Cabombaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}  {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|115|0}} <small>(likely) Mid-Cretaceous–Present</small> | image = Cabomba caroliniana 5447102.jpg | image_caption = Flowering ''Cabomba caroliniana'' | image2 = Brasenia schreberi inat1.jpg | image2_caption = Flowering ''Brasenia schreberi'' | taxon = Cabombaceae | authority = Rich. ex A.Rich.<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *''Brasenia'' Schreb. *''Cabomba'' Aubl. *†''Pluricarpellatia'' Mohr et al.<ref name=APWeb>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/nymphaealesweb.htm#Cabombaceae|title=Cabombaceae |work=APWeb |access-date=2013-12-01 |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |first=Peter F. |last=Stevens}}</ref> *†''Scutifolium'' David W.Taylor, G.J.Brenner et S.H.Basha *†''Brasenites'' Wang et Dilcher<ref name = "Wang & Dilcher, 2006">Wang, H., & Dilcher, D. L. (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/download/39656014/Aquatic_angiosperms_from_the_Dakota_Form20151103-29858-5t0xsv.pdf "Aquatic angiosperms from the Dakota Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Hoisington III locality, Kansas, USA."] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(2), 385-401.</ref> *†''Garasbahia'' Krassilov et Bacchia |type_genus = ''Cabomba'' Aubl.<ref name = "auNSL">Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. (n.d.). Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved February 17, 2025, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/54569</ref> |synonyms = Hydropeltidaceae (DC.) Dumort.<ref name = "COL">Cabombaceae Rich. ex A. Rich. (n.d.). Catalogue of Life. Retrieved February 17, 2025, from https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7HR</ref> }}

The '''Cabombaceae''' are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is '''water shield'''.<ref name="Watson & Dallwitz">{{cite web |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/cabombac.htm |title=The families of flowering plants, Cabombaceae |first1=L. |last1=Watson |first2=M. J. |last2=Dallwitz |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref> The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, ''Brasenia'' and ''Cabomba'', totalling six species.<ref name=Brgaard>{{cite journal|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany|volume=11 |issue= 2 |title=The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae) - a taxonomic study| first=Marian |last=Brgaard|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x |pages=179–203|year=1991 }}</ref>

==Description== thumb|Submerged leaf of ''Cabomba caroliniana'' A.Gray with scale bar (2 cm) on a white background ===Vegetative characteristics=== Cabombaceae are perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs<ref name="Watson & Dallwitz" /><ref name = "Flora of North America">Cabombaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10140</ref> with slender, branched rhizomes and adventitious roots.<ref name = "Flora of North America" /> The leaves are whorled, alternate, or opposite. Both floating and submerged leaves are produced.<ref name = "VicFlora">Cabombaceae. (n.d.). VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved February 17, 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/0fbf1892-c184-4ba6-8217-f627ab8fb0ec</ref> ===Generative characteristics=== The solitary, pedunculate, bisexual,<ref name = "Flora of China" /> chasmogamous, actinomorphic, inodorous<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil">Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.-e). Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 17, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB69</ref> flowers float on the water surface or extend beyond it.<ref name = "Flora of China">Cabombaceae in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10140</ref> The gynoecium consists of (1–)2–18 free carpels.<ref name = "Flora of Australia">T.D. Stanley, A.E. Orchard. Cabombaceae, in P.G. Kodeal (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabombaceae [Date Accessed: 18 February 2025]</ref> The indehiscent,<ref name = "Dictionnaire classique">Bory de Saint-Vincent. (1822). Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle (Vol. 2, p. 608). Rey et Gravier, Libraries-Editeurs, Auai des Augustins, no. 55; Baudouin Frèrer, Libraries-Editeurs, Imprimeurs de la société D’Histoire Naturelle, Rue de Vaugirard, no. 36. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25672588</ref><ref name = "VicFlora" /> follicle-like or achene-like fruit<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /> bears 1–3 seeds.<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /><ref name = "VicFlora" />

==Distribution== The Cabombaceae are all aquatic, living in still or slow-moving waters of temperate and tropical North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Although found on all continents but Antarctica, the plants tend to grow in relatively restricted ranges.<ref name="Friis, Crane, Pederses">{{cite book| title=Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution |first1=Else Marie |last1=Friis |author-link=Else Marie Friis |first2=Peter R. |last2=Crane |author-link2=Peter Crane |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |last3=Pederses |id=9781139123921 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011}}</ref>

==Fossil record== The family has an extensive fossil record from the Cretaceous with plants that exhibit affinities to either the Cabombaceae or Nymphaeaceae occurring in the Early Cretaceous.<ref name="Friis, Crane, Pederses"/>

One such likely Cretaceous member is the genus ''Pluricarpellatia'', found in rocks 115 million years old in what is now Brazil.<ref name=APWeb/> ''Scutifolium jordanicum'' David W.Taylor, G.J.Brenner et S.H.Basha has been described from the Lower Cretaceous of Jordan.<ref name="Taylor et al., 2008">Taylor, D. W., Brenner, G. J., & Basha, S. D. H. (2008). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.95.3.340 "''Scutifolium jordanicum'' gen. et sp. nov.(Cabombaceae), an aquatic fossil plant from the Lower Cretaceous of Jordan, and the relationships of related leaf fossils to living genera.] American Journal of Botany, 95(3), 340-352.</ref> ''Garasbahia flexuosa'' Krassilov et Bachia has been described from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krassilov |first=V. |last2=Bacchia |first2=F. |date=2013-03-01 |title=New Cenomanian florule and a leaf mine from southeastern Morocco: Palaeoecological and climatological inferences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667112001243 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=40 |pages=218–226 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.07.005 |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Taxonomy== ===Publication=== The family Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. was first published in 1822 by Louis Claude Richard, but initial description did not satisfy the requirements for valid publications. The family then was validated by Achille Richard.<ref name = "POWO">{{cite POWO |id=281437-2 |title=Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. |accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>

===Taxonomic history=== The APG system of 1998 included this family in the water lily family Nymphaeaceae, as did the APG II system, of 2003 (optionally). The APG III and APG IV systems of classification separated the family Cabombaceae from the family Nymphaeaceae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iles|first1=W.J.D. |last2=Lee|first2=C. |last3=Sokoloff|first3=D.D. |last4=Remizowa|first4=M.V. |last5=Yadav|first5=S.R. |last6=Barrett|first6=M.D. |last7=Barrett|first7=R.L. |last8=Macfarlane|first8=T.D. |last9=Rudall|first9=P.J. |last10=Graham|first10=S.W. |title=Reconstructing the age and historical biogeography of the ancient flowering-plant family Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales)|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=102 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-102 |doi-access=free |pmid=24884487 |pmc=4030046}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saarela|first1=J.M. |last2=Rai|first2=H. |last3=Doyle|first3=J. |last4=Endress|first4=P. |last5=Mathews|first5=S. |last6=Marchant|first6=A. |last7=Briggs|first7=B. |last8=Graham|first8=S. |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |date=2007 |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=312–315 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..312S |pmid=17361182 |s2cid=4415881 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3652&context=biosci_pubs|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref> The family is part of the order Nymphaeales, which is one of the most basal flowering plant lineages.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * Simpson, M.G. ''Plant Systematics''. Elsevier Academic Press. 2006.

==External links== *{{Wikispecies-inline}}

Category:Cabombaceae Category:Angiosperm families