaurs |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-07-06-0107030719-story.html |access-date=February 21, 2020 |work=Zap2It |date=July 6, 2001}}</ref> they included the ability to blink, adding to the sense of realism.<ref name=CT/> Animatronics were used for close-up shots.<ref name=Might/> Winston's team took approximately 13 months to design and create the practical dinosaurs.<ref name=Berry/> The team also created dinosaur sculptures, which were then scanned by ILM to create the computer-generated versions of the animals.<ref name=making-III/>
===''Jurassic World'' films (2015–present)=== Winston planned to return for a fourth film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/12/status-of-jurassic-park-iv |title=Status of Jurassic Park IV |publisher=IGN.com |date=April 11, 2005 |access-date=November 1, 2014 |first=Paul |last=Davidson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102021242/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/12/status-of-jurassic-park-iv |archive-date=November 2, 2014}}</ref> which was ultimately released in 2015 as ''Jurassic World''.<ref name=June11/> Winston, who had been planning more-advanced special effects for the project,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/cgibin/archive/fullnews.cgi?newsid1050297871,28882, |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030422211501/http://www.comingsoon.net/cgi-bin/archive/fullnews.cgi?newsid1050297871%2C28882%2C |title=Stan Winston Talks Jurassic Park IV! |publisher=.ComingSoon.net |date=April 14, 2003 |archive-date=April 22, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> died in 2008 before the start of filming. Legacy Effects, founded by former members of Stan Winston Studios, provided an animatronic dinosaur for ''Jurassic World''.<ref name=SeeHow/><ref name=June11/> Otherwise, the film's creatures were largely created through CGI, provided by ILM and Image Engine.<ref name=fxguide/><ref name=USA-Dinos/> New technology, such as subsurface scattering, allowed for greater detail in the creatures' skin and muscle tissue.<ref name=fxguide/> According to ''Jurassic World'' director Colin Trevorrow, the film's animals were created from scratch because "technology has changed so much that everything is a rebuild".<ref name=Truly/> Some of the computer-generated creatures were created with motion capture, using human actors to perform the animals' movements.<ref name=June11/><ref name=slashvisit>{{cite web|title=50 Things I Learned on the Set of Jurassic World (page 4) |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-set-visit/4/ |work=/Film |date=April 28, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150622090557/http://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-set-visit/4/ |archive-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref> ''Jurassic World'' was the first dinosaur film to use motion capture technology.<ref name=Turney/> Trevorrow included several dinosaurs in the film that he had always felt were deserving of a prominent scene: "I didn't want to just throw the kitchen sink at it. Each of these movies has done a good job at just very carefully, in a measured way, increasing the new dinosaurs that you see".<ref name=Truly/>
ILM returned for the 2018 sequel, ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', which featured animatronics by special-effects artist Neal Scanlan. The film has more dinosaurs than any previous film,<ref>{{cite news|last=Weintraub|first=Steve|title=Colin Trevorrow Says 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' is 'The Impossible' Meets 'The Orphanage' with Dinosaurs|url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-story-details/|access-date=December 9, 2017|work=Collider|date=December 8, 2017}}</ref> including several new ones not seen before.<ref name=Zemler/> ''Fallen Kingdom'' also has more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel,<ref name=MoreAnimatronic>{{cite news|last=Anderton|first=Ethan|title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any 'Jurassic Park' Sequel|url= https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-animatronic-dinosaurs/|access-date=April 23, 2018|work=/Film|date=April 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Trumbore|first=Dave|title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Behind-the-Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs|url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-behind-the-scenes-video/|access-date=December 9, 2017|work=Collider|date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> and the animatronics were more advanced than in previous films.<ref name=MoreAnimatronic/> ''Fallen Kingdom'' director J.A. Bayona said animatronics "are very helpful on set, especially for the actors so they have something to perform against. There's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real".<ref name=Zemler/>
Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for ''Fallen Kingdom'',<ref name=Prod-info/> which features close interaction between humans and dinosaurs.<ref name=Prod-info/><ref>{{cite news|last=Evangelista|first=Chris|title=New 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T-Rex|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/fallen-kingdom-featurette/|access-date=May 26, 2018|work=/Film|date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> Scanlan and his team of 35 people spent more than eight months working on the dinosaurs.<ref>{{cite news |last=King |first=Darryn |title=In 'Jurassic World,' Old-School Effects Make a Comeback |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-jurassic-world-old-school-effects-make-a-comeback-1528896399 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> Scanlan said animatronics were not best for every scene: "In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule; you have to take time to film with an animatronic. In the balance, we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way, or as a post-production effect".<ref name=Prod-info/> Unlike the previous film, ILM determined that motion capture technology would not be adequate for depicting the dinosaurs in ''Fallen Kingdom''.<ref name=AWN>{{cite web |last=Robertson |first=Barbara |date=July 3, 2018 |title=How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' |url=https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/how-ilm-blended-practical-and-digital-effects-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom |work=Animation World Network |access-date= July 5, 2018}}</ref>
The 2019 ''Jurassic World'' short film, ''Battle at Big Rock'', utilized CGI and reference maquettes by ILM,<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the Magic: Battle at Big Rock |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWA2cpDYWl4 |website=Industrial Light & Magic |access-date=October 30, 2019 |date=October 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Trevorrow |first=Colin |title=Reference Maquettes by ILM |user=colintrevorrow|number=1173964057637834752 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |date=September 17, 2019}}</ref> and an animatronic by Legacy Effects.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Trevorrow |first=Colin |title=Animatronic by John Rosengrant @LegacyEffects |user=colintrevorrow |number=1173964074851295233 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |date=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
Trevorrow returned as director for the 2022 film ''Jurassic World Dominion'', which used more animatronics than the previous ''Jurassic World'' films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Hayley |title=Jurassic World: Dominion Will Use More Practical Effects Than Previous Films |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/jurassic-world-dominion-will-use-more-practical-ef/1100-6480130/ |website=GameSpot |access-date=July 24, 2020 |date=July 23, 2020 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724133518/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/jurassic-world-dominion-will-use-more-practical-ef/1100-6480130/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 18 animatronics of varying sizes were created,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |title=Colin Trevorrow teases 'Jurassic World: Dominion' as 'a culmination of six movies' |url=https://ew.com/movies/jurassic-world-dominion-imax-teaser-colin-trevorrow-culmination-6-movies/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=June 10, 2021 |date=June 9, 2021}}</ref> by John Nolan. The dinosaurs were designed by production designer Kevin Jenkins,<ref name=Syfy2022/> who created miniature clay maquettes that were then scanned by ILM, which made alterations before sending the digital models to Nolan for 3D printing.<ref name=Hogg/><ref name=Supe/> In a departure from previous films, the dinosaurs were made of recyclable materials.<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Chris |title=Case Study – Jurassic World: Dominion |url=https://www.kftv.com/news/2021/10/29/case-study-jurassic-world-dominion |website=Kemps Film TV Video |access-date=November 24, 2021 |date=October 29, 2021}}</ref> ILM created 900 CGI dinosaur shots for ''Dominion'',<ref name=Desowitz/> and also produced various CGI dinosaurs for the film's five-minute prologue, released in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailu |first=Selome |title='Jurassic World: Dominion' Prologue: T-Rex Crashes Drive-In Movie Theater in Special Footage |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/jurassic-world-dominion-prologue-1235118244/ |website=Variety |access-date=November 24, 2021 |date=November 23, 2021}}</ref>
The 2025 film ''Jurassic World Rebirth'', directed by Gareth Edwards, had a limited pre-production period compared with previous installments. As a result, ILM had only six weeks to finalize new dinosaur designs.<ref name=prod/> The limited production time meant that animatronics could not be heavily utilized,<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Jurassic World Rebirth Is Missing One Vital Element That Improved Every Other Movie In The Series |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1901773/jurassic-world-rebirth-missing-viral-element-series/ |website=/Film |access-date=July 14, 2025 |date=July 3, 2025}}</ref> although on-set materials were still used to aid the actors. Nolan returned to create practical dinosaur parts, including heads and claws. These were then replaced with CGI during post-production, as Edwards wanted to maintain consistency on the dinosaur designs by avoiding an on-screen combination of production methods.<ref name=prod>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World Rebirth production notes |url=https://dam.gettyimages.com/viewer/universal/hgqs7mmjhq245rr4qw8pp4 |website=Universal Pictures |date=May 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602160250/https://assets.dam.gettyimages.com/hgqs7mmjhq245rr4qw8pp4/v/1267451419/original/JURASSIC%20WORLD%20REBIRTH_PRODUCTION%20INFORMATION_APPROVED.docx?dl=true&Expires=1748895792&KeyName=gcs-bfldr-prod&Signature=-msiXAtWaCipy2jdAAVT2gZv0QU= |archive-date=June 2, 2025 |pages=30–37 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Scientific accuracy== ===Premise=== The franchise's premise involves the cloning of dinosaurs through ancient DNA, extracted from mosquitoes that sucked the blood of such animals and were then fossilized in amber, preserving the DNA. Later research showed that this would not be possible due to the degradation of DNA over time.<ref name=Time/><ref>{{cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=Scientists Show That Jurassic Park-Style Dinosaur Cloning Couldn't Happen |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/09/14/scientists-demonstrate-that-jurassic-park-couldnt-happen/ |website=Forbes |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=September 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Smithsonian/><ref>{{cite web |last=Wu |first=Katherine J. |title=Five Ways Real Science Would Make the New Jurassic World So Much Better |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/five-ways-science-would-make-new-jurassic-world-better-180969303/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Jackson |title=No, Elon Musk's Neuralink doesn't have tech to 'build Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/no-elon-musks-neuralink-doesnt-have-tech-to-build-jurassic-park/ |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=CNET |date=April 8, 2021}}</ref> The oldest DNA ever found only dated back approximately 1 million years, whereas non-avian dinosaurs died 66 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Cassidy |title=Could you keep Jurassic Park dinosaurs alive in today's world? Science says... |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/jurassic-park-dinosaurs-alive |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=Syfy Wire |date=September 23, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Duggins>{{cite news |last=Duggins |first=Alexi |title=Reality bites: Could Jurassic Park actually happen? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/feb/22/reality-bites-could-jurassic-park-actually-happen |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> It is also unlikely that dinosaur DNA would survive a mosquito's digestive process, and fragments of DNA would not be nearly enough to recreate a dinosaur.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brookes |first=Martin |title=Review : First, find your dinosaur flesh |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420795-100-review-first-find-your-dinosaur-flesh/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=New Scientist |date=April 26, 1997}}</ref><ref name=Long>{{cite news |last=Long |first=John |title=Creating dinosaurs: why Jurassic World could never work |url=https://theconversation.com/creating-dinosaurs-why-jurassic-world-could-never-work-35484 |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=The Conversation |date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> In addition, the type of mosquito shown in the first film, ''Toxorhynchites rutilus'', does not actually suck blood.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sterbenz |first=Christina |title=Mosquito Expert Calls Out A Big Problem In The Plot Of Jurassic Park |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-park-mosquito-doesnt-suck-blood-2013-7 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=July 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ross |first=John |title=Mosquito fossil 'won't yield dino DNA' |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/mosquito-fossil-wont-yield-dino-dna/news-story/69f714fbdfe3355114985d61981a6b7f |access-date=September 30, 2020 |work=The Australian |date=October 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The dino-sized scientific issues behind 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dino-sized-scientific-issues-behind-jurassic-park-943442 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |work=Newsweek |date=May 28, 2018}}</ref>
The premise presents other issues as well.<ref>{{cite news |last=Black |first=Riley |title=An Australian Jurassic Park? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/an-australian-jurassic-park-13955495/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> Michael Crichton's 1990 novel ''Jurassic Park'' and its film adaptation both explain that gene sequence gaps were filled in with frog DNA, although this would not result in a true dinosaur,<ref name=SA/> as frogs and dinosaurs are not genetically similar.<ref name=Long/> Furthermore, the novel uses artificial eggs to grow the dinosaurs, while the film uses ostrich eggs, although neither would be suitable for development.<ref name=SA>{{cite web |last1=Griffin |first1=Darren |last2=O'Connor |first2=Rebecca |title=Jurassic World: Can We Really Resurrect a Dinosaur? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jurassic-world-can-we-really-resurrect-a-dinosaur/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=September 30, 2020 |date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
At the time of the first film's release, Spielberg said he considered the premise to be "science eventuality" rather than science fiction, although Crichton disagreed: "It never crossed my mind that it was possible. From the first moment of publication, I was astonished by the degree to which it was taken seriously in scientific circles".<ref name=Browne/> Microbiologists at the time also considered the premise to be implausible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=In New Spielberg Film, a Dim View of Science |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/11/science/in-new-spielberg-film-a-dim-view-of-science.html |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=May 11, 1993}}</ref> The film's dinosaur consultant, paleontologist Jack Horner, said in 2018: "Even if we had dinosaur DNA, we don't know how to actually form an animal just from DNA. The animal cloning that we do these days is with a live cell. We don't have any dinosaur live cells. The whole business of having a dinosaur is a lot of fiction".<ref name=Cahlan/> Horner has instead proposed that a "Chickenosaurus" may be possible, by altering a chicken's DNA.<ref name=Duggins/><ref>{{cite web |last=Blitz |first=Matt |title=The Real Science of Bringing Back the Dinosaurs |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a21622026/jurassic-world-how-to-clone-a-dinosaur/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=November 24, 2021 |date=June 20, 2018}}</ref>
===Dinosaurs=== In creating ''Jurassic Park'', Spielberg wanted to accurately portray the dinosaurs,<ref name="Earl doc"/> and Horner was hired to achieve this goal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Sonia |title=Science on Screen: Interview with Jack Horner, Jurassic World |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2718/science-on-screen-interview-with-jack-horner-jurassic-world |date=June 14, 2016 |website=Sloan Science & Film |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> Tippett, a dinosaur enthusiast, also helped to keep the portrayals realistic.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halton |first=Mary |title=Does Jurassic Park make scientific sense? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44293060 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=BBC |date=June 4, 2018}}</ref> The film followed the theory that dinosaurs had evolved into birds,<ref name="Earl doc"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Montanari |first=Shaena |title=What We've Learned About Dinosaurs Since Jurassic Park Came Out |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shaenamontanari/2015/06/08/its-a-jurassic-world-and-we-are-just-living-in-it-the-cinematic-science-of-dinosaurs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> and it was praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs,<ref name=Time/><ref name=Stuck/><ref name=Dumb/><ref name=Stephen>{{cite magazine |last=Kelly |first=Stephen |title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and the long history of dodgy dinos |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-dinosaur-realism |magazine=Wired UK |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> although Horner said that there were still many inaccuracies. However, he noted that the film is not a documentary and said he was "happy with having some fiction thrown in",<ref name=Smithsonian/> stating: "My job was to get a little science into ''Jurassic Park'', but not ruin it".<ref name=Cahlan/> Spielberg sought to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters,<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Darryn |title=Jurassic Park's Dinosaurs: How Realistic Were They? |url=https://www.history.com/news/jurassic-park-dinosaur-special-effects |website=History |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031015424/https://www.history.com/news/jurassic-park-dinosaur-special-effects |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |date=August 26, 2018}}</ref> which changed the public's perception of them, although the sequels would have a deeper focus on rampaging dinosaurs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phipps |first=Keith |title=How Jurassic Park Changed the Way Movies Looked at Dinosaurs |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-jurassic-park-changed-the-way-movies-looked-at-dinosaurs.html |website=Vulture |access-date=June 6, 2021 |date=June 22, 2018}}</ref> Horner said that in reality, "visiting a dinosaur park would be like going to a wild animal park. As long as you keep your windows rolled up, nobody's going to bother you. But that doesn't make a very good movie".<ref name=Cahlan/>
Horner was involved throughout the production process.<ref name=Cahlan>{{cite news |last=Cahlan |first=Sarah |title='Jurassic World': Paleontologist who inspired Alan Grant role talks real-life dino science |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/jurassic-world-paleontologist-who-inspired-alan-grant-role-talks-real-ncna885046 |access-date=June 6, 2021 |work=NBC News |date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> His consulting work included the supervision of the CGI dinosaurs, ensuring that they were life-like and scientifically accurate.<ref name=Browne/> Horner and Spielberg would discuss ways to combine scientific facts with fictional elements, the latter being for entertainment purposes.<ref name=Wrong/> Horner said "if I could demonstrate that something was true or not true, then he would go with that, but if I had some question about it and we didn't really have much evidence about it, he would go with whatever he thought would make the best movie".<ref name=Smithsonian/> Horner returned as a paleontological consultant for the next five films.<ref name=Anderton/> For ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'', Spielberg largely followed Horner's advice regarding dinosaur accuracy, but some exceptions were made. Winston's team closely modelled the dinosaurs based on paleontological facts, or theories in certain cases where facts were not definitively known.<ref name=Making/>
The scientific accuracy of the dinosaurs is referenced in Crichton's novel when Henry Wu, chief geneticist for the dinosaur theme park, notes that the animals are hypothetical reconstructions created with modified DNA.<ref name=Philosophy/> In ''Jurassic Park III'', the character Dr. Alan Grant, a paleontologist, states that the resurrected dinosaurs are not authentic but rather are "genetically engineered theme park monsters".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World May Be the Most Gonzo Dinosaur Movie Ever |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/05/20/jurassic-world-may-be-the-most-gonzo-dinosaur-movie-ever/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195221/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/05/20/jurassic-world-may-be-the-most-gonzo-dinosaur-movie-ever/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=October 12, 2020 |date=May 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Misra |first=Ria |title=The Point People Are Still Missing About Jurassic World |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-point-people-are-still-missing-about-jurassic-world-1665401699 |website=io9 |access-date=October 12, 2020 |date=December 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Philosophy>{{cite book |last1=Michaud |first1=Nicolas |last2=Watkins |first2=Jessica |title=Jurassic Park and Philosophy: The Truth Is Terrifying |date=2014 |publisher=Open Court |isbn=978-0-8126-9850-3 |pages=25, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxDrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref> The film introduces a ''Velociraptor'' design featuring quills along the head. Aside from this, feathered dinosaurs have largely been absent from the series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Milner |first=Sarah Bea |title=How Jurassic World 3 Can Have Feathered Dinosaurs Without Creating A Plot Hole |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-3-dinosaurs-feathers-plothole-fix-how/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=May 15, 2022 |date=June 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bressan |first=David |title=Jurassic World: Dominion Trailer Finally Features Feathered Dinosaurs |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2021/06/11/jurassic-world-dominion-trailer-finally-features-feathers-on-dinosaurs/ |website=Forbes |access-date=May 15, 2022 |date=June 11, 2021}}</ref>
Before the release of ''Jurassic World'', new research had shown that real dinosaurs were more colorful than they were in the films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elser |first=Daniela |title=Jurassic Park scientist: 'Give me $1m and a chicken and I'll make you a dinosaur' |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/jurassic-park-scientist-give-me-1m-and-a-chicken-and-ill-make-you-a-dinosuar/news-story/a201e6554254ed7b491a2f109deb1ae4 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |work=News.com.au |date=November 9, 2011}}</ref> Horner said that Spielberg "has made the point several times to me that colorful dinosaurs are not very scary. Gray and brown and black are more scary".<ref name=LA2013>{{cite news |title='Jurassic Park' paleontologist offers advice on ways of dinosaurs |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2013-mar-31-la-et-ct-working-hollywood-jurassic-park-20130331-story.html |access-date=September 28, 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> Horner considered the colors to be the most inaccurate aspect of the films' dinosaurs.<ref name=Woodward>{{cite web |last=Woodward |first=Aylin |title=The 'Jurassic Park' franchise got many dinosaurs wrong. The venomous Dilophosaurus was actually 20 feet long and poison-free |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-park-movies-dinosaur-accuracy-2019-11 |website=Business Insider |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> In addition, they are often depicting roaring, although paleontologists find this speculative or unrealistic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Geggel |first=Laura |title='Jurassic World' Guesses On Dinosaur Sounds, Experts Say |url=http://www.yahoo.com/news/jurassic-world-guesses-dinosaur-sounds-experts-001744631.html |website=Yahoo! |access-date=November 24, 2021 |date=December 29, 2014}}</ref><ref name=LA2013/> Horner said: "Dinosaurs gave rise to birds, and birds sing. I think most of the dinosaurs actually sang rather than growled".<ref name=Wrong/>
Despite new discoveries, the sequels largely kept the earlier 1990s animal designs for continuity with the previous films.<ref name=Time/> Paleontologists were disappointed with the outdated dinosaur portrayals in ''Jurassic World'', including the lack of feathers, although they acknowledged that it is a work of fiction.<ref name=Forbes/><ref name=Stuck/><ref name=Dumb/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2014/dec/04/scientists-disappointed-jurassic-world-dinosaurs-movie-film |title=Scientists disappointed Jurassic World dinosaurs don't look like dinosaurs |author=John Conway |work=The Guardian |date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=December 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204152116/http://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2014/dec/04/scientists-disappointed-jurassic-world-dinosaurs-movie-film |archive-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Wired>{{cite magazine |last=Franklin-Wallis |first=Oliver |title=We asked a paleontologist how accurate Jurassic World really is... |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/jurassic-world-dinosaur-expert |magazine=Wired UK |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=June 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Geggel |first=Laura |title='Jurassic World' Has Awesome Dinos, Iffy Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/51213-jurassic-world-expert-reviews.html |website=Live Science |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Trevorrow said ''Jurassic World'' was not meant as a documentary film, but as a sci-fi film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leake |first1=Jonathan |last2=Dean |first2=Jonathan |title=Monster mistakes: Jurassic film ruffles dinosaur experts' feathers |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/monster-mistakes-jurassic-film-ruffles-dinosaur-experts-feathers-d2jhxmggn2p |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=The Sunday Times |date=May 10, 2015 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The film itself includes a scene with Wu stating that any inaccuracies in the dinosaurs can be attributed to the fact that they are genetically engineered animals.<ref name=Forbes/><ref name=Wired/><ref name=Kaye/> Trevorrow noted that the dinosaurs in the franchise – going back to Crichton's novels ''Jurassic Park'' and ''The Lost World'' (1995) – were partially recreated with frog DNA, stating "those weren't 'real' dinosaurs, any of them".<ref name=Wired/> Tim Alexander, visual effects supervisor for ILM, said that colorful dinosaurs were excluded because they would look out of place in the film: "It's very forest greens and taupes and park rangers. And if we then throw a bright pink raptor in there, it's going to stick out and look a little weird".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lytal |first=Cristy |title=To make new dinosaurs for 'Jurassic World,' the effects team looked back to the last 'Jurassic' period |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-jurassic-fx-20151210-story.html |access-date=November 24, 2021 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref>
For ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', ILM consulted with paleontologists and did extensive research to accurately depict the dinosaurs.<ref name=Prod-info/> Dinosaur expert John Hankla, of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, served as an advisor on the film,<ref name="New Villain"/> and also provided several dinosaur fossil recreations for the film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kroschel |first=Matt |title=Dinosaur Lover Hopes To Pass Along Love Of Fossils To Next Generation |url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2018/05/31/dinosaurs-fossils-jurassic-park/ |access-date=September 21, 2019 |work=CBS |date=May 31, 2018}}</ref> Horner said that his own involvement on ''Fallen Kingdom'' was minimal.<ref name=Woodward/> The film features more colorful dinosaurs than its predecessors.<ref name=Zemler/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fxguide.com/fxfeatured/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-balancing-a-dinosaur/|title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom – balancing a dinosaur|website=fxguide|date=July 9, 2018 |accessdate=July 24, 2025}}</ref>
Horner was consulted again for ''Jurassic World Dominion'',<ref name=Anderton>{{cite web |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |title='Jurassic World: Dominion' Finally Has Feathered Dinosaurs – Here's How They Got the Details Right |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-dominion-dinosaurs-with-feathers/ |website=/Film |access-date=June 10, 2021 |date=June 10, 2021}}</ref> and paleontologist Stephen L. Brusatte was also hired as a science consultant.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brusatte |first=Steve |title=Yes it's true: I'm delighted to be working with @colintrevorrow & his superstar team as science consultant for the next @JurassicWorld (2021) |url=https://twitter.com/SteveBrusatte/status/1230111918788050944 |website=Twitter |access-date=February 19, 2020 |date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130019/https://twitter.com/SteveBrusatte/status/1230111918788050944 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bui |first=Hoai-Tran |title='Jurassic World 3' Casts 'Altered Carbon' Star Dichen Lachman, Hires New Dinosaur Consulting Team |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-3-cast-dichen-lachman-consultants/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 20, 2020 |date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219203457/https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-3-cast-dichen-lachman-consultants/ |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fully feathered dinosaurs are introduced in ''Jurassic World Dominion''<ref name=Anderton/><ref>{{cite web |last=Seddon |first=Gem |title=New Jurassic World: Dominion image features dinosaurs – and this time, they have feathers |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/new-jurassic-world-dominion-image-features-dinosaurs-and-this-time-they-have-feathers/ |website=Total Film |date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021}}</ref> and its prologue.<ref name=Purslow>{{cite web |last=Purslow |first=Matt |title=Jurassic World Dominion Prologue Breakdown with Director Colin Trevorrow |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/jurassic-world-dominion-prologue-breakdown-director-colin-trevorrow |website=IGN |date=23 November 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref> Brusatte returned for ''Jurassic World Rebirth'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=January 24, 2024 |title=The New Jurassic World Movie Has Found Its Dinosaur Expert |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/the-new-jurassic-world-movie-has-found-its-dinosaur-expert/ |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=Fangoria}}</ref> which does not include any feathered dinosaurs; Edwards thought they "looked like big chickens and weren't all that scary," according to David Vickery, ILM's visual effects supervisor.<ref name=prod/>
==Table of appearances== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="3" | Taxa ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | ''Jurassic Park'' trilogy ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | ''Jurassic World'' trilogy ! colspan="1" align="center" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | Standalone sequel ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | Short films <!-- Camp Cretaceous animals are not noteworthy. Please see talk page --> |- ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic Park''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''The Lost World:<br />Jurassic Park''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic Park III''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic World''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic World:<br />Fallen Kingdom''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic World<br />Dominion''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Jurassic World<br />Rebirth''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Battle at Big Rock''</small> ! align="center" | <small>''Dominion'' prologue</small> |- ! style="background:ivory;" | 1993 ! style="background:ivory;" | 1997 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2001 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2015 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2018 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2022 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2025 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2019 ! style="background:ivory;" | 2021 |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Allosaurus'' | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Ankylosaurus'' | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | colspan="5" {{ya}} | colspan="1" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Anurognathus''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur|Not a dinosaur, but a different kind of prehistoric animal.}} | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Apatosaurus'' | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} | colspan="4" {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Aquilops'' | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Atrociraptor'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Baryonyx'' | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Brachiosaurus'' | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Carnotaurus'' | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Ceratosaurus'' | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Compsognathus'' | {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} |{{N/A|}} | colspan="4" {{ya}} |{{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Corythosaurus'' | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Dilophosaurus'' | {{ya}} | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Dimetrodon''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Dimorphodon''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Distortus rex''{{efn|name=Mutant|Mutant dinosaur created for the films.}} | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Dreadnoughtus'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Gallimimus'' | colspan="2" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | colspan="3" {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Giganotosaurus'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Iguanodon'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Indominus rex''{{efn|name=Hybrid|Hybrid dinosaur created for the films.}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Indoraptor''{{efn|name=Hybrid}} | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Lystrosaurus''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Mamenchisaurus'' | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="7" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Microceratus'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Moros'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Mosasaurus''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} | colspan="5" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Mutadon''{{efn|name=Mutant}} | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Nasutoceratops'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Oviraptor'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Pachycephalosaurus'' | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Parasaurolophus'' | colspan="8" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Pteranodon''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | {{N/A|}} | colspan="8" {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Pyroraptor'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Quetzalcoatlus''{{efn|name=NotDinosaur}} | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Sinoceratops'' | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Spinosaurus'' | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Stegosaurus'' | {{N/A|}} | colspan="5" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Stygimoloch'' | colspan="4" {{N/A|}} | colspan="2" {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Therizinosaurus'' | colspan="5" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="3" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Titanosaurus'' | colspan="6" {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Triceratops'' | colspan="7" {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Tyrannosaurus'' | colspan="7" {{ya}} | {{N/A|}} | {{ya}} |- ! style="text-align: left" | ''Velociraptor'' | colspan="7" {{ya}} | colspan="2" {{N/A|}} |- |}
{{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
==List of creatures== The following list includes on-screen appearances. Some animals listed here have also made prior appearances in the novels.
===''Ankylosaurus''=== ''Ankylosaurus'' first appears in ''Jurassic Park III'', through brief appearances.<ref name=Berry>{{cite book |last=Berry |first=Mark F. |title=The Dinosaur Filmography |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0674-3 |pages=171–178 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NouACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=February 27, 2020 |chapter=Jurassic Park III}}</ref> It was created by ILM entirely through CGI.<ref name=Notes/>
''Ankylosaurus'' returns in ''Jurassic World''. It is among Trevorrow's favorite dinosaurs,<ref name=TheSource>{{cite news|title='Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow On Dinosaurs & Jumping From Independent To Hollywood|url=http://thesource.com/2015/06/10/jurassic-world/|access-date=January 31, 2018|work=The Source|date=June 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Turney>{{cite news|last=Turney|first=Drew|title=Colin Trevorrow – Jurassic World|url=http://moviehole.net/201591831colin-trevorrow-jurassic-world |work=MovieHole|date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906003025/http://moviehole.net/201591831colin-trevorrow-jurassic-world/ |archive-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> and is one of several that he felt was deserving of a substantial scene.<ref name=Truly/> In the film, an ''Ankylosaurus'' is killed by the ''Indominus rex''. Trevorrow called its death an example of moments "that are designed to really make these creatures feel like living animals that you can connect to. Especially since so many of the themes in the film involve our relationship with animals on the planet right now, I wanted them to feel real".<ref name=Turney/>
''Ankylosaurus'' returns in each subsequent film.<ref name=30best>{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Tara |title=Ranking the 30 Best Dinosaurs in the Jurassic Park Franchise |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/ranking-the-30-best-dinosaurs-in-the-jurassic-park-franchise |website=Syfy |access-date=June 16, 2025 |date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
===''Apatosaurus''=== In the novel ''Jurassic Park'', ''Apatosaurus'' is the first group of dinosaurs seen on Isla Nublar. It is replaced by ''Brachiosaurus'' in the film adaptation. ''Apatosaurus'' also appears in the sequel novel ''The Lost World'', but is absent from its film adaptation as well.
''Apatosaurus'' makes its first film appearance in ''Jurassic World'', with several individuals featured, including one depicted by an animatronic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/story/jurassic-world-colin-trevorrow/|title=How Colin Trevorrow embraced old-school effects for 'Jurassic World'|website=Wired|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref> Unlike earlier films which featured numerous animatronics, the ''Apatosaurus'' was the only one created for ''Jurassic World''.<ref name=SeeHow>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-apatosaurus/ |title=See How the Jurassic World Apatosaurus Came to Life |work=/Film |date=21 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004182457/http://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-apatosaurus/ |archive-date=October 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=slashvisit/><ref name=June11/> Producer Patrick Crowley was initially hesitant to have an animatronic built because of the high cost, but Trevorrow persuaded him that fans of the series would enjoy it.<ref name=June11/><ref name=TheSource/> The animatronic, built by Legacy Effects, consisted of a {{Convert|7|feet|m|spell=in|adj=on}}-long section of the dinosaur's neck and head. It was used for a close-up shot depicting the animal's death, after it had been attacked by the ''Indominus rex''.<ref name=fxguide/><ref>{{cite web |last=Wenz |first=John |title=How They Made a Moving Apatosaurus Head for 'Jurassic World' |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/a16169/heres-the-making-of-the-jurassic-world-apatosaurus/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Audio recordings of a Harris's hawk were used for the moans of the wounded ''Apatosaurus''.<ref name=Silber>{{cite web |last=Silber |first=Emily |title=Jurassic World's Dinosaurs Roar to Life, Thanks to Bird Calls |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/jurassic-worlds-dinosaurs-roar-life-thanks-bird-calls |work=National Audubon Society |date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>
To animate the ''Apatosaurus'', ILM used elephants as an example. Glen McIntosh, the animation supervisor for ILM, stated that "there are no existing animals that have such large necks, but in terms of the size and steps they're taking, elephants are an excellent example of that. Also the way their skin jiggles and sags. You also have impact tremors that rise up through their legs as they take steps".<ref name=fxguide/> Originally, Legacy Effects only created a small model of the ''Apatosaurus'' for use in the film, but executive producer Steven Spielberg decided that a larger model would be better. The original model was scanned into a computer, allowing artists to create a larger 3-D model needed for the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Romano|first=Nick|title=Watch Jurassic World Build One Of Its Most Amazing Dinosaurs|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Watch-Jurassic-World-Build-One-Its-Most-Amazing-Dinosaurs-72186.html|access-date=January 31, 2018|work=CinemaBlend|date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rodgers |first=Blake |title=Building the Jurassic World Apatosaurus |url=https://archive.nerdist.com/building-the-jurassic-world-apatosaurus/ |website=Nerdist |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=June 21, 2015}}</ref> ''Apatosaurus'' makes appearances in the subsequent ''Jurassic World'' films.<ref>{{cite web |title=All the Dinosaurs That Appear in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom |url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-complete-dinosaur-guide/6/ |website=CBR |access-date=February 15, 2022 |date=June 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Sasaguay/>
===''Aquilops''=== ''Aquilops'' is introduced in ''Jurassic World Rebirth''. John Nolan designed three animatronics for filming, each one measuring 18 inches in length and operated remotely by a team of puppeteers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/jurassic-world-rebirth-star-audrina-miranda-interview|title=12-Year-Old Jurassic World Rebirth Star Aurdina Miranda On Cuddling Up with Dolores the Aquilops|website=NBC|date=July 4, 2025}}</ref> The primary animatronic had numerous motors to simulate movements such as breathing, blinking, and tail wagging. This was used for close interactions with the cast, while another animatronic was used in scenes where characters pick the creature up, and a third was used for lighting reference. Because of their abundant use of 3D-printed parts, these puppets weighed less than typical animatronics.<ref name=prod/>
===''Brachiosaurus''=== In the original ''Jurassic Park'' film, a ''Brachiosaurus'' is the first dinosaur seen by the park's visitors. The scene was described by ''Empire'' as the 28th most magical moment in cinema.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 Most Magical Movie Moments|page=122|work=Empire|date=November 28, 2003}}</ref> In the novel, as well as Crichton's first drafts, the first dinosaur seen is instead an ''Apatosaurus'', but Tippett suggested changing it to ''Brachiosaurus'', which was larger.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=47}} The film crew cut branches from high trees to mimic the ''Brachiosaurus'' eating tree branches, and the animation team carefully synced the animation of the dinosaur's bites with the branch cuts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=de Semlyen |first=Nick |title=Jurassic Park 20th Anniversary: When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth |url=http://nickdesemlyen.com/pdf/JurassicPark.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221133000/http://nickdesemlyen.com/pdf/JurassicPark.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Empire}}</ref> A later scene depicts characters in a high tree, interacting with a ''Brachiosaurus''. This scene required the construction of a {{convert|7.5|ft|adj=on}}-tall puppet that represented the animal's upper neck and head.<ref name=CNET/><ref name=Brach-puppet>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/rehearsing-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-puppet |title=Jurassic Park's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> Compared with fossilized remains, the puppet's head was roughly three times larger than its real-life counterpart.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maugh II |first=Thomas H. |title=A look inside Hollywood and the movies : Dinologists Aren't Saur, but 'Jurassic Park' Gets DNA Docs' Amber Up |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-20-ca-5004-story.html |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 20, 1993}}</ref> The film also inaccurately depicts the species as having the ability to stand on its hind legs, allowing it to reach high tree branches, and depicts the dinosaur as chewing its food,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} an idea that was added to make it seem docile like a cow.<ref name=Brach-puppet/> The shot of the dinosaur sneezing required four takes, as Richards was sprayed with a yellowish goo that had spinach in it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shapiro |first=Marc |date=August 1993 |title=In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs |magazine=Fangoria |page=28 |issue=125 |issn=0164-2111}}</ref> That scene included a matte painting by Christopher Leith Evans; it is the only scene in the film to use a matte painting.<ref name=":2" /> Whale songs and donkey calls were used for the ''Brachiosaurus'' sounds, although scientific evidence showed that the real animal had limited vocal abilities.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} ''Brachiosaurus'' appears again in ''Jurassic Park III'', created by ILM entirely through CGI.<ref name=Notes/>
''Brachiosaurus'' returns in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', including a scene in which one individual is stranded on Isla Nublar and dies in a volcanic eruption. Director J. A. Bayona said this ''Brachiosaurus'' is meant to be the same individual first seen in the original ''Jurassic Park''. For ''Fallen Kingdom'', the ''Brachiosaurus'' was created using the same animations from the first film.<ref name=EmpireSecrets>{{cite web |last1= Travis|first1=Ben |last2=De Semlyen |first2=Nick |date=July 3, 2018 |title=18 Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Secrets from JA Bayona and Colin Trevorrow |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/18-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-secrets-ja-bayona-colin-trevorrow/ |work=Empire |access-date= July 5, 2018}}</ref> The ''Brachiosaurus'' death was the last shot on the film to be finished. Bayona and the post-production team struggled to perfect the CGI, with only several days left to complete the scene. They worked through the final night to perfect the colors and composition, shortly before the film's release.<ref name=EmpireSecrets/><ref>{{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title=Exclusive: J.A. Bayona on 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' and That Tragic Brachiosaurus Shot |url=https://collider.com/ja-bayona-jurassic-world-2-interview/ |website=Collider |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=October 6, 2018}}</ref> Fans and film critics considered the death scene sad,<ref>{{cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |title='Jurassic World' Director on the Shot Making Audiences Tear Up |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-has-saddest-dinosaur-death-ever-1122796 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=June 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Features A Tearful Callback To 'Jurassic Park' That Has Fans Emotional |url=https://uproxx.com/movies/jurassic-world-2-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-moment/ |website=Uproxx |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=June 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Carbone |first=Gina |title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Fans Traumatized by That Brachiosaurus Scene |url=https://www.moviefone.com/2018/06/25/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-fans-traumatized-brachiosaurus/ |website=Moviefone |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> with the latter describing it as "poignant" or "haunting", particularly given the species' role in the first film.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-review-chris-pratt-1202829194/|author-link=Owen Gleiberman|title=Film Review: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' |magazine=Variety |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-movie-review-w521075| title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Review: Welcome to Steaming Dino-Poop| first=Peter| last=Travers| author-link=Peter Travers| magazine=Rolling Stone| date=June 18, 2018| access-date=June 25, 2018| archive-date=June 26, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054804/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-movie-review-w521075| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Soans |first=Neil|title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom/movie-review/64481604.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=June 25, 2018|date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>
===''Compsognathus''=== ''Procompsognathus'' appears in the novels,<ref name=family>{{cite web|last=Vlastelica|first=Ryan|title=In Jurassic Park, Spielberg made a family favorite from an adult book|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/jurassic-park-spielberg-made-family-favorite-adult-219492|website=A.V. Club|access-date=July 26, 2017|date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Grubbs|first=Jefferson|title=12 Un-Adapted Scenes From Michael Crichton's Novels That Should Totally Be In 'Jurassic World'|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/88762-12-un-adapted-scenes-from-michael-crichtons-novels-that-should-totally-be-in-jurassic-world|website=Bustle|access-date=July 26, 2017|date=June 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silliman |first=Brian |title=The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a rare instance of the movie being far better than the book |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-lost-world-jurassic-park-is-a-rare-instance-of-the-movie-being-far-better-than-the-book |website=Syfy Wire |access-date=February 20, 2020 |date=May 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220161046/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-lost-world-jurassic-park-is-a-rare-instance-of-the-movie-being-far-better-than-the-book |url-status=dead }}</ref> but is replaced by ''Compsognathus'' in the film series.<ref name= pre-production>{{cite web|url= http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/notes_prod4.html|title= Pre-Production section|website=Lost-World.com|access-date= November 10, 2014|archive-date= October 19, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191019223130/http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/notes_prod4.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>
Their first film appearance is in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''. In the film, the character Dr. Robert Burke, a paleontologist, identifies the dinosaur as ''Compsognathus triassicus'', which in reality is a non-existent species; the film combined the names of ''Compsognathus longipes'' and ''Procompsognathus triassicus''.<ref name=Berry/> In the film, ''Compsognathus'' are depicted as small carnivorous theropods which attack in packs.<ref name=find>"Return to Jurassic Park: Finding The Lost World", ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' Blu-Ray</ref>
In Crichton's novels, the dinosaur is nicknamed "Compy" (plural: "Compies"), and this is used in the film series as well. Dennis Muren, the film's visual effects supervisor, considered ''Compsognathus'' the most complex digital dinosaur. Because of their small size, the Compies had their entire body visible onscreen and thus needed a higher sense of gravity and weight. A simple puppet of the ''Compsognathus'' was used in the film's opening scene, in which the dinosaurs attack a little girl. Later in the film, they kill the character Dieter Stark, who is played by Peter Stormare. For Stark's death scene, Stormare had to wear a jacket with numerous rubber Compies attached.<ref name=find/><ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Park 2: The Lost World – Compy Dinosaur Attack |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-the-lost-world-compy-dinosaur-attack |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=February 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Making Info (Compy) |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_compi.html |website=Lost-World.com |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712103649/http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_compi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
''Compsognathus'' make brief appearances in all subsequent films, with the exception of ''Jurassic World''. In the novels, ''Procompsognathus'' is depicted with the fictitious feature of a venomous bite,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bennington, J Bret|year=1996|title=Errors in the Movie "Jurassic Park"|journal =American Paleontologist|volume=4|pages=4–7 | issue=2}}</ref> although such a trait is not mentioned regarding their onscreen counterparts until ''Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous''. ''Compsognathus'' returns in the 2022 film ''Jurassic World Dominion''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chand |first=Neeraj |title=The Compy Horde Returns in New 'Jurassic World 3: Dominion' Photos |url=https://movieweb.com/jurassic-world-3-dominion-photos-compsognathus/ |website=MovieWeb |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> A redesigned ''Compsognathus'' can be seen a number of times in ''Jurassic World Rebirth''.
===''Dilophosaurus''=== thumb|''Dilophosaurus'' statues featuring the neck frill popularized by ''Jurassic Park'' A fictionalized version of ''Dilophosaurus'' appears in the first novel and its film adaptation, both depicting it with the ability to spit venom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did any dinosaurs have poisonous saliva, as in Jurassic Park? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/did-any-dinosaurs-have-po/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=February 10, 2003}}</ref><ref name=Pickrell>{{cite web |last=Pickrell |first=John |title='Jurassic Park' got almost everything wrong about this iconic dinosaur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/jurassic-park-got-almost-everything-wrong-about-iconic-dinosaur-dilophosaurus/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707225751/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/jurassic-park-got-almost-everything-wrong-about-iconic-dinosaur-dilophosaurus/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> The film's ''Dilophosaurus'' also has a fictionalized neck frill that retracts, and the dinosaur was made significantly smaller to ensure that audiences would not confuse it with the Velociraptors.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=35-36}}<ref name="Earl doc">{{cite video |title=The Making of Jurassic Park |author=Jones, James Earl (Host) |medium=VHS |publisher=Universal |year=1995}}</ref> While the real ''Dilophosaurus'' was thought to have stood at around {{convert|10|ft}}, the animatronic was only four feet in height. In addition to the animatronic, a set of legs was also created for a shot in which the dinosaur hops across the screen.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=24}}{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=35-36}}{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=113}}<ref name=Effect>{{cite book|last=Duncan |first=J. |title=The Winston Effect: The art and history of Stan Winston studio |year=2006 |pages=173, 177–178 |isbn= 978-1-84576-150-9 |location=London, UK |publisher=Titan Books}}</ref> The animal was originally designed to walk, but is not shown walking in the final film due to technical difficulties.<ref name=Hogg>{{cite web |last=Hogg |first=Trevor |title=The Seamless Animatronics–CG Integration of 'Jurassic World Dominion' |url=https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/seamless-animatronicscg-integration-jurassic-world-dominion |website=Animation World Network |access-date=May 21, 2023 |date=September 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The weight of the head and thinness of the neck made it difficult to lift through puppetry, so the head was attached to a Steadicam rig.<ref name=":1" /> The ''Dilophosaurus'' scene was shot on a sound stage, and the animal's lower body was suspended from a catwalk with bungee cords. No CGI was used in creating the ''Dilophosaurus''.<ref name=Nedry>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Park's Spitter Attacks Nedry |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-dinosaur-puppet |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=August 17, 2012}}</ref>
In both the novel and its film adaptation, a ''Dilophosaurus'' uses its venom on the character Dennis Nedry before killing him.<ref name=Nedry/> The animatronic was nicknamed "Spitter" by Winston's team. A paintball mechanism was used to spit the venom, which was a mixture of methyl cellulose, K-Y Jelly, and purple food coloring.<ref name=ABC/><ref>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Video reveals secrets of a 'Jurassic Park' Spitter |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/video-reveals-secrets-of-a-jurassic-park-spitter/ |website=CNET |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Spitter>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/making-jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-aka-spitter |title=Jurassic Park's Spitter – Building the animatronic Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=April 5, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> Spielberg had planned for the venom to be a yellow-green color, but decided on set that it looked too much like the pea soup in ''The Exorcist'', so it was changed. The production staff then tried Ultra-slime mixed with black food coloring, but the water made the Ultra-slime lose its stickiness. The final concoction was then produced.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Duncan |first=Jody |date=August 1993 |title=The Beauty in the Beasts |magazine=Cinefex |page=84 |issue=55 |issn=0198-1056}}</ref> The venom left a stain on Nedry actor Wayne Knight, causing problems when Knight went to film an episode of ''Seinfeld''.<ref name=":0" /> The film's idea of a neck frill came from a suggestion by concept artist John Gurche.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Time Memoirs: How The Spitter Got Its Frill (From The Vision Of John Gurche: Jurassic Park) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv0T5njoKz0 |website=YouTube |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=June 19, 2020 |at=5:38}}</ref> The idea for the frill was inspired by the frilled lizard, and it was made to be brightly colored because some animals use bright colors as a signal of danger. Because the head of the ''Dilophosaurus'' was too small to fit all the mechanics that the animatronic would need, three interchangeable heads were made; the first head had its frill retracted, the second could expand and retract the frill, and the third had an extended, vibrating frill and could spit venom. The heads took between 60 and 90 minutes to change, so Spielberg took the opportunity to shoot other scenes during the downtime. Spielberg framed the shot of the ''Dilophosaurus'' spitting in such a way that only the head is visible, which meant that the head could be used without being attached to the body.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Duncan |first=Jody |date=August 1993 |title=The Beauty in the Beasts |magazine=Cinefex |page=83 |issue=55 |issn=0198-1056}}</ref> The dinosaur's vocal sounds are a combination of a swan, a hawk, a howler monkey, and a rattlesnake.<ref name="Earl doc"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Josh |title=How The Exorcist and Angry Geese Shaped the Venom-Spitting Dilophosaurus in Jurassic Park |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/how-the-exorcist-shaped-dilophosaurus-in-jurassic-park |website=Syfy |access-date=May 2, 2025 |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref>
Spielberg initially believed that the ''Dilophosaurus'' would be the easiest dinosaur to film, although the scene proved harder to shoot that he had expected.<ref name=Sears/> The scene is set during a storm, and the use of water to simulate the rain resulted in complications for the animal's puppeteer.<ref name=Nedry/> The water leaked into and filled up the puppeteer's box, drenching the puppeteer. The rushing water was so loud that the puppeteer was unable to hear Spielberg's directions, and the video monitor he used floated away, so he could not see what was happening either.<ref name=Effect/> A shot not included in the final film would have shown inflatable venom sacs, located under the animal's mouth. These would become visible as the dinosaur spits its venom, which would be expelled from the animatronic's mouth using compressed air. However, the atmosphere was cold and humid on-set, and the compressed air became visible under these conditions. Spielberg resolved the issue by cutting the scene to Nedry as the venom hits him, rather than showing it exiting the animal's mouth.<ref name=Spitter/><ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Time Interviews Creature Artist Rick Galinson About The Dilophosaurus' Hidden Venom Sacs |url=https://jurassicoutpost.com/jurassic-time-interviews-creature-artist-rick-galison-about-the-dilophosaurus-hidden-venom-sacks |website=Jurassic Outpost |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=September 3, 2020}}</ref>
''Dilophosaurus'' was popularized by its film appearance in ''Jurassic Park'',<ref name=Pickrell/><ref>{{cite web |title=How Dilophosaurus Became a Rock Star |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/01/28/how-dilophosaurus-became-a-rock-star/ |website=National Geographic |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=January 28, 2014}}</ref> but is considered the most fictionalized dinosaur in the film.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Effect/> Horner, in 2013, described ''Dilophosaurus'' as a good dinosaur to "make a fictional character out of, because I think two specimens are known, and both of them are really crappy. They're not preserved very well".<ref name=LA2013/> Paleontologist Scott Persons later said that the ''Dilophosaurus'' is the most controversial dinosaur depiction in the film series.<ref name=Woodward/>
Another scene, originating with production designer Rick Carter and eventually cut from the film, featured an umbrella emblazoned with a ''Dilophosaurus'' head with its frill expanded. The intended scene, which was to take place in the visitor center near the end of the film, featured Tim using the head on the umbrella, which he had retrieved from the visitor center's gift shop, to scare off a ''Velociraptor''. The umbrella was also intended to have the ability to squirt water, imitating the dinosaur's venom-spitting ability. The scene was intended to demonstrate a way that the park would commercialize the dinosaurs.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=231}}
In ''Jurassic World'', a ''Dilophosaurus'' appears as a hologram in the theme park's visitor center.<ref name=Easter3/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/5-times-jurassic-world-shouts-out-to-original-jurassic-park/|title=5 Times 'Jurassic World' Shouts Out to Original 'Jurassic Park'|last=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=June 11, 2015|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref> The dinosaur's venom is also referenced in a comedic park video featured in the film, in which tour guide Jimmy Fallon is paralyzed by it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boone |first=John |title=11 'Jurassic Park' References and Easter Eggs in 'Jurassic World' |url=https://www.etonline.com/news/166138_11_jurassic_park_references_and_easter_eggs_jurassic_world |access-date=September 27, 2020 |work=Entertainment Tonight |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McKnight |first=Brent |title=Jurassic World: 8 Cool References To The First Movie |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Jurassic-World-8-Cool-References-First-Movie-71964.html |website=CinemaBlend |access-date=September 27, 2020 |date=June 11, 2015}}</ref>
A living ''Dilophosaurus'' was intended to appear in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', but the scene was never filmed, as director Bayona decided that it was not necessary. The scene, set on board the ''Arcadia'' ship, would depict the characters Owen and Claire encountering a ''Dilophosaurus'' in a cage. Bayona believed that the ''Arcadia'' scenes were long enough already.<ref name=Interview1>{{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title=Exclusive: J.A. Bayona on 'Fallen Kingdom' and Why the Blu-ray Doesn't Have Any Deleted Scenes |url=https://collider.com/ja-bayona-interview-jurassic-world-2/ |website=Collider |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=September 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits |url=https://collider.com/ja-bayona-interview-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 22, 2018 |date=June 21, 2018|at=2:26}}</ref> ''Dilophosaurus'' appears in ''Fallen Kingdom'' only as a diorama, on display at Benjamin Lockwood's estate.<ref name=Semlyen/><ref name=JPP2/>
Several ''Dilophosaurus'' individuals appear in ''Jurassic World Dominion'', which marks the first living appearance since the original film. One individual has an encounter with Claire, and a trio of the animals later kill Lewis Dodgson. Like the first film, no CGI was used to depict the ''Dilophosaurus'', the only animal on the film to lack a digital model.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ettenhofer |first=Valerie |title=One Jurassic World Dominion Dino Was Too Famous For CGI |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/887980/one-jurassic-world-dominion-dino-was-too-famous-for-cgi/ |website=/Film |access-date=June 16, 2022 |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref> Instead, it was depicted with an animatronic controlled by 12 puppeteers.<ref name=Katwala/> Although ILM had a digital version of the creature – previously used for its hologram appearance in ''Jurassic World'' – it was not detailed enough to inform Nolan's team in creating an animatronic version. As a result, Nolan scoured through scarce behind-the-scenes material from the first film, in an effort to match his animatronic with Winston's original.<ref name=Syfy2022/> Trevorrow wanted ''Dilophosaurus'' to be seen walking, but because the animal is never shown doing so in the original film, Nolan consulted online images to determine the walking style. Nolan considered having a performer wear the ''Dilophosaurus'' puppet with the use of a harness, although it was found too heavy.<ref name=Hogg/> As with the original film, methyl cellulose was used to create the venom, which was shot out by an off-screen technician.<ref>{{cite web |last=Elfring |first=Mat |title=Jurassic World: Dominion – Here's What The Dinosaur Spit Was Made Of |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/jurassic-world-dominion-heres-what-the-dinosaur-spit-was-made-of/1100-6506669/ |website=GameSpot |access-date=October 20, 2022 |date=August 19, 2022}}</ref>
A ''Dilophosaurus'' briefly appears in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'' attempting to scavenge from a dead ''Parasaurolophus'' and ward off one of the characters, only to be scared off by a slumbering ''Tyrannosaurus''.<ref name=cheek>{{cite web |last=Connellan |first=Shannon |title='Jurassic Park's cheekiest dinosaur gets a great cameo in 'Jurassic World Rebirth' |url=https://mashable.com/article/jurassic-world-rebirth-dilophosaurus |website=Mashable |access-date=July 13, 2025 |date=July 2, 2025}}</ref>
===''Dimetrodon''=== ''Dimetrodon'' is a synapsid which existed before the dinosaurs, although it is often mistaken for one.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Angielczyk |first=Kenneth D. |title=Dimetrodon Is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |date=June 2009 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=257–271 |doi=10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4|s2cid=24110810 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Connellan/> The creature appears as a diorama model in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', along with other animals. Production designer Andy Nicholson included ''Dimetrodon'' due to its popularity, especially among ''Jurassic Park'' fans.<ref name=JPP2/> The animal had made numerous appearances in franchise merchandise over the years, including toys, comic books, and video games.<ref name=Connellan/>
A group of living ''Dimetrodon'' appear in ''Jurassic World Dominion''.<ref name=Connellan>{{cite web |last=Connellan |first=Shannon |title=The scariest dinosaur in 'Jurassic World: Dominion' isn't actually a dinosaur |url=https://mashable.com/article/jurasic-world-dominion-dimetrodon |website=Mashable |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref> Originally, Nolan's team was only budgeted to sculpt a ''Dimetrodon'' head. However, lead sculptor David Darby continued to add on to the creature. According to Nolan, Darby "sort of got carried away and put the neck on in and then added legs and added the body". The nearly finished creature, minus a tail, remained within budget. The head sculpt was adjusted in accordance with feedback from Spielberg, who requested slight changes. It was the only creature in ''Dominion'' to receive direct input from him.<ref name=Syfy2022/>
===''Dimorphodon''=== ''Dimorphodon'', a type of pterosaur, appears in ''Jurassic World'', marking its first appearance in the series.<ref name=June11>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/jurassicworld/|title= Access All Areas: Jurassic World|publisher=Empire|date= June 8, 2015|access-date= June 11, 2015|first=Nick|last= de Semlyen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308235147/http://www.empireonline.com/jurassic-world/|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Truly>{{cite news|last=Garza|first=Frida|title=The Truly Frightening T-Rex From 'Jurassic Park' Coming Back|url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/04/jurassic-park-trex-comes-back-for-sequel|access-date=January 31, 2018|work=Complex|date=April 29, 2015}}</ref> In the film, the species launch an attack on tourists after being released from an aviary.<ref name=Death-scene/> Through motion capture, dwarf actor Martin Klebba stood in as a ''Dimorphodon'' during a scene in which one of the creatures tries to attack Owen.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Bryan|title=Chris Pratt battles a guy named Marty in this exclusive 'Jurassic World' clip|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2015/10/20/chris-pratt-brawls-marty-on-jurassic-world-set/74279168/|access-date=February 1, 2018|work=USA Today|date=October 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harris|first=Rob|title=Chris Pratt Almost Killed a Stuntman Pretending to Be a Dinosaur|url=https://moviepilot.com/posts/3314991|access-date=February 1, 2018|work=Movie Pilot|date=June 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621202816/https://moviepilot.com/posts/3314991|archive-date=June 21, 2015}}</ref> A full-scale ''Dimorphodon'' head was also created.<ref name=fxguide>Failes, Ian. [http://www.fxguide.com/featured/a-whole-new-jurassic-world/ "A whole new Jurassic World"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913210158/http://www.fxguide.com/featured/a-whole-new-jurassic-world/ |date=September 13, 2015}}. FX Guide, June 17, 2015</ref> The sound of baby brown pelicans were used as the vocal effects for the ''Dimorphodon''.<ref name=Silber/> The animal returns in ''Jurassic World Dominion'' with the use of practical effects.<ref name=Syfy2022/><ref name=Chat/>
===''Distortus rex''=== ''Distortus rex'' is a mutant Tyrannosaurus and the main antagonist of ''Jurassic World Rebirth.''<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Jurassic World Rebirth's Mutant Dinosaur Has An Official (And Ridiculous) Name |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1848827/jurassic-world-rebirth-mutant-dinosaur-name/ |website=/Film |access-date=May 2, 2025 |date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> It is a deformed ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' with six limbs with two normal-sized arms, an enlarged forehead similar to a ''Titanosaurus'', and two pillar-shaped gorilla-like arms.
Director Gareth Edwards said its design was inspired by the xenomorphs in the ''Alien'' franchise and the rancors in the ''Star Wars'' franchise.<ref>{{cite web |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |title=Jurassic World Rebirth Goes for the Jugular: 'There's a Little Bit of Everything That's Scary' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/jurassic-world-rebirth-first-look |website=Vanity Fair |access-date=February 4, 2025 |date=February 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Meet>{{cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |title=Meet The Distortus rex: Jurassic World Rebirth's Mutant Is 'Like The T-Rex Designed By HR Giger' |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-rebirth-distortus-rex-mutant-exclusive/ |website=Empire |access-date=May 2, 2025 |date=May 2, 2025}}</ref> With its bulbous head, ILM's visual effects supervisor David Vickery said "It's as if another animal has been wrapped around the T-Rex. Gareth wanted us to feel sorry for it as well as terrified, because its deformities have caused it some pain and there's an encumbrance to it."<ref name=Meet/> Edwards was heavily involved in the design of the ''Distortus rex'' whose traits include gorilla-like arms and movements at his suggestion.<ref name=prod/>
===''Gallimimus''=== A herd of running ''Gallimimus'' is seen in the first film, taking the role of the novel's ''Hadrosaurus''. In the novel, the roar of a ''T. rex'' is heard in the background, but the ''T. rex'' is not seen. The scene went through several revisions over the course of the film's production. In Crichton's first draft, Grant, Lex, and Tim get caught in a "wall of dinosaurs", including a baby ''Triceratops'', and climb a tree to escape. His revised draft changed this to the characters watching the ''T. rex'' attacking a herd of ''Hadrosaurs'' from a distance, and the film's second screenwriter, Malia Scotch Marmo, placed them in the middle of the action. David Koepp, the final screenwriter, replaced ''Hadrosaurus'' with ''Gallimimus'', on the advice of Tippett.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=194}}
The ''Gallimimus'' was created by ILM entirely through CGI. It was the first dinosaur to be digitized during production.<ref name="Earl doc" /><ref name="Wow">{{cite journal |last=Britton |first= P. | title = The WOW Factor |journal=Popular Science |pages=86–91 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3oRpYBVRP7wC&q=brachiosaurus+cinema+history+cgi&pg=PA88 |year=1993}}</ref> As a result, a test was required to see if digitally animating dinosaurs was even possible. ILM animator Eric Armstrong first built out the skeleton of a single ''Gallimimus'', then animated its run cycle. He then duplicated the skeleton to make a herd.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=194}} All of the ''Gallimimus'' used the same run cycle, which was manually tweaked slightly for each individual dinosaur to make them distinct.<ref name="Earl doc" /> The test, which composited the herd of skeletal ''Gallimimus'' over a jungle background, was a success, prompting a second test with fully skinned ''Gallimimus'' and a ''T. rex''.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=194}} The overall movement of the herd was planned out using very simplified representations of the dinosaur model, which the animators referred to as "hood ornaments", which were then replaced with full running ''Gallimimus'' models.<ref name=":3" />
Unlike most of the dinosaurs in the film, ILM animators created the ''Gallimimus'' model by hand rather than scanning one of Winston's maquettes, which made the ''Gallimimus'' move more smoothly and be easier to animate.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Duncan |first=Jody |date=August 1993 |title=The Beauty in the Beasts |magazine=Cinefex |page=87 |issue=55 |issn=0198-1056}}</ref> The ''Gallimimus'' design was based on ostriches,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=135}} and the animators also referred to footage of herding gazelles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baird|first=R.|title=Animalizing ''Jurassic Park's'' dinosaurs: Blockbuster schemata and cross-cultural cognition in the threat scene|journal=Cinema Journal|date=1998|volume=37|issue=4|pages=82–103|doi=10.2307/1225728|jstor=1225728}}</ref> In the ILM parking lot, animators were filmed running around to provide reference for the dinosaurs' run, with plastic pipes standing in for a fallen tree that the ''Gallimimus'' jump over.<ref>"Return to Jurassic Park: The Next Step in Evolution", ''Jurassic Park'' Blu-ray (2011)</ref> One of the animators fell while trying to make the jump, and this inspired the incorporation of a ''Gallimimus'' also falling.<ref name="back">{{cite web |url=http://www.fxguide.com/featured/welcome-back-to-jurassic-park/ |title=Welcome (back) to Jurassic Park |first=Ian |last=Failes |website=FX Guide |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=January 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sosa |first=J.L. |title='I Was a Failed Gallimimus': Jurassic Park Through The Eyes of One of Its Magic Creators |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/i-was-a-failed-gallimimus-jurassic-park-through-the-eyes-of-one-of-its-magic-creators-fcad379ee10c/ |website=Film School Rejects |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref> The tree was carefully rigged to get jostled by wires and miniature explosives, so that when the ''Gallimimus'' were composited onto the footage, it would appear that they were moving the log.<ref name=":0" /> A portion of the scene depicts a ''Tyrannosaurus'' killing a ''Gallimimus'', inspired by a scene in the 1969 film ''The Valley of Gwangi''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galvan |first=Patrick |title=5 franchises that owe Ray Harryhausen a kraken-size debt on his 100th birthday |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/ray-harryhausen-effects-influence-godzilla-star-wars-jurassic-park |website=Syfy Wire |access-date=June 6, 2021 |date=June 29, 2020 |archive-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606164858/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/ray-harryhausen-effects-influence-godzilla-star-wars-jurassic-park |url-status=dead }}</ref> Horse squeals were used to provide the ''Gallimimus'' vocal sounds.<ref name="vult">{{cite news |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/how-the-dino-sounds-in-jurassic-park-were-made.html |date=September 4, 2013 |title=You'll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made |work=Vulture |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref>
''Gallimimus'' returns in ''Jurassic World'', in which a running herd is depicted during a tour. The scene is a reference to the dinosaur's appearance in the first film,<ref name=fxguide/><ref name=Easter3>{{cite news|last=Anderton|first=Ethan|title='Jurassic World' Easter Eggs: Did You Catch These 'Jurassic Park' References? |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/538254/jurassic-world-easter-eggs/|access-date=July 25, 2025|work=/Film|date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> and was created by Image Engine. The company's artists often viewed the species' original appearance for reference.<ref name=fxguide/> Jeremy Mesana, the animation supervisor for Imagine Engine, said: "We were always going back and staring at that little snippet from the first film. It was always interesting trying to find the feeling of the ''Gallimimus''. Trying to capture the same essence of that original shot was really tricky".<ref name=fxguide/> By the time ''Jurassic World'' was produced, scientists had found that ''Gallimimus'' had feathers, although this trait is absent from the film.<ref name=BI/>
===''Giganotosaurus''=== ''Giganotosaurus'' is introduced in the 2021 ''Jurassic World Dominion'' prologue. It serves as the dinosaur antagonist in the prologue and the film itself. Trevorrow saved the ''Giganotosaurus'' for the third ''Jurassic World'' film to set up a rivalry between it and the ''T. rex''. In the prologue, a ''Giganotosaurus'' kills a ''T. rex'' in battle during the Cretaceous, and two cloned versions face off in the subsequent film, set during the present day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Evangelista |first=Chris |title=The 'Jurassic World: Dominion' Villain is a Dinosaur Director Colin Trevorrow Has Been Saving for the Third Movie |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-dominion-villain/ |access-date=June 10, 2021 |work=/Film |date=June 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mithaiwala |first=Mansoor |title=Colin Trevorrow Interview – Jurassic World: Dominion |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-dominion-interview-colin-trevorrow/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=June 10, 2021 |date=June 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Purslow/> The film presents ''Giganotosaurus'' as the largest carnivore to have ever existed on Earth, although in reality, the ''Spinosaurus'' is believed to have been longer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Li |first=Michael |title=Jurassic World's Alan Grant Makes Claims About the World's Biggest Dino – Is He Right? |url=https://www.cbr.com/giganotosaurus-not-biggest-dinosaur-jurassic-world-dominion/ |website=CBR |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=April 30, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Docter-Loeb |first=Hannah |title=Jurassic World's New Big Bad Dinosaur Was Supposedly the Biggest Carnivore Ever. The Truth Is Much More Complicated. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/jurassic-world-giganotosaurus-paleontology-debate.html |website=Slate |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 10, 2022}}</ref> In the film's climactic scene, the ''Giganotosaurus'' is killed in battle when the ''T. rex'' pushes it onto the claws of a ''Therizinosaurus''.
The ''Giganotosaurus'' went through many design changes, which included altering the number of spines along its back, as Trevorrow did not want it to resemble a dragon.<ref name=OldNew/> The dinosaur was originally meant to be a CGI-only animal, until Trevorrow decided to have a practical version created as well, to enhance the actors' performances.<ref name=Desowitz>{{cite web |last=Desowitz |first=Bill |title='Jurassic World: Dominion': How the Giganotosaurus Became the Joker of the Franchise |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/06/jurassic-world-dominion-giganotosaurus-making-of-1234736358/ |website=IndieWire |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 25, 2022}}</ref> Animatronic creator John Nolan said the ''Giganotosaurus'' was "probably the biggest challenge" for his team. The dinosaur was expected to take six months to build, but his team only had about three months to finish it, as the COVID-19 pandemic cost them time.<ref name=Chat>{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Rick |title=A chat with Jurassic World's live-action dinosaur wrangler |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/jurassic-world-dominion-animatronics-interview/ |website=Digital Trends |access-date=May 21, 2023 |date=September 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name=JOutpost/> An animatronic head and neck – the size of a car – were built by Nolan's team, while ILM depicted the rest of the animal through CGI. Nolan initially used a 3D printer to create a one-tenth scale head, on which the animatronic was based.<ref name=Tangcay/><ref name=JOutpost>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Derrick |title=New Animatronic Images From 'Dominion' Featured In Upcoming Fangoria Magazine Issue |url=https://jurassicoutpost.com/new-animatronic-images-from-dominion-featured-in-upcoming-fangoria-magazine-issue |website=Jurassic Outpost |access-date=April 7, 2022 |date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> It was the largest dinosaur head ever created for any of the films.<ref name=Syfy2022/> Nolan's team used polystyrene and latex to craft it. The creature was operated on a rig approximately {{convert|65|ft}} in length, and it took six hours to relocate the animal from one set to another.<ref name=Desowitz/>
Trevorrow said about the ''Giganotosaurus'', "I wanted something that felt like the Joker. It just wants to watch the world burn".<ref>{{cite news |last=Travis |first=Ben |title=Jurassic World Dominion's Huge New Dinosaur The 'Giga' Is 'Like The Joker', Says Colin Trevorrow – Exclusive Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-dominions-huge-new-dinosaur-the-giga-is-like-the-joker-says-colin-trevorrow-exclusive-image/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=Empire |date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> He later clarified the Joker reference, stating that it arose from a conversation with the artist who applied paint to the animatronic. According to Trevorrow, "it's a question of like, 'Well, how do you want this thing to feel?' And then the Joker was my reference. I think [the initial comment] turned into a narrative as if it's like ''literally'' the Joker, that was not my intention! Melting face makeup was the note I gave".<ref name=DF/> At Trevorrow's request, battle scars were added to the animal's face, similar to Jack Nicholson's Joker character in the 1989 film ''Batman''. The Joker influence also extended to the dinosaur's lumbering movements.<ref name=Desowitz/><ref name=DF>{{cite web |last=Salazar |first=Andrew J. |title=Colin Trevorrow and Emily Carmichael on Legacy Tropes and the New Dinos of 'Jurassic World Dominion' – Exclusive Interview |url=https://discussingfilm.net/2022/06/10/colin-trevorrow-and-emily-carmichael-on-legacy-tropes-and-the-new-dinos-of-jurassic-world-dominion-exclusive-interview/ |website=DiscussingFilm |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref>
===''Indominus rex''=== ''Indominus rex'' is a fictional theropod dinosaur and the main antagonist in the film ''Jurassic World''. It is a transgenic (or hybrid) dinosaur, made up of DNA from various animals.<ref name=Freaky>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/jurassic-world-indominus-rex-how-made-what-is-122119934077.html|title=Inside 'Jurassic World': Here's the Freaky Real Dinosaur Indominus Rex Is Based On|last=Errico|first=Marcus|date=June 21, 2015|publisher=Yahoo Movies|access-date=June 17, 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was created by the character Dr. Henry Wu, as requested by CEO Simon Masrani, to boost theme park attendance, although it later escapes. In the film, it is stated that the dinosaur's base genome is a ''T. rex'', and that it also has the DNA of ''Velociraptor'', cuttlefish, and tree frog. The film's promotional website states that the creature also has the DNA of theropods ''Carnotaurus'', ''Giganotosaurus'', ''Majungasaurus'', and ''Rugops''.<ref name=Erickson/><ref name=website/> Trevorrow said the mixed DNA allowed the animal to have attributes "that no dinosaur was known to have".<ref name=USA-Dinos>{{cite news|last=Truitt|first=Brian|title=A visitor's guide to 'Jurassic World' dinosaurs|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/06/10/jurassic-world-dinosaurs-visitors-guide/28752763/|access-date=January 31, 2018|work=USA Today|date=June 10, 2015}}</ref>
The ''Indominus'' is white in color,<ref name=Freaky/> and can also camouflage itself and adapt to its surroundings, thanks to its cuttlefish DNA. ''Carnotaurus'' was previously depicted in Crichton's novel ''The Lost World'' with the same ability to camouflage, and the ''Indominus'' uses it to evade capture.<ref name=Erickson>{{cite news|last=Erickson |first=Sean |title=Jurassic World: A Closer Look at the Indominus Rex DNA! |url=https://moviepilot.com/posts/2711516 |access-date=June 19, 2017 |work=MoviePilot |date=February 20, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826051643/http://moviepilot.com/posts/2711516 |archive-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> It can also sense thermal radiation. Other characteristics include its long arms, raptor hand claws, and small thumbs. It is able to walk on two or four legs. ILM's animation supervisor, Glen McIntosh, said: "The goal was to always make sure she felt like a gigantic animal that was a theropod but taking advantage of its extra features".<ref name=fxguide/> ''Therizinosaurus'' inspired the long forelimbs of the ''Indominus''.<ref name=Freaky/> Horner rejected an early idea that the dinosaur could be depicted as bulletproof, but he otherwise told Trevorrow to add any attributes that he wanted the animal to have. The two began with a list of possible characteristics, then gradually narrowed it down. Trevorrow said: "These kind of things were often decided by the needs of the narrative. If it was going to pick up a guy and bite his head off, it was going to need thumbs". Trevorrow wanted the ''Indominus'' to look like it could be an actual dinosaur, while Horner was disappointed that it did not look more extreme, saying he "wanted something that looked really different".<ref name=NBC>{{cite news |last=Wagstaff |first=Keith |title=How 'Jurassic World' Created a Terrifying New Dinosaur |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/how-jurassic-world-created-terrifying-new-dinosaur-n372431 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=NBC News |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
In an earlier draft of the script, the film's dinosaur antagonist was depicted as a real animal, called the malusaurus, despite being a fictional species in reality. Trevorrow chose to rewrite it as a genetically modified hybrid dinosaur named ''Indominus rex'', to maintain consistency with earlier films, which had generally incorporated the latest paleontological discoveries. He said, "I didn't wanna make up a new dinosaur and tell kids it was real".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/05/whats-it-like-to-have-a-job-interview-with-steven-spielberg |title=What's It Like to Have a Job Interview with Steven Spielberg? |website=IGN |date=July 5, 2015 |access-date=July 7, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706054800/http://www.ign.com/videos/2015/07/05/whats-it-like-to-have-a-job-interview-with-steven-spielberg |archive-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> Fans were initially concerned upon learning that the film would feature a hybrid dinosaur,<ref name=Leaks/> but Trevorrow said the concept was "not tremendously different" from the earlier films, in which the dinosaurs were partially recreated with frog DNA. He described a hybrid as "the next level",<ref name=June11/> and said "we aren't doing anything here that Crichton didn't suggest in his novels".<ref name=Leaks>{{cite news |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Exclusive: 'Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow Talks Plot Details and Recent Leaks |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-plot-details-colin-treverrow/ |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=/Film |date=May 28, 2014}}</ref> Horner considered the concept of transgenic dinosaurs to be the most realistic aspect of the film, saying it was "more plausible than bringing a dinosaur back from amber".<ref name=NBC/> However, a hybridized dinosaur made of various animals' DNA would still be exceedingly difficult to create, due to the complexity of altering the genomes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gross |first=Rachel E. |title=How Impossible, Actually, Is the Dinosaur DNA Splicing in Jurassic World? |url=https://slate.com/technology/2015/06/jurassic-world-s-sketchy-science-how-impossible-would-it-be-to-splice-dinosaur-dna-with-other-animals.html |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=Slate |date=June 16, 2015}}</ref>
Trevorrow said the behavior of the ''Indominus'' was partially inspired by the 2013 film ''Blackfish'', saying that the dinosaur "is kind of out killing for sport because it grew up in captivity. It's sort of, like, if the black fish orca got loose and never knew its mother and has been fed from a crane".<ref>{{cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |title=Does 'Jurassic World' remind you of 'Blackfish'? How a dinosaur movie tackled animal rights. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/06/15/does-jurassic-world-remind-you-of-blackfish-how-a-dinosaur-movie-tackled-animal-rights/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 15, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref> In the film, it is stated that there were initially two ''Indominus'' individuals, and that one cannibalized its sibling. Fifth-scale maquettes of the ''Indominus rex'' were created for lighting reference.<ref name=fxguide/> Motion capture was initially considered for portraying the ''Indominus'', although Trevorrow felt that the method did not work well for the dinosaur.<ref name=Kaye>{{cite web |last=Kaye |first=Don |title=Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow: 'These movies are in my blood.' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/jurassic-world-director-colin-trevorrow-these-movies-are-my-blood |work=Syfy |date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214121313/http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/jurassic-world-director-colin-trevorrow-these-movies-are-my-blood |url-status=dead }}</ref> The animal sounds used to create the ''Indominus'' roars included those from big pigs, whales, beluga whales, dolphins, a fennec fox, lions, monkeys, and walruses.<ref name=VoxRoars/><ref name=ew_2015-06-18>{{cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |title='Jurassic World' sound designers used pigs, whales, and dolphins to create dinosaur roars |url=https://ew.com/article/2015/06/18/jurassic-world-sound-design/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 18, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>
The name ''Indominus rex'' is derived from the Latin words ''indomitus'' meaning "fierce" or "untameable" and ''rex'' meaning "king".<ref name=website>{{cite web|url=http://www.jurassicworld.com/dinosaurs/indominus-rex/|title=Indominus rex|work=Jurassic World|access-date=July 3, 2016|archive-date=June 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621234743/http://www.jurassicworld.com/dinosaurs/indominus-rex/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton Thomas|author-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis|last2=Short|first2=Charles|title=A Latin Dictionary|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1879|location=Oxford|chapter=indomitus|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=indomitus}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Charlton Thomas |author-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis |last2=Short |first2=Charles |title=A Latin Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1879 |location=Oxford |chapter=rex |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Drex1}}</ref> The creature is sometimes referred to as the ''I. rex'' for short, although producer Frank Marshall stated that the film crew abbreviated the name as simply ''Indominus''.<ref name=June11/> Among the public, it was occasionally known during production as ''Diabolus rex'', a name Trevorrow made up to maintain secrecy on the film prior to its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screencrush.com/colin-trevorrow-jurassic-world-interview/ |title=Colin Trevorrow on the Three Things Steven Spielberg Said Had to Be in 'Jurassic World' |last=Sampson |first=Mike |date=June 9, 2015 |work=ScreenCrush.com |access-date=August 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920163900/http://screencrush.com/colin-trevorrow-jurassic-world-interview/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref>
In the film, the character Hoskins proposes making miniature versions of the ''Indominus'' as military weapons. The ''Indominus'' is later defeated in a battle with a ''T. rex'' (Rexy), with the aid of a ''Velociraptor'' (Blue), and later killed by a ''Mosasaurus''.
In ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', DNA is retrieved from a fragment of the ''Indominus'' skeleton and is used to create the smaller ''Indoraptor''.
The ''Indominus'' also appears in the animated series ''Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous'',<ref name="CBR">{{cite web |title=15 Coolest Dinosaur Scenes in Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous |url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-best-dinosaur-scenes/ |website=CBR |access-date=May 30, 2026 |date=2025-02-21}}</ref> in which it acts as an antagonist in the first season, set before its death in ''Jurassic World''.
===''Indoraptor''=== ''Indoraptor'' is a fictional hybrid dinosaur and the secondary antagonist in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom''. In the film, it is created by Dr. Henry Wu as a weaponized animal, using a bone fragment recovered from the deceased ''Indominus rex'', which included ''Velociraptor'' DNA in its makeup. The ''Indoraptor'' escapes at Benjamin Lockwood's estate and kills several people, before battling Blue, a ''Velociraptor''. The ''Indoraptor'' eventually falls to its death when it is impaled on the horn of a ceratopsian skull, on display in Lockwood's library of dinosaur skeletons.<ref name=OnSet/> The bone fragment is later destroyed when a ''T. rex'' stomps on it. The ''Indoraptor'' is the last hybrid dinosaur of the ''Jurassic World'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Evangelista|first=Chris|title='Jurassic World 3' won't feature hybrid dinosaurs|work=/Film|date=May 7, 2018|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-3-hybrid-dinosaurs/|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>
The ''Indoraptor'' has long human-like arms,<ref name=EmpireSecrets/> which Spielberg considered to be its scariest trait.<ref name="Classic Horror"/> It is depicted as a facultative biped<ref name=AWN/> with a height of approximately {{cvt|10|ft}} tall while standing on two legs.<ref name=Prod-info/> It is portrayed as {{convert|23|ft|m}} long and weighing about {{convert|2,200|lbs|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abrams |first=Bryan|title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom's Production Designer Takes on the Indoraptor|publisher=Motion Picture Association of America|date=June 22, 2018|url=https://www.mpaa.org/2018/06/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdoms-production-designer-on-facing-the-indoraptor/|access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref><ref name=survival/> The front teeth and long claws were inspired by Count Orlok in ''Nosferatu''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bui |first=Hoai-Tran |title=Exclusive: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Blu-ray Clip Shows How the VFX Team Built the Indoraptor |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-blu-ray-clip/ |website=/Film |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=September 13, 2018}}</ref> Bayona chose black for the dinosaur's color to give the appearance of a black shadow, saying "it's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth".<ref name=EmpireSecrets/> Initially, the film was to feature two Indoraptors,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pugh |first=Chris |title=New Concept Art Shows Alternative Opening, Second Indoraptor, the Spinosaurus, and Early Designs in Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom |url=https://jurassicoutpost.com/new-concept-art-shows-alternative-opening-second-indoraptor-the-spinosaurus-and-early-designs-in-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom/ |website=Jurassic Outpost |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=September 28, 2018}}</ref> one black and one white. The black ''Indoraptor'' would kill the white one, in what Bayona considered similar to Cain and Abel. The white ''Indoraptor'' was ultimately removed from the script as the story was considered detailed enough without it.<ref name=Interview1/>
The ''Indoraptor'' was primarily created through CGI, although close-up shots used a practical head, neck, shoulders, foot and arm.<ref name="New Villain">{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Bryan|title=Indoraptor kills it as the villainous new dinosaur of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'|work=USA Today|date=June 22, 2018|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/06/19/new-dinosaur-indoraptor-kills-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom/711576002/|access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> Neal Scanlan provided the animatronics.<ref name=Zemler>{{cite web|last=Zemler|first=Emily|title='Jurassic World 2' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-sneaks-jurassic-world-2-neal-scanlan-20180427-story.html|access-date=April 26, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 26, 2018}}</ref><ref name=AWN/> An inflatable ''Indoraptor'' stand-in, operated by two puppeteers on set, was used for some scenes, with CGI replacing it later in production.<ref>{{cite web |last=Failes |first=Ian |title=The Unexpected Techniques 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-special-effects-fx |website=Thrillist |access-date=July 13, 2018 |date=July 9, 2018}}</ref> David Vickery, ILM's visual effects supervisor, said that Bayona wanted the ''Indoraptor'' to look "malnourished and slightly unhinged".<ref name=VFX>{{cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom': How J. A. Bayona and the VFX Team Channeled Classic Horror Movies|work=IndieWire|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|date=June 25, 2018|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/06/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-j-a-bayona-vfx-horror-1201978389/|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref> Its vocal sounds were created by combining noises from various types of animal, including chihuahua, pig, cougar, and lion. The sound of dental drills was also used.<ref name=Hart/>
Bayona incorporated elements from the 1931 film ''Frankenstein'' as he wanted to give the ''Indoraptor'' the feel of a "rejected creature".<ref name="New Villain"/><ref name=VFX/> He said: "There's something of that in the way we introduce the character, the ''Indoraptor'', this kind of laboratory in the underground facilities at the end of a long corridor, inside a cell. It has this kind of Gothic element that reminds me a little bit of the world of Frankenstein, this kind of Gothic world. And we have also references of people with mental illness, like this kind of shake you see from time to time. It's kind of like a nervous tic that the ''Indoraptor'' has, and it's taken from real references of mentally ill people".<ref name="Classic Horror">{{cite web|last=Eisenberg|first=Erik|title=The Classic Horror Monster That Helped Inspire the Indoraptor in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom|date=June 21, 2018|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2435370/classic-monster-helped-inspire-the-indoraptor-in-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom|work=CinemaBlend|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref>
===''Mosasaurus''=== ''Mosasaurus'' appears in ''Jurassic World'', as the first aquatic reptile in the films. Earlier drafts for ''Jurassic Park III'' and ''Jurassic Park IV'' (later ''Jurassic World'') had featured the aquatic reptile ''Kronosaurus''.<ref name=CT/><ref name=Jul01/><ref>{{cite news|last=Lamble |first=Ryan |title=Examining the Jurassic Park 4 script that was never filmed |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/examining-the-jurassic-park-4-script-that-was-never-filmed/ |access-date=May 2, 2017 |work=Den of Geek |date=June 16, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507181141/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/jurassic-world/35781/examining-the-jurassic-park-4-script-that-was-never-filmed |archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Lamble>{{cite web |last=Lamble |first=Ryan |title=Jurassic World 3: How a 2004 Script Holds the Future's Answers |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/jurassic-world-3-how-a-2004-script-holds-the-futures-answers/ |website=Den of Geek |access-date=June 22, 2018 |date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> The ''Mosasaurus'' was suggested by Trevorrow, as part of a theme-park feeding show in which guests watch from bleachers as the animal leaps out of a lagoon and catches its prey: a shark hanging above the water. The bleacher seats are then lowered for a view of the mosasaur's aquatic habitat.<ref name=April30>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/colin-trevorrow-jurassic-world-interview/ |title=Extensive Jurassic World Interview with Director Colin Trevorrow |website=/Film |date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |first=Peter |last=Sciretta |pages=1–3 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702094024/http://www.slashfilm.com/colin%2Dtrevorrow%2Djurassic%2Dworld%2Dinterview/ |archive-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=de Semlyen |first=Nick |title=Empire's Jurassic World Trailer Tour |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/jurassic-world-teaser-trailer-tour/ |access-date=May 2, 2017 |work=Empire |date=November 25, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035035/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/jurassic-world-teaser-trailer-tour/ |archive-date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> According to Trevorrow, the theme park expanded its method of DNA extraction beyond mosquitoes, saying, "There's iron in the blood and bones that's preserved the DNA". This allowed for the creature's inclusion "without having to answer the question, 'How the hell does a mosquito bite an underwater reptile?'"<ref>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Richard |title=Jurassic World |url=https://archive.org/details/SFX.262.Summer.2015.True.PDF/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater |website=SFX |access-date=November 22, 2024 |page=52 |date=Summer 2015}}</ref>
The ''Mosasaurus'' was designed to resemble the dinosaurs created by Winston for the earlier films. Trevorrow said: "We made sure to give her a look and a kind of personality in the way we designed her face that recalled Stan Winston's designs for many of the other dinosaurs in this world. She looks like a ''Jurassic Park'' dinosaur".<ref name=USA-Dinos/> Legacy Effects developed the original design and ILM refined it. The animators referenced crocodiles for the creature's swimming pattern.<ref name=Cinefex/>
The ''Mosasaurus'' was originally envisioned as a {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}}-long animal, but Spielberg requested that it be enlarged after seeing the initial design. ILM was concerned about making the animal appear too large, but Horner advised the team that an increased length would fit within the realm of possibility, as larger aquatic reptiles were consistently being discovered. The length was increased to nearly {{convert|120|ft}}.<ref name=Cinefex>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World |url=https://cinefex.com/backissues/issue142.htm |website=Cinefex |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=July 2015 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909052244/https://cinefex.com/backissues/issue142.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Making the Mosasaurus |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMdOYm6xpMM |website=YouTube |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> Some criticized the ''Mosasaurus'' for appearing to be twice the size of the largest known species.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Stephen/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/11/29/a-smithsonian-paleontologist-fact-checked-the-jurassic-world-trailer-his-take-meh/|title=A Smithsonian paleontologist fact-checked the 'Jurassic World' trailer. His take? 'Meh'.|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=November 29, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> Horner said "the size of this one is a little out of proportion, but we don't know the ultimate size of any extinct animal".<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientist-behind-jurassic-world-breaks-down-trailer-180953505/|title=The Scientist Behind "Jurassic World", Jack Horner, Breaks Down the Movie's Thrilling Trailer|last=Kutner|first=Max|date=December 2, 2014|work=Smithsonian|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> The film inaccurately depicts the ''Mosasaurus'' with scutes along its back, a trait that was based on outdated depictions of the creature.<ref name=BI/> Its ability to leap is also considered unlikely, as the real animal would have consumed its prey underwater.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes Cobb |first=Mark |title=Mosasaurus Maximus rules 'Jurassic' but its cousins ruled Alabama |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2015/06/07/mosasaurus-maximus-rules-jurassic-but-its-cousins-ruled-alabama/29957792007/ |access-date=November 22, 2024 |work=The Tuscaloosa News |date=June 6, 2015}}</ref> Audio recordings of a walrus and a beluga whale provided the ''Mosasaurus'' roars.<ref name=VoxRoars>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |title=Jurassic World's dinosaur roars include sounds from whales, walruses, and foxes |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/6/20/8816709/jurassic-world-roar-sounds |work=Vox |date=June 20, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name=ew_2015-06-18/>
The ''Mosasaurus'' returns in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'',<ref name=Lamble/> in the opening and ending sequences.<ref>{{cite web |last=Squires |first=John |title=First 5 Minutes of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Attack CinemaCon; Footage Description |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3495563/first-5-minutes-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-attack-cinemacon-footage-description/ |website=Bloody Disgusting |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=April 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Evangelista |first=Chris |title='Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Trailers Spoiled the Ending and the Filmmakers Aren't Happy About It |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/fallen-kingdom-trailers-spoilers/ |website=/Film |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> The ''Mosasaurus'' is larger in ''Fallen Kingdom'' compared to its appearance in the previous film. ILM animation supervisor Glen McIntosh cited this as an example of how "we sometimes have to fudge reality to make something work. From shot to shot, the mosasaurus often changed size slightly to make best use of each frame composition". Although ''Mosasaurus'' was thought to have had a forked tongue, McIntosh said the fictional animal was given a regular tongue to make it "more believable to most filmgoers", saying that "we'd played with its scale so much that we felt giving it a forked tongue would be too much".<ref name=Cinefex2>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom |url=https://cinefex.com/backissues/issue160.htm |website=Cinefex |access-date=July 31, 2021 |date=August 2018 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731181145/https://cinefex.com/backissues/issue160.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
For ''Jurassic World'' and its sequel, ILM referenced footage of breaching whales, which helped the team determine how to create realistic shots where the ''Mosasaurus'' leaps from the water.<ref name=Cinefex/><ref name=Cinefex2/> The ''Mosasaurus'' makes a brief return in the short film ''Battle at Big Rock'',<ref name=Newsweek>{{cite news |last=Whalen |first=Andrew |title=All 7 Dinosaurs in 'Battle at Big Rock', Including Nasutoceratops, New to 'Jurassic Park' Series |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dinosaurs-battle-big-rock-jurassic-world-short-film-nasutoceratops-1459474 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=Newsweek |date=September 16, 2019}}</ref> and in ''Jurassic World Dominion'', where she is shown sinking a fishing boat. This scene consists entirely of footage from the television program ''Deadliest Catch'',<ref name=Syfy2022/> after COVID-19 lockdowns forced alterations to the film's production.<ref name=Supe>{{cite web |last=Hogg |first=Trevor |title=Exclusive: 'Jurassic World Dominion' VFX Supe David Vickery Unleashes the Dinosaurs Again |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/07/exclusive-jurassic-world-dominon-vfx-supe-david-vickery-unleashes-the-dinosaurs-again/ |website=Animation Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124134752/https://www.animationmagazine.net/2022/07/exclusive-jurassic-world-dominon-vfx-supe-david-vickery-unleashes-the-dinosaurs-again/ |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> The show's 16 seasons were evaluated for ideal shots that could be used in ''Dominion'', with the ''Mosasaurus'' added in through CGI.<ref name=Syfy2022/> A ''Mosasaurus'' also appears in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'' with an updated design.<ref name=prod/> It was responsible for stranding the characters on the island and showed to have some kind of symbiotic relationship with a pack of ''Spinosaurus''.
===''Mutadon''=== ''Mutadon'' is a fictional mutant hybrid dinosaur, with several individuals appearing in ''Jurassic World Rebirth''. A carnivorous flying dinosaur with wings, the ''Mutadons'' are a combination of ''Velociraptor'' and a pterosaur. This concept was conceived by the film's writer, David Koepp, following an encounter that he had with a bat during repair work at his house.<ref name=prod/><ref name=wild>{{cite magazine |last=Jolin |first=Dan |date=Summer 2025 |title=Into the Wild |magazine=Empire |location=United Kingdom |pages=46–55}}</ref>
The ''Mutadons'' went through many design changes, some of which depicted the animal with multiple heads and varying limb configurations, as ILM sought a balance between science fiction and believability. Carlos Ciudad, a visual effects producer on the film, said: "Mixing a raptor and a pterosaur presented a tricky design challenge. Although it's portrayed as a failed experiment within the story, the creature still needed to feel grounded and realistic on screen."<ref name=prod/> The final design was selected around the end of 2024, after nine months.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |title=Inside the Jurassic World Rebirth mutant dinosaur laboratory: See exclusive photos of the D. rex, Mutadon, and more |url=https://ew.com/jurassic-world-rebirth-dinosaur-guide-d-rex-mutadon-dolores-exclusive-photos-11762569 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=July 14, 2025 |date=June 30, 2025}}</ref>
===''Pachycephalosaurus''=== ''Pachycephalosaurus'' appears in ''The Lost World'' and its film adaptation. For the film, it was created as a {{convert|5|ft|adj=on}} dinosaur measuring eight feet long, though the real animal was {{convert|16|ft}} long. Three versions of the ''Pachycephalosaurus'' were created for filming: a full hydraulic puppet, a head, and a head-butter. The latter was built to withstand high impact for a scene in which the dinosaur head-butts one of the hunter vehicles using its domed skull. The puppet version was one of the most complex created for the film, and was used for a scene in which the dinosaur is captured. The legs were controlled through pneumatics.<ref name=Making/> Among the public, ''Pachycephalosaurus'' is the best-known member of the Pachycephalosauria clade, in part because of its appearance in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paleontologists Uncover the Tiniest Bonehead Dinosaur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2016/03/30/paleontologists-uncover-the-tiniest-bonehead/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712022252/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2016/03/30/paleontologists-uncover-the-tiniest-bonehead/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |website=National Geographic |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=March 30, 2016 |quote=''Pachycephalosaurus'' stands out in the dinosaur pantheon as the largest, last, and, thanks to ''The Land Before Time'' and ''Jurassic Park: The Lost World'', most famous of the "bonehead" dinosaurs.}}</ref> Later research suggested that the animal's skull was not used for head-butting.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |title=A Paleontologist Deconstructs 'Jurassic World' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/12/science/jurassic-world-deconstructed-by-paleontologist.html |access-date=July 31, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
In ''Jurassic World'', a ''Pachycephalosaurus'' briefly appears on a surveillance screen in the park's control room.
===''Pteranodon''=== ''Pteranodon'', a pterosaur, makes a brief appearance at the end of ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''.<ref name=Jul01>{{cite web|url=http://www.dansjp3page.com/oldnews31.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010628233556/http://www.dansjp3page.com/oldnews31.asp|title= Johnston on Underwater Dinos, Spielberg's JP3 Idea|date=June 10, 2001|archive-date=June 28, 2001|website=DansJP3Page.com|publisher=Movieline}}</ref><ref name=EWGuide>{{cite magazine |title=The Ultimate Guide to Jurassic Park |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK9lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Time Home Entertainment |access-date=June 12, 2020 |date=June 15, 2018 |pages=65, 78–80|isbn = 978-1-5478-4368-8}}</ref> Earlier drafts of the script had featured ''Pteranodon'' in a larger role,<ref>"Return to Jurassic Park: Something Survived", ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' Blu-Ray</ref><ref name=Berry/><ref name=Making/> and Spielberg insisted to ''Jurassic Park III'' director Joe Johnston that he include the creature in the third film.<ref name=Jul01/><ref name=EWGuide/>
''Pteranodon'' is prominently featured in ''Jurassic Park III'', although it is a fictionalization of the actual animal,<ref name=Notes/> and it has a different appearance to those seen in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''. In the third film, a group of ''Pteranodon''s are kept in an aviary on Isla Sorna.<ref name=Berry/> The idea of a pterosaur aviary had originated in Crichton's original ''Jurassic Park'' novel.<ref name=family/> An earlier draft of ''Jurassic Park III'' had included a storyline about ''Pteranodon''s escaping to the Costa Rican mainland and killing people.<ref name=about>{{cite web|access-date=July 27, 2011 |url=http://actionadventure.about.com/library/weekly/2001/aa071601a.htm |title=Jumanji's Joe Johnston Joins Jurassic |website=About.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305202525/http://actionadventure.about.com/library/weekly/2001/aa071601a.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2006 |url-status=unfit |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dvdfile.com/news/special_report/in_the_round/jurassicpark/index.html|title= Evolution of the dinos – Ten questions with Joe Johnston|website= DVDFile.com|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020103070043/http://www.dvdfile.com/news/special_report/in_the_round/jurassicpark/evolution_1.html|archive-date= January 3, 2002|pages=1–2}}</ref> The finished film ends with escaped ''Pteranodon''s flying away from Isla Sorna, as Johnston wanted an ending shot of "these creatures being beautiful and elegant". He denied, then later suggested, that the fleeing ''Pteranodon''s would be included in the plot for a fourth film.<ref name=Might>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/report/0,6115,167997~1~0~learnaboutjurassicpark,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010721080634/http://www.ew.com/ew/report/0%2C6115%2C167997~1~0~learnaboutjurassicpark%2C00.html |title=Dino Might |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=July 18, 2001 |archive-date=July 21, 2001 |first=Liane |last=Bonin |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.suntimes.com/output/pearlman/cst-ftr-cindy23.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010725112851/http://www.suntimes.com/output/pearlman/cst-ftr-cindy23.html |title='Jurassic 3' delivers crushing blow |work= Chicago Sun-Times |date= July 23, 2001 |archive-date= July 25, 2001|first= Cindy |last= Pearlman}}</ref> Promotional material for the ''Jurassic World'' films later explained that the escaped ''Pteranodon''s were killed off-screen after reaching Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.slashfilm.com/chris-pratt-jurassic-world-2/|title='Jurassic World' Smashes the Box Office, Chris Pratt Already Signed for Inevitable Sequels|last= Anderton|first= Ethan|date= 2015-06-14|website=/Film |access-date= 2015-10-22}}</ref><ref name=survival>{{cite book |last=Lewman |first=David |title=Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Dinosaur Survival Guide |date=8 May 2018 |publisher=Random House Children's Books |isbn=978-0-525-58085-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHRCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |page=71}}</ref>
The ''Pteranodons'' in ''Jurassic Park III'' were created through a combination of animatronics and puppetry.<ref name=Notes>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.com/articles/522/jurassic-park-3-production-notes.phtml|title=Jurassic Park 3: Production Notes|website=Cinema.com|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Winston's team created a ''Pteranodon'' model with a wingspan of {{convert|40|ft}}, although the creatures are predominantly featured in the film through CGI. To create the flight movements, ILM animators studied footage of flying bats and birds, and also consulted a ''Pteranodon'' expert.<ref name=CT>{{cite news |last=Hockensmith |first=Steve |title=Dino vs. dino: Grudge match |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-07-15-0107150214-story.html |access-date=February 25, 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 15, 2001}}</ref> Winston's team also designed and created five rod puppets to depict baby ''Pteranodon''s in a nest, with puppeteers working underneath the nest to control them.<ref name=Notes/>
Another variation of ''Pteranodon'' is featured in ''Jurassic World'', which also depicts them living in an aviary. They are later inadvertently freed by the ''Indominus rex'' and wreak havoc on the park's tourists.<ref name=Death-scene>{{cite web|last=Polowy |first=Kevin |title=The Scoop on 'Jurassic World's' High-Flying Death Scene (Spoilers) |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/jurassic-world-death-scene-dimorphodon-pterodactyl-121631328092.html |publisher=Yahoo! Movies |access-date=July 13, 2015 |date=June 15, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713174457/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/jurassic-world-death-scene-dimorphodon-pterodactyl-121631328092.html |archive-date=July 13, 2015}}</ref> For ''Jurassic World'', the ''Pteranodon'' vocal effects were created using audio recordings of a mother osprey, defending her chicks against another individual.<ref name=Silber/>
Escaped ''Pteranodons'' make an appearance in a post-credits scene for ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', set at the Paris Las Vegas resort, where they land atop its Eiffel Tower replica.<ref>{{cite web |last=Armitage |first=Hugh |title=Does Jurassic World 2 have a post-credits scene? |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a859079/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-post-credits-scene-explained/ |website=Digital Spy |access-date=September 21, 2019 |date=June 8, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Interview1/> A ''Pteranodon'' makes a brief appearance in the short film ''Battle at Big Rock'',<ref name=Newsweek/> and several individuals appear in the ''Jurassic World Dominion'' prologue,<ref name=Empire2021/> as well as the main film.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Deshawn |title=Every Dinosaur In The Jurassic World Dominion Trailer |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/765969/every-dinosaur-in-the-jurassic-world-dominion-trailer/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 15, 2022 |date=February 12, 2022}}</ref> A tiny ''Pteranodon'' was seen caged at a fishing village in ''Jurassic World Rebirth''.
The films depict ''Pteranodon'' with the ability to pick up humans using its feet, although the actual animal would not have been able to do this.<ref name=BI/><ref name=Forbes/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ohlheiser |first=Abby |title='I enjoyed the whole absurdity of it': Paleontologists review 'Jurassic World'. |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/06/12/two-smithsonian-paleontologists-review-jurassic-world/ |access-date=July 31, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
===''Pyroraptor''=== ''Pyroraptor'' appears in ''Jurassic World Dominion'', becoming one of the first fully feathered dinosaurs in the film series.<ref name=Tangcay/> For reference, designer John Nolan created an animatronic model representing the head and neck, covered in real, red-colored feathers.<ref name=Collider-June>{{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title='Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow on Which Dinosaur is the Strongest, Deleted Scenes & Easter Eggs |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-dominion-director-colin-trevorrow-on/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Katwala>{{cite magazine |last=Katwala |first=Amit |title=The Real Story Behind the Dino Feathers in 'Jurassic World Dominion' |url=https://www.wired.com/story/jurassic-world-dominion-dinosaur-feathers/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 10, 2022}}</ref> Various research and efforts were dedicated to properly simulating feather movements. This included the use of wind machines, foam latex, and silicone.<ref name=Tangcay/><ref name=Katwala/><ref name=Historically/> The animal is depicted swimming underwater at one point, and research went into various feathers to determine which looked best in such a scenario.<ref name=Collider-June/> The feathers were dyed and hand woven onto a net which wrapped over the head, making the feathers move and react with the animatronic.<ref name=Katwala/>
In another scene, the ''Pyroraptor'' jumps out of the water with its feathers soaked, presenting a challenge for CGI artists. According to David Vickery, ILM's visual effects supervisor, feather and water effects are very difficult to achieve digitally, and the two together presented "a perfect storm of technological complexity". To resolve this, ILM used the 3D software Houdini to adequately depict the feathers.<ref name=Katwala/><ref name=Supe/> Trevorrow considered ''Pyroraptor'' the most difficult dinosaur to create, due to the amount of work that went into its feathers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giardina |first1=Carolyn |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |title='Jurassic World Dominion' Director Reveals Most Challenging Dinosaur to Create |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/juraassic-world-dominion-colin-trevorrow-pyroraptors-1235134807/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 16, 2022}}</ref>
===''Quetzalcoatlus''=== The pterosaur ''Quetzalcoatlus'' makes appearances in ''Jurassic World Dominion'', including a sequence in which a group attack a cargo plane.<ref name=Syfy2022/> Despite its light bodyweight, ''Quetzalcoatlus'' is depicted with the exaggerated ability to tear the plane apart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dino-mite! Meet The Real Stars of 'Jurassic World: Dominion' |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/22/1106715424/dino-mite-meet-the-real-stars-of-jurassic-world-dominion |website=NPR |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 23, 2022 |at=6:40}}</ref> Trevorrow was inspired to include such a scene after viewing footage of a sparrowhawk attacking a model airplane in flight. A particular shot in the film shows one of the animal's claws crashing into the plane's windshield. This was achieved through a special-effects rig and cantilever, releasing the claws and slamming them into the windshield.<ref name=Syfy2022>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Josh |title=From killer dinosaurs to giant locusts: A guide to the CG and practical creatures of 'Jurassic World Dominion' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/jurassic-world-dominion-dinosaurs-cgi-practical-special-effects-david-vickery-john-nolan-interview |website=Syfy |access-date=May 21, 2023 |date=August 22, 2022}}</ref> The animal's CGI model proved to be a challenge, due to skin and muscle simulations in the wings, as well as the presence of fur along its back.<ref name=Syfy2022/>
''Quetzalcoatlus'' returns in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'', with a modified head design, as a limited fossil record of the animal's skull allowed for artistic license.<ref name=prod/>
===''Spinosaurus''=== [[File:Jurassic Park (5183943002).jpg|thumb|Statue of the ''Spinosaurus'' from ''Jurassic Park III'' on display at Universal Studios Hollywood.]] ''Spinosaurus'' is introduced in ''Jurassic Park III'' and appears throughout the film, which popularized the animal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kambli |first=Kunal |title=Villain Dinosaur from Jurassic Park III, the Spinosaurus, Was a River Monster: New Study |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/science/news/2020-09-22-villain-dinosaur-jurassic-park-iii-spinosaurus-river-monster-research |website=The Weather Channel |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> After the previous films, the filmmakers wanted to replace the ''T. rex'' with a new dinosaur antagonist. ''Baryonyx'' was originally considered,<ref name=making-III>{{cite video|title=The Making of Jurassic Park III |type=DVD |publisher=Universal Pictures |year=2005}}</ref> before Horner convinced the filmmakers to go with his favorite carnivorous dinosaur: ''Spinosaurus'', an animal larger than the ''T. rex''.<ref name=Wrong>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Simon Leo |title=Jurassic World dinosaur expert Jack Horner details where movies got the science wrong |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-21/jurassic-world-dinosaur-expert-jack-horner-movies-vs-science/7263998 |access-date=February 21, 2020 |work=ABC Online |date=March 20, 2016}}</ref> ''Spinosaurus'' had a distinctive sail on its back; director Joe Johnston said: "A lot of dinosaurs have a very similar silhouette to the ''T-Rex''... and we wanted the audience to instantly recognize this as something else".<ref>{{cite web |access-date=July 16, 2008 |title=Production Notes |website=Cinema Review |url=http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=1429 |archive-date=May 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515142639/http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=1429 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Winston's team created the ''Spinosaurus'' over a 10-month period, beginning with a 1/16 maquette. This was followed by a 1/5 scale version with more detail, and eventually the full-scale version.<ref name=Notes/> The ''Spinosaurus'' animatronic was built from the knees up,<ref name=SWS>{{cite web |title=Jurassic Park III's T-rex killer: Spinosaurus |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-iii-spinosaurus-animatronic |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=February 27, 2020 |date=September 29, 2012}}</ref> while full body shots were created through CGI.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Spelling |first=Ian |title=Jurassic Sky |magazine=Starlog |pages=58–61 |date=July 2001}}</ref> The animatronic measured 44 feet long,<ref name=CT/> weighed 13 tons, and was faster and more powerful than the 9-ton ''T. rex''. Winston and his team had to remove a wall to get the ''Spinosaurus'' animatronic out of his studio. It was then transported by flatbed truck to the Universal Studios Lot, where a sound stage had to be designed specifically to accommodate the large dinosaur. The ''Spinosaurus'' was placed on a track that allowed the creature to be moved backward and forward for filming.<ref name=Notes/><ref name=SWS/> Four Winston technicians were required to fully operate the animatronic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goodale |first=Gloria |title=An all-too-real dinosaur 'puppet' |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0720/p19s1.html |website=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=February 25, 2020 |date=July 20, 2001}}</ref> It had 1,000 horsepower, compared to the ''T. rex'' which operated at 300 horsepower. Johnston said: "It's like the difference between a family station wagon and a Ferrari".<ref>{{cite web |last=Steinhart |first=Daniel |title=Dinosaur Legacy |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/Article.cfm?PageID=20315711 |website=Film Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020115132426/http://www.filmjournal.com/Article.cfm?PageID=20315711 |archive-date=January 15, 2002 |date=2001}}</ref> For a scene in which the ''Spinosaurus'' stomps on a crashed airplane, Winston's team created a full-scale ''Spinosaurus'' leg prop, controlled by puppeteers. The leg, suspended in the air by two poles, was slammed down into a plane fuselage prop for a series of shots.<ref name=Notes/>
The film's ''Spinosaurus'' was based on limited records suggesting what the actual animal had looked like.<ref name=Notes/> One scene depicts the ''Spinosaurus'' swimming, an ability that the real animal was believed to have possessed at the time. Later research proved this theory,<ref>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Josh |title=New Spinosaurus fossil proves the villain of Jurassic Park III could indeed swim |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/spinosaurus-discovery-proves-the-dinosaur-could-swim |website=Syfy Wire |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=April 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Josh K. |title=Spinosaurus tail shows 'Jurassic Park III' dinosaur was a swimming 'monster' |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6886958/dinosaur-spinosaurus-swim-jurassic-park/ |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=Global News |date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> suggesting that the animal was primarily an aquatic dinosaur, whereas the film version was depicted largely as a land animal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Libbey |first=Dirk |title=Turns Out Jurassic Park III's Villain Dinosaur Isn't Very Accurate At All |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2555335/turns-out-jurassic-park-iiis-villain-dinosaur-isnt-very-accurate-at-all |website=CinemaBlend |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=September 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ciaccia |first=Chris |title='Jurassic Park' dinosaur was a 'river monster,' new study says |url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/jurassic-park-dinosaur-river-monster-study |access-date=September 29, 2020 |work=Fox News |date=September 24, 2020}}</ref> The roars of the ''Spinosaurus'' were created by mixing the low guttural sounds of a lion and an alligator, a bear cub crying, and a lengthened cry of a large bird that gave the roars a raspy quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/973056/how-jurassic-park-iii-created-the-roar-of-the-spinosaurus/|title=How Jurassic Park III Created The Roar Of The Spinosaurus|website=/Film|date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/spinosaurus-roar-jurassic-park-iii-how-sound-made/|title=Why The Spinosaurus Roar In Jurassic Park III Sounds So Scary|website=Screen Rant|date=April 4, 2024}}</ref>
In ''Jurassic Park III'', the ''Spinosaurus'' kills a ''T. rex'' during battle. Some fans of the series were upset with the decision to kill and replace the ''T. rex''.<ref name=Nod/> Horner later said that the ''Spinosaurus'' would not have won such a fight, saying it had inferior bite force and likely ate only fish.<ref name=Woodward/><ref name=Wrong/> An early script featured a death sequence for the ''Spinosaurus'' near the end of the film, as the character Alan Grant would use a ''Velociraptor'' resonating chamber to call a pack of raptors which would attack and kill it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |title=How The Spinosaurus Was Supposed To Die In Jurassic Park 3 |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-park-3-movie-spinosaurus-death-script/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=November 24, 2021 |date=July 21, 2021}}</ref>
A skeleton of ''Spinosaurus'' is featured in ''Jurassic World'', on display in the theme park. The skeleton is later destroyed when a ''T. rex'' is set free and smashes through it, meant as revenge for the earlier scene in ''Jurassic Park III''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building the Spinosaurus Skeleton Time Lapse |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9S-wAeqr0E |work=Jurassic World YouTube account |date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Nod>{{cite web |last=Romano |first=Nick |title=Jurassic World Snuck In A Sweet Nod To Jurassic Park 3 |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Jurassic-World-Snuck-Sweet-Nod-Jurassic-Park-3-72074.html |work=CinemaBlend |date=2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bradley |first=Bill |title=8 Behind-The-Scenes Facts You Didn't Know About 'Jurassic Park,' From The Real-Life Dr. Grant |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jurassic-park-facts_n_7598954 |work=The Huffington Post |date=June 19, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Mike |title=Where was 'Jurassic World' filmed? Plus more tidbits about the dino-sequel |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/movies_tv/article_ee381bd0-2358-5afd-a958-807d59e2c25f.html |work=The Times-Picayune |date=June 8, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>
A ''Spinosaurus'' appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated television series ''Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous'', premiered in 2021 and 2022. The dinosaur serves as one of several threats to the main characters. Executive producer Scott Kreamer suggested it is the same ''Spinosaurus'' featured in ''Jurassic Park III''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |title=Camp Cretaceous season 4 trailer reveals a previously unseen island in Jurassic canon |url=https://ew.com/tv/jurassic-world-camp-cretacous-season-4-trailer-breakdown/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=November 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Motamayor |first=Rafael |title='Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous' Showrunner on Planting Seeds for 'Dominion' in Season 4 and Bringing Back the Spinosaurus |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-season-4-scott-kreamer-interview/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> Fellow executive producer Colin Trevorrow, when asked if it is the same one, responded "My instinct is actually, no, because it sounds different, but I'm a nerd. So what I don't want to do is mess it up for everyone making ''Camp Cretaceous''. I'm going to screw this up for them. I found it to be a slightly different animal, like on sight and on sound".<ref>{{cite web |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title='Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow on Which Dinosaur is the Strongest, Deleted Scenes & Easter Eggs |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-dominion-director-colin-trevorrow-on/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref> The show's ''Spinosaurus'' design is based on the original ILM files created for ''Jurassic Park III''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bennett |first=Tara |title=Dig into the big twists and reveals of the 'Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous' series finale |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-series-finale-dominion-ending-scott-kreamer |website=Syfy |access-date=May 2, 2025 |date=July 22, 2022}}</ref> In the fifth season, the ''Spinosaurus'' engages in battles with a ''T. rex'', providing fans a long-awaited rematch between the two dinosaurs. In the final battle, the ''Spinosaurus'' retreats when a second ''T. rex'' joins in.<ref>{{cite web |last=Orquiola |first=John |title=Jurassic World Finally Has A Proper T-Rex vs Spinosaurus Rematch |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-trex-spinosaurus-rematch/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=July 26, 2022 |date=July 23, 2022}}</ref>
Several sea-dwelling spinosaurs appear in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'', with a redesign to reflect newer research.<ref name=wild/> According to ILM's visual effects supervisor David Vickery, "We've given it more powerful hind limbs, a much bigger, broader tail, webbing in between its feet, and the appearance of a shorter more powerful neck by adding fatty deposits and extra skin folds." ILM studied crocodiles and grizzly bears to determine the animal's design and behavior.<ref name=prod/>
===''Stegoceratops''=== ''Stegoceratops'' is a hybrid dinosaur made from the DNA of a ''Stegosaurus'' and a ''Triceratops''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schaefer |first=Sandy |title=Jurassic World Concept Art Confirms Other Hybrid Dinosaur Planned For Movie |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-movie-hybrid-dinosaurs-stegoceratops/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FSR>{{cite web |last=Bellotto |first=Adam |title=8 Jurassic World Plot Threads We'll See in the Inevitable Sequel |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/8-jurassic-world-plot-threads-well-see-in-the-inevitable-sequel-5ced4c08e264/ |website=Film School Rejects |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> It makes only a brief appearance near the end of ''Jurassic World'', when an image of the dinosaur is visible on a computer screen in Dr. Henry Wu's laboratory.<ref name=FSR/> An early draft of the film had a scene where Owen and Claire came across the ''Stegoceratops'' in the jungle on Isla Nublar. The ''Stegoceratops'' would have joined the ''Indominus rex'' as a second hybrid dinosaur.<ref name=Empire2015/> However, Trevorrow decided to remove the animal from the final script after his son made him realize that having multiple hybrids would make the ''Indominus'' less unique.<ref name=April30/>
Although the dinosaur is largely removed from the film, a toy version was still released by Hasbro, which produced a toyline based on ''Jurassic World''. Discussing the ''Indominus'' and his decision to remove the ''Stegoceratops'', Trevorrow said: "The idea that there was more than one made it feel less like the one synthetic among all the other organics, and suddenly it seemed entirely wrong to have it in the movie. I suddenly hated the idea but the toy still exists as a kind of remnant because Hasbro toys are locked a year out".<ref name=Empire2015>{{cite web|last=de Semlyen|first=Phil|title=Empire Spoiler Podcast: Ten Secrets Of Jurassic World|date=October 28, 2015|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/secrets-jurassic-world/|access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> The dinosaur also appears in the video games ''Jurassic World: The Game'' (2015), ''Jurassic World Alive'' (2018) and ''Jurassic World Evolution'' (2018).<ref name=FSR/><ref>{{cite web |last=Peel |first=Jeremy |title=Jurassic World Evolution – Secrets of Dr. Wu: the Stegoceratops |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/jurassic-world-evolution/jurassic-world-evolution-secrets-of-dr-wu-stegoceratops |website=PCGamesN |access-date=September 25, 2020 |date=November 15, 2018}}</ref>
===''Stegosaurus''=== ''Stegosaurus'' appears in the ''Jurassic Park'' novel but was replaced by ''Triceratops'' for the film adaptation.<ref name=Crow/> The dinosaur's name (misspelled as "''Stegasaurus''") is seen on an embryo cooler label in the film, but the dinosaur is otherwise absent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/jurassic-park--10-flaws-you-never-noticed-112121196.html|title=Jurassic Park: 10 flaws you never noticed|last=Gray|first=Ali|date=June 13, 2013|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref> ''Stegosaurus'' instead made its film debut in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'', after writer David Koepp took a suggestion from a child's letter to include the dinosaur.<ref name=Interviews>{{cite book |last1=Notbohm |first1=Brent |last2=Friedman |first2=Lester D. |title=Steven Spielberg: Interviews, Revised and Updated |date=2019 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-4968-2404-2 |pages=131, 136–138, 140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5qfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Dennis |title='Lost World' is latest special-effects bonanza |url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19970524/news/305249932 |website=Associated Press |access-date=March 19, 2020 |date=May 24, 1997}}</ref> According to Spielberg, ''Stegosaurus'' was included due to "popular demand".<ref name=find/> In the film, a group of adult ''Stegosaurus'' attack Dr. Sarah Harding when they spot her taking pictures of their baby, believing that she is trying to harm it. ''Stegosaurus'' is among other dinosaurs that are captured later in the film.
Full-sized versions of an adult and infant ''Stegosaurus'' were built by Winston's team, although Spielberg later opted for a digital version of the adults, so they could be more mobile.<ref name=find/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Lost World: Jurassic Park |url=http://www.vfxhq.com/1997/lostworld.html |website=VFX HQ |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=1997}}</ref> Winston's adult ''Stegosaurus'' was {{convert|26|ft}} long and {{convert|16|ft}} tall, and is only shown in a brief shot, in which the animal is caged. The baby ''Stegosaurus'' was {{convert|8|ft}} long and weighed {{convert|400|lb}}.<ref name=Berry/>
''Stegosaurus'' has appeared briefly in each film since then.<ref name=USA-Dinos/><ref name=Semlyen/> For ''Jurassic World'', ILM studied the movements of rhinos and elephants, and copied their movements when animating the ''Stegosaurus''.<ref name=fxguide/><ref name=USA-Dinos/> The film inaccurately depicts the dinosaur with its tail held down while it would have been held more horizontally.<ref name=BBC/>
''Stegosaurus'' makes a brief return in the short film ''Battle at Big Rock''.<ref name=Newsweek/>
===''Stygimoloch''=== ''Stygimoloch'' is introduced in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'', and was included for comic relief.<ref name=Davis/><ref name=Hart/> Its vocal sounds were a combination of dachshund, camel, and pig noises. Sound designer Al Nelson said: "It created this sweet, gurgling kind of thing that fits perfectly with this funny little creature".<ref name=Hart>{{cite news |last=Hart |first=Hugh |title=Sound Designer Gives Voice to the Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Dinosaurs |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/2018/06/sound-designer-gives-voice-to-the-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-dinosaurs/ |access-date=November 24, 2021 |work=Motion Picture Association |date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> Horner was surprised by the inclusion of ''Stygimoloch'', whose existence was considered doubtful by him and other paleontologists; they believed the animal to actually be a juvenile form of ''Pachycephalosaurus'' rather than a separate dinosaur.<ref>{{cite web |last=Potenza |first=Alessandra |title=Were real dinosaurs as bulletproof as they are in Jurassic World? |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/19/17478458/dinosaurs-bulletproof-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-indoraptor-chris-pratt |website=The Verge |access-date=September 28, 2020 |date=June 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Woodward/> Like ''Pachycephalosaurus'', the ''Stygimoloch'' had a domed skull, which it uses in the film to smash through a brick wall.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wagstaff |first=Keith |title=The real hero of 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' was this cute headbutting dinosaur |url=https://mashable.com/article/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-head-butt-dinosaur-stygimoloch/ |website=Mashable |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=June 22, 2018}}</ref>
For its return in ''Dominion'', animatronic designer John Nolan studied modern animals which also headbutt. This inspired a scene in which the ''Stygimoloch'' is captive in an anti-ramming cage; the animal's front half was constructed and visible, while a puppeteer performed its thrashing movements from behind.<ref name=Tangcay>{{cite web |last=Tangcay |first=Jazz |title='Jurassic World Dominion': Meet the Franchise's New Dinosaurs, From Its Biggest Ever Foe to Feathered Predators |url=https://variety.com/2022/artisans/news/jurassic-world-dominion-new-dinosaurs-1235289332/ |website=Variety |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref>
===''Therizinosaurus''=== ''Therizinosaurus'' is introduced in ''Jurassic World Dominion'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Ed |title=Therizinosaurus: Jurassic World's "scythe lizard" that could kill a T. Rex |url=https://www.newsweek.com/therizinosaurus-jurassic-world-scythe-lizard-dinosaur-t-rex-1714662 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |work=Newsweek |date=June 10, 2022}}</ref> becoming one of the first fully feathered dinosaurs to appear in the film series.<ref name=Tangcay/> The ''Therizinosaurus'' is partially blind due to cataracts and uses echolocation to get around, producing a series of clicking noises that reverberate in its environment.<ref name=Syfy2022/><ref name=OldNew>{{cite web |last=Marshall |first=Rick |title=Jurassic World Dominion's VFX made old dinosaurs new again |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/jurassic-world-dominion-visual-effects-david-vickery-vfx/ |website=Digital Trends |access-date=May 21, 2023 |date=August 25, 2022}}</ref> The animal's appearances include a sequence in which it stalks Claire in a forest.<ref name=Dives/>
Trevorrow was initially excited to include the animal, but had second thoughts upon learning that it was an herbivore. Co-writer Emily Carmichael said that "the rest of us were like, 'It might still have its territory threatened. It might still be formidable and dangerous. Just because it's vegetarian doesn't mean it's a pushover!'"<ref name=DF/> Being an herbivore, Trevorrow considered it challenging to present the ''Therizinosaurus'' as a scary animal.<ref name=Dives>{{cite web |last=Chappell |first=Caitlin |title=Jurassic World Dominion Director Dives Into the Film's Real-World Parallels |url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-world-dominion-parallels-colin-trevorrow-interview/ |website=CBR |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> The filmmakers relied on paleontological discoveries for the dinosaur's design, but also sought to have it resemble Winston's animatronics.<ref>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Josh |title=Was the T. rex 'weak' in 'Jurassic World Dominion'? Colin Trevorrow defends our favorite dino |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/colin-trevorrow-t-rex-weak-jurassic-world-dominion |website=Syfy |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 20, 2022}}</ref> The feathers, movements, and stalking behavior were based on research into various birds, including ostriches, emus, and cassowaries.<ref name=Syfy2022/> Nolan created an animatronic head for the ''Therizinosaurus'', while the rest was portrayed through CGI.<ref name=Chat/>
===''Triceratops''=== ''Triceratops'' makes an appearance in the first film as a sick dinosaur, taking the place of the novel's ''Stegosaurus''. The decision to make the switch was by Scotch Marmo, who felt that ''Triceratops'' was adorable, like a cross between a cow and a rhinoceros.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=107}} ''Triceratops'' was a childhood favorite of Spielberg's.<ref name=Crow>{{cite web |last=Crow |first=David |title=Jurassic Park: Still the Best Use of CGI in a Movie |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/jurassic-park-still-the-best-use-of-cgi-in-a-movie-steven-spielberg/ |website=Den of Geek |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> It was portrayed through an animatronic, created by Winston's team, that required eight puppeteers to operate.<ref name=Dawn/> It was sculpted by Joey Orosco, with a hydraulically operated jaw, tongue, and eye.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=107}} Winston was caught off-guard when Spielberg decided to shoot the ''Triceratops'' scene sooner than expected,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=83}} making it the first dinosaur to be filmed during production.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Dawn of a New Era |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> The idea of Grant lying on the belly of the ''Triceratops'' as it breathed was improvised by Spielberg, who was overcome by the realism of the animatronic.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=107}} The design of the ''Triceratops'' was inspired by elephants and white rhinoceroses. The animatronic's initial paint job was too pristine, and Winston sprayed it with a hose and caked it in mud to make it look lived-in.<ref name=Effect/> The texture for the animatronic's back was patterned after real archeological findings of ''Triceratops'' skin imprints. The size of the animatronic made using standard silicone molds unfeasible, so instead aerospace molding compounds were used. The ''Triceratops'' required relatively little articulation, with only eye and leg movement and simulated breathing required.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Duncan |first=Jody |date=August 1993 |title=The Beauty in the Beasts |magazine=Cinefex |page=71 |issue=55 |issn=0198-1056}}</ref> The ''Triceratops'' feces was made of clay, mud, and straw, then covered in honey and papaya to attract flies.<ref name=":0" /> To create the ''Triceratops'' vocals, sound designer Gary Rydstrom breathed into a cardboard tube and combined the sound with that of cows near his workplace at Skywalker Ranch.<ref name=vult/>
Aside from the adult ''Triceratops'', a baby had also been created for the character of Lex to ride around on, but this was cut to improve the film's tone and pacing.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=64}}<ref name="Berry" /> The construction of the baby ''Triceratops'' was overseen by Shannon Shea, and due to the complexity of the scene, it was decided that three animatronics would have to be made; one that could stand and had facial detail, one that could run, and one that could roll around. Further into production, it was decided that the running and rolling actions would be computer generated, so only the standing animatronic was made. Shea made a test maquette, but Spielberg deemed it too cartoony, so Shea built the final puppet to be more realistic. The baby ''Triceratops'' animatronic was about two weeks from completion when Spielberg cut the scene. The scene was cut because Spielberg deemed it "too Disney-like, too cute", and it didn't fit the tone of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Duncan |first=Jody |date=August 1993 |title=The Beauty in the Beasts |magazine=Cinefex |page=63 |issue=55 |issn=0198-1056}}</ref> Removing the scene allowed about $500,000 to be removed from the budget.{{Sfn|Mottram|2023|p=177}}
''Triceratops'' makes brief appearances in each of the subsequent films. In ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'', a baby ''Triceratops'' was created by Winston's team for a shot depicting the animal in a cage.<ref name=Berry/> For its appearance in ''Jurassic World'', the ILM animators studied rhinos and elephants, as they did with the ''Stegosaurus''.<ref name=fxguide/><ref name=USA-Dinos/> In the film, ''Triceratops'' is depicted galloping, although the real animal was sluggish and would not have been able to do so.<ref name=BBC/>
An adult and baby ''Triceratops'' appear in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Squires |first=John |title=Snuggling Baby Triceratops in New 'Fallen Kingdom' Clip Might Make You Feel Stuff |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3500879/snuggling-baby-triceratops-new-fallen-kingdom-clip-might-make-feel-stuff/ |website=Bloody Disgusting |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> ''Triceratops'' returns in ''Jurassic World: Dominion''.
===''Tyrannosaurus''=== ''Tyrannosaurus'' is the primary dinosaur featured in the novels and throughout the film series. The roars of the ''T. rex'' were created by mixing the recorded vocals of a baby elephant, a tiger, and an alligator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/how-they-designed-the-jurassic-park-t-rex-roar/|title=How They Designed The T-Rex Roar in 'Jurassic Park'|website=Film School Rejects|date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-park-t-rex-roar-creation/|title=How Jurassic Park Created the T-Rex Roar|website=CBR|date=May 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/how-jurassic-park-created-t-rex-roar/|title=How Jurassic Park Created Its T-Rex Roar Might Surprise You|website=Screen Rant|date=December 31, 2023}}</ref>
====Rexy==== {{Main|Rexy}} [[File:Tyrannosaurus skeletal diagram.jpg|thumb|A 1917 ''Tyrannosaurus'' skeletal diagram, which was the basis for the cover of the novel and subsequently the logo of the films<ref>{{cite web |last=Caron |first=Craig |title=The Hidden History of the ''Jurassic Park'' Logo |url=https://www.tiff.net/the-review/the-hidden-history-of-the-jurassic-park-logo/ |website=Toronto International Film Festival |date=December 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802185240/https://www.tiff.net/the-review/the-hidden-history-of-the-jurassic-park-logo/ |archive-date=August 2, 2020}}</ref>]] For the first film, Winston's team created an animatronic ''T. rex'' that stood {{convert|20|ft|m}},{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=95–105}} weighed {{convert|9000|lb|kg}}, and was {{convert|40|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Corliss, Richard |title=Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park |magazine=Time |date=April 26, 1993 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614043705/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |archive-date=June 14, 2008}}</ref> The same ''T. rex'' individual appears throughout the ''Jurassic World'' trilogy,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bui |first=Hoai-Tran |title='Jurassic World: Dominion' Will Complete the Original T-Rex's Franchise-Long Journey |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-world-dominion-t-rex-arc/ |website=/Film |access-date=June 10, 2021 |date=June 10, 2021}}</ref> and has since become commonly known as "Rexy" among fans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Jurassic Park T-Rex Has a Name and It's Not Rexy |url=https://movieweb.com/jurassic-park-t-rex-name-roberta/ |work=MovieWeb |date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>
====''The Lost World''==== A ''Tyrannosaurus'' family is featured in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''.<ref name=find/> The original ''T. rex'' animatronic from the first film was reused for the sequel, and Winston's team also built a second adult.<ref name=pre-production/> The animatronics were built from head to mid-body, while full body shots were created through CGI.<ref name=SWS-rex>{{cite web |title=The Lost World Jurassic Park 2's T-Rexes |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/the-lost-world-jurassic-park-2-t-rex-attack |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=March 19, 2020 |date=May 29, 2012}}</ref> The animatronics weighed nine tons each and cost $1 million apiece.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chase, Crush and Devour |url=https://theasc.com/magazine/june97/lstwrld/pg1.htm |website=American Society of Cinematographers |access-date=March 6, 2020 |pages=1–4 |date=June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stein |first=Ruthe |title=Summer Movie Guide |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/SUMMER-MOVIE-GUIDE-We-re-Talking-BIG-2840339.php |access-date=February 20, 2020 |work=SFGate |date=May 18, 1997}}</ref>
Michael Lantieri, the film's special effects supervisor, said, "The big T. rex robot can pull two Gs of force when it's moving from right to left. If you hit someone with that, you'd kill them. So, in a sense, we did treat the dinosaurs as living, dangerous creatures".<ref name=LA/> The animatronics were used for a scene in which the dinosaurs smash their heads against a trailer, causing authentic damage to the vehicle rather than using computer effects.<ref name=SWS-rex/><ref>{{cite web |title=Making Info (T. rex) |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_trex.html |website=Lost-World.com |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712103649/http://www.lost-world.com/Site_B/making_trex.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of this sequence, an 80-foot track was built into the sound stage floor, allowing the ''T. rexes'' to be moved backward and forward.<ref name=SWS-rex/>
The ''T. rexes'' could not be moved from their location on the sound stage, so new sets had to be built around the animatronics as filming progressed.<ref name=pre-production/><ref name=find/> Animatronics were primarily used for a scene in which the ''T. rexes'' kill the character Eddie, with the exception of two CGI shots: when the animals emerge from the forest and when they tear Eddie's body in half. One scene with the animatronics involved the dinosaurs tearing a vehicle apart to get to Eddie; this required close collaboration with a stunt coordinator. An animatronic ''T. rex'' was also used in scenes depicting the deaths of Dr. Robert Burke and Peter Ludlow.<ref name=Berry/>
As in the novel ''The Lost World'',<ref name=Starlog/> a baby ''T. rex'' is also depicted in the film adaptation, through two different practical models, including a remote-controlled version for the actors to carry. A second, hybrid version was operated by hydraulics and cables; this one was used during a scene in which the dinosaur lies on an operating table while a cast is set on its broken leg.<ref name=find/> Weeks before filming began, Spielberg decided to change the ending to have an adult ''T. rex'' rampage through San Diego looking for its baby, saying, "We've gotta do it. It's too fun not to".<ref name=Starlog>{{cite magazine |last1=Warren |first1=Bill |last2=Shapiro |first2=Marc |title=Writer of Rampages |magazine=Starlog |pages=70–73 |date=September 1997}}</ref>
====Others==== A ''T. rex'' appears only briefly in ''Jurassic Park III'', which instead uses a ''Spinosaurus'' as the main antagonist. In the film, a ''T. rex'' is killed in a battle against a ''Spinosaurus''.<ref name=making-III/><ref name=Nod/>
Two ''T.rex'' appears in the fourth and fifth season of the series ''Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous'' explicitly named "Big Eatie" and "Little Eatie". Both dinosaurs are grey with a tan underside, and used on the Mantah Corp island for experimental fighting.
A ''T. rex'' also appears in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'', featuring an updated design. Director Gareth Edwards described it as "a healthier, heavier, more muscular, more bull-like" animal, while retaining the typical look of a ''Jurassic Park'' ''T. rex''.<ref name=prod/> This dinosaur is built more accurately with its forelimbs being directed one to another without pronation.
===''Velociraptor''=== {{main|Velociraptors in Jurassic Park}}
[[File:Blue Jurassic World.png|thumb|Blue in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'']] ''Velociraptor'' has major roles in the novels and the films, both of which depict it as an intelligent pack hunter that is bigger than its real-life counterpart.<ref name=Wired/> The franchise's ''Velociraptors'' are actually based on the larger ''Deinonychus'' despite being even larger than the real life ones,<ref>{{cite web |last=Black |first=Riley |title=You say "Velociraptor", I say "Deinonychus" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/you-say-velociraptor-i-say-deinonychus-33789870/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=November 7, 2008}}</ref> although Crichton used the name ''Velociraptor'' because he thought it sounded more dramatic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cummings |first=Mike |title=Yale's legacy in 'Jurassic World' |url=https://news.yale.edu/2015/06/18/yale-s-legacy-jurassic-world |website=Yale News |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=June 18, 2015}}</ref>
For their on-screen appearances, the raptors were created using a variety of production methods, including animatronics, CGI, and men in suits.<ref name=AWN/><ref>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Watch the making of a 'Jurassic Park' Velociraptor suit |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/watch-the-making-of-a-jurassic-park-velociraptor-suit/ |website=CNET |access-date=September 29, 2020 |date=October 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title='Jurassic Park:' The Evolution of a Raptor Suit |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-park-raptor-suit-evolution/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 21, 2020 |date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Since the first film's release, it has been discovered that ''Velociraptor''s had feathers, although later films such as ''Jurassic World'' have ignored this, maintaining consistency with the designs used in earlier films.<ref name=Time/><ref name=Stuck>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141126-jurassic-park-trailer-experts-science/ |title='Jurassic World' Dinosaurs Stuck in the 1980s, Experts Grumble |first1=Linda |last1=Qiu |first2=Dan |last2=Vergano |date=November 26, 2014 |work=National Geographic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206195709/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141126-jurassic-park-trailer-experts-science/ |archive-date=December 6, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Dumb>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/jurassic-world-scientists-criticise-dumb-monster-movie-for-lack-of-feathers-on-dinosaurs-10240525.html |title=Jurassic World: Scientists criticise 'dumb monster movie' for lack of feathers on dinosaurs |author=Jess Denham |work=The Independent |publisher=(Alexander Lebedev) |date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=May 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513100327/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/jurassic-world-scientists-criticise-dumb-monster-movie-for-lack-of-feathers-on-dinosaurs-10240525.html |archive-date=May 13, 2015}}</ref> At Spielberg's suggestion, ''Jurassic World'' introduced the concept of a dinosaur researcher, Owen Grady, who has a close relationship with velociraptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/71852 |title=Colin Trevorrow Guides Jeremy Through the Creation of Jurassic World |last=Smith |first=Jeremy |date=June 9, 2015 |work=AintItCoolNews |access-date=August 17, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101061400/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/71852 |archive-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> One such individual, named Blue, returns in the next two ''Jurassic World'' films and has become a fan favorite.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aucoin |first=Joey |title=The Surprising Love Affair with Blue the Raptor |url=https://talkfilmsociety.com/articles/the-surprising-love-affair-with-blue-the-raptor |website=Talk Film Society |access-date=August 25, 2023 |date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> Raptors also appear in ''Jurassic World Rebirth''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |title=Jurassic World Rebirth Trailer Has Scarlett Johansson And Jonathan Bailey Hunting Dino DNA |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-rebirth-trailer-scarlett-johansson-jonathan-bailey-dinosaur-dna/ |website=Empire |access-date=February 6, 2025 |date=February 5, 2025}}</ref>
===Other creatures=== In the first film, a replica skeleton of ''Alamosaurus'' is present in the Jurassic Park visitor center.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/|title= See Tyrannosaurus Take a Bite out of Alamosaurus|last= Switek|first= Brian|date= March 25, 2009|work= Smithsonian|access-date= August 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shay |first1=Don |last2=Duncan |first2=Jody |title=The Making of Jurassic Park |date=1993 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-38122-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOomAQAAIAAJ&q=alamosaurus |access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mottram |first=James |title=Jurassic Park: The Ultimate Visual History |date=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-68383-545-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw9UEAAAQBAJ&q=alamosaurus |access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref> ''Parasaurolophus'' made a brief debut in the first film<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfSnkQ4VO24C&pg=PA45 |title=Jurassic Park |journal=Popular Science |date=November 1996 |author=Nelson, Ray|access-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Kyle |title=Every Single Dinosaur in Jurassic Park, From Worst to Best |url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/03/every-jurassic-park-dinosaur-from-best-to-worst.html |website=Vulture |access-date=September 24, 2020 |date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> and has appeared in each one since then,<ref name=30best/><ref>{{cite web |last=Romanchick |first=Shane |title=Colin Trevorrow Shares Image of 'Real' Dinosaur Used in 'Jurassic World: Dominion' |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-dominion-dinosaur-image-parasaur-colin-trevorrow/ |website=Collider |access-date=December 22, 2021 |date=December 17, 2021}}</ref><ref name=cheek/> including the short film ''Battle at Big Rock''<ref name=Newsweek/> and the animated series ''Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous'', which introduced a bioluminescent variant.<ref name="CBR">{{cite web |title=15 Coolest Dinosaur Scenes in Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous |url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-best-dinosaur-scenes/ |website=CBR |access-date=May 30, 2026 |date=2025-02-21}}</ref>
''Mamenchisaurus'' appears briefly in ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park'' as one of the dinosaurs chased by Peter Ludlow's group. The design was based on a maquette created by Winston's team. ILM then took the ''Brachiosaurus'' model from the first film and altered it to portray the ''Mamenchisaurus'', which was fully computer-generated.<ref name=Making>{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=Jody |title=The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park |date=1997 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-40734-4 |pages=25, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6YqAAAAYAAJ |access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>
''Ceratosaurus'' and ''Corythosaurus'' are introduced in ''Jurassic Park III'', through brief appearances.<ref name=Berry/>
''Allosaurus'', ''Baryonyx'', ''Carnotaurus'', and ''Sinoceratops'' are introduced in ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom''.<ref name=Davis>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Erik |title=Exclusive Interview: 'Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action |url=https://www.fandango.com/movie-news/exclusive-interview-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-director-ja-bayona-teases-new-dinosaurs-and-action-plus-watch-a-new-featurette-753238 |website=Fandango |access-date=June 22, 2018 |date=May 31, 2018}}</ref> ''Baryonyx'' and ''Carnotaurus'' were among dinosaurs created through CGI.<ref name=AWN/> The ''Carnotaurus'' vocal sounds were made from orangutan noises, as well as Styrofoam, which was scraped with a double-bass bow.<ref name=Hart/> ''Sinoceratops'' makes several appearances in the film,<ref name=Semlyen>{{cite web |last=de Semlyen |first=Nick |title=How is Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom planning to top its astonishingly lucrative predecessor? |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/empire-uk/20180517/281560881432680 |website=Empire |access-date=May 29, 2019 |date=May 17, 2018}}</ref> including a scene in which the dinosaur is shown licking Owen after he has been sedated. Animator Jance Rubinchik described this as the dinosaur's motherly instinct to save Owen. The scene was shot using a prop tongue.<ref>''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom'' (film; Blu-ray edition): VFX Evolved (special features)</ref> The film depicts ''Sinoceratops'' as having holes in its frill, although in reality the frill would have been covered in skin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Button |first=David |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Why we love Jurassic World 2 (even though it's wrong) {{!}} Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/why-we-love-jurassic-world-fallen-kingdom-even-though-it-is-wrong.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.nhm.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
In ''Fallen Kingdom'', the skull of an unnamed ceratopsid is kept on display in Benjamin Lockwood's estate. Production designer Andy Nicholson said "we were quite conscious that it couldn't be a ''Triceratops'' because it wouldn't have been big enough to kill the ''Indoraptor''. With that in mind, we created a new genus which was an amalgamation of two different ceratopsians".<ref name=OnSet>{{cite web |last=Fishenden |first=Thomas |title=On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part One) |url=https://www.jurassicparkpodcast.com/home/andy-nicholson-part-one |website=Jurassic Park Podcast |access-date=May 29, 2019 |date=February 4, 2019}}</ref> Several creatures appear in the film as dioramas, on display in Lockwood's estate. These include ''Concavenator'', ''Mononykus'',<ref name=Semlyen/><ref name=JPP2>{{cite web |last=Fishenden |first=Thomas |title=On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part Two) |url=https://www.jurassicparkpodcast.com/home/andy-nicholson-part-two |website=Jurassic Park Podcast |access-date=May 29, 2019 |date=February 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fishenden |first=Thomas |title=On the Set of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (Part Three) |url=https://www.jurassicparkpodcast.com/home/andy-nicholson-part-three |website=Jurassic Park Podcast |access-date=May 29, 2019 |date=February 19, 2019}}</ref> ''Dracorex'', and ''Diplodocus''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom |url=https://andynicholson.myportfolio.com/jurassic-world-fallen-kingdon-set-stills |website=Andy Nicholson official website |access-date=April 6, 2025}}</ref>
''Allosaurus'' returns in ''Battle at Big Rock'', which also introduces ''Nasutoceratops''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weintraub|first=Steve|title=Exclusive: Colin Trevorrow on How He Secretly Made the 'Jurassic World' Short Film 'Battle at Big Rock'|url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-short-film-colin-trevorrow-interview/|website=Collider|access-date=September 11, 2019|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref>
''Jurassic World Dominion'' introduces several creatures, including ''Atrociraptor'', which Trevorrow described as more vicious than the ''Velociraptors''.<ref name=Brutal>{{cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |title=Jurassic World Dominion: Meet The 'Brutal, Vicious' New Atrociraptors – Exclusive Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jurassic-world-dominion-brutal-vicious-atrociraptors-exclusive-image/ |website=Empire |access-date=December 22, 2021 |date=December 20, 2021}}</ref> Another new creature is ''Lystrosaurus'', a therapsid rather than a dinosaur,<ref>{{cite book |title=Where on Earth? Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Life: The Amazing History of Earth's Most Incredible Animals |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4654-9970-7 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcXhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |access-date=October 12, 2020 |quote=''Lystrosaurus'' is not a dinosaur but belonged to a group called dicynodont therapsids, a group closely related to mammals.}}</ref> which is portrayed with the use of an animatronic handled by five puppeteers.<ref name=Syfy2022/><ref name=Chat/> ''Microceratus'', a favorite dinosaur of Trevorrow's,<ref name=TheSource/><ref>{{cite web |last=Warner |first=Kara |title='Jurassic World' Director Explains Spielberg's Involvement & Sequel Ideas |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-colin-trevorrow-interview/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=April 7, 2022 |date=June 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=colintrevorrow |number=960971381662998528 |title=I have a few. By size...T-Rex, Ankylosaurus, Microceratus. Also amazed by the Dreadnaughtus and the Titanosaurs discovered recently. |date=February 6, 2018}}</ref> also makes its series debut in ''Dominion''.<ref name=JOutpost/> Returning dinosaurs include ''Allosaurus'',<ref name=Thomas/> ''Baryonyx'',<ref name=Collider-June/> ''Carnotaurus'',<ref name=Sasaguay>{{cite web |last=Sasaguay |first=Chris |title='Jurassic World Dominion' Trailer Breakdown: Why Do They Always Have to Go Bigger? |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-3-dominion-trailer-breakdown/ |website=Collider |access-date=February 15, 2022 |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref> and ''Nasutoceratops''.<ref name=Historically>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Tamera |title='Jurassic World Dominion's Colin Trevorrow Introduces New Historically Accurate Dinosaurs |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-dominion-new-dinosaurs-colin-trevorrow-comments/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 12, 2022 |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gurrister |first=Tim |title=Utah native has sizable role in latest Jurassic Park movie |url=https://gephardtdaily.com/local/utah-native-has-sizable-role-in-latest-jurassic-park-movie/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |work=Gephardt Daily |date=October 18, 2022}}</ref>
The prologue for ''Dominion'' introduces several other creatures, including ''Dreadnoughtus'', ''Iguanodon'', and ''Oviraptor''. It also features ''Moros'', a small, feathered member of the tyrannosaur family that was described in 2019. The Moros depicted appears to be juvenile. However, in the ''Jurassic World Evolution'' games, the tiny specimen is the adult variation. <ref>{{cite web |last=Lane |first=Carly |title='Jurassic World: Dominion': New Dinosaurs, Cretaceous-Era Prologue, and Everything Else We Learned From the IMAX Preview Footage |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-3-new-dinosaurs-footage-preview-imax/ |website=Collider |access-date=June 12, 2021 |date=June 9, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Empire2021>{{cite web |last=De Semlyen |first=Nick |title=Exclusive: Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World: Dominion IMAX Preview |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/exclusive-colin-trevorrow-talks-jurassic-world-dominion-imax-preview/ |website=Empire |access-date=June 12, 2021 |date=June 9, 2021}}</ref> ''Moros'' also appears in the film itself,<ref name=Purslow/><ref name=Brutal/> in addition to ''Iguanodon''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Orquiola |first=John |title=Jurassic World Dominion's 11 New Dinosaur Species Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-world-3-dominion-new-dinosaur-species-explained/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=June 21, 2022 |date=June 14, 2021}}</ref> ''Dreadnoughtus'' appears several times as well, through CGI.<ref>{{cite news |last=Avril |first=Tom |title=A new star in 'Jurassic World Dominion' has a very Philly backstory |url=https://www.inquirer.com/science/new-jurassic-world-movie-dinosaur-dreadnoughtus-20220618.html |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=June 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Furst |first=Camille |title=Mega-sized dinosaur found by N.J. guy now starring in new 'Jurassic World' film |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2022/06/mega-sized-dinosaur-found-by-nj-guy-now-starring-in-new-jurassic-world-film.html |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=NJ.com |date=June 20, 2022}}</ref> An ''Oviraptor'' appears in a deleted scene, in which it is forced to fight a ''Lystrosaurus'' which bites its head off.<ref name=Collider-June/>
''Titanosaurus'' is introduced in ''Jurassic World Rebirth'' and is the largest dinosaur in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Devanshi |title=Jurassic World Rebirth Trailer's Titanosaur Dinosaur Explained |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/guides/news/1916791-jurassic-world-rebirth-trailer-titanosaur-dinosaur-explained |website=ComingSoon.net |access-date=February 6, 2025 |date=February 6, 2025}}</ref> ''Rebirth'' also introduces the pterosaur ''Anurognathus''.<ref name=prod/>
==See also== * List of films featuring dinosaurs
==References== {{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* Crichton, Michael (1990) ''Jurassic Park''. ISBN 9780099282914 * {{Cite book |last=Mottram |first=James |title=Jurassic Park: The Official Script Book Complete with Annotations and Illustrations |date=December 5, 2023 |publisher=Insight Editions |isbn=979-8886633313 |location=San Rafael, California}} {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Shay|first1=Don|last2=Duncan|first2=Jody|title=The Making of Jurassic Park: An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making |publisher=Boxtree Limited |year=1993 |isbn=1-85283-774-8|ref={{sfnRef|Shay & Duncan|1993}}}} {{refend}}
==External links== *[http://www.jurassicworld.com/intel Dinosaur profiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101209/http://www.jurassicworld.com/intel |date=2020-10-18 }} at JurassicWorld.com *[https://archive.org/details/scienceofjurassi00desa ''The Science of Jurassic Park and the Lost World''] (1997) by Rob DeSalle and David Lindley
{{Jurassic Park}}
Category:Jurassic Park (franchise) Category:Fictional endangered and extinct species Category:Lists of fictional reptiles and amphibians Category:Lists of fictional animals by work Category:Fictional clones Category:Fictional dinosaurs Category:Universal Pictures animal characters Category:Fictional genetically engineered characters