{{Short description|Genus of aquatic plants}} {{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Forked Fanwort (Cabomba furcata) flowers (28233447251).jpg |image_caption = ''Cabomba furcata'' with flowers, floating leaves, and submerged leaves |taxon = Cabomba |authority = Aubl. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |type_species = ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aublet<ref name = "IPNI">''Cabomba'' | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 August 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/328528-2</ref> |synonyms = *''Nectris'' Schreb. *''Villarsia'' Neck. |synonyms_ref = <ref name = "POWO, 2024" /> }}
'''''Cabomba''''' is a genus of perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs in the family Cabombaceae<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> native to tropical and subtropical America.<ref name = "POWO, 2024" /> It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan (hence the vernacular name '''fanwort''') and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fish tanks. One species, ''Cabomba caroliniana'', is a nationally declared weed in Australia, where it has choked up waterways after escaping from aquaria. [[File:Cabomba aquatica Aubl. (6926161489).jpg|thumb|right|''Cabomba aquatica'' growing sympatrically with ''Nymphaea rudgeana'']] {{CSS image crop |Image = 黃菊花草 Cabomba aquatica -檳城植物園 Penang Botanic Garden- (9213351473).jpg |bSize = 400 |cWidth = 220 |cHeight = 150 |oTop = 60 |oLeft = 90 |Location = right |Description = Detail of peltate floating leaves and flower of ''Cabomba aquatica'' }} thumb|Submerged leaf of ''Cabomba caroliniana'' A.Gray with scale bar (2 cm) on a white background alt=leaves and flowers of a Cabomba species in water|thumb|''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl.
==Description== thumb|right|''Cabomba palaeformis'' flower with scale bar (1 cm) thumb|right|Floating (left) and submerged (right) leaves of ''Cabomba palaeformis'' with scale bar (2 cm) thumb|right|Submerged stems of ''Cabomba furcata'' ===Vegetative characteristics=== ''Cabomba'' are perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil">Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.). ''Cabomba'' Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved 5 February 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6610</ref> herbs<ref name = "VASCAN">''Cabomba'' Aublet - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). (n.d.). https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/924</ref> with short, brown rhizomes.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> The roots, which are formed on the lower nodes of the stems,<ref name = "Flora of Australia">T.D. Stanley & A.E. Orchard. ''Cabomba'', in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabomba [Date Accessed: 6 February 2025] </ref> are delicate, brown to white, and branched.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> The long, cylindrical, flexible,<ref name = "Flora of New Zealand">Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.). ''Cabomba'' Aubl. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 February 2025, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cabomba.html</ref> delicate, branched or unbranched stems<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> are 2–4 mm wide,<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991">Ørgaard, M. (1991). [https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x The genus ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study.] Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203.</ref> and up to 4 m long.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> Both floating and submerged leaves are present, but only few floating leaves are produced,<ref name = "VicFlora">Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.). ''Cabomba''. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved 5 February 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/14a740cd-b533-4c51-a0e4-0175fcc33499</ref> and they may be absent entirely.<ref name = "Fassett, 1953">Fassett, N. C. (1953). A Monograph of ''Cabomba''. Castanea, 18(4), 116–128. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4031558</ref><ref name = "Flora of Australia" /> The submerged leaves are divided into 3–7<ref name = "Flora of Australia" /><ref name = "Flora of North America" /> dichotomously or trichotomously branched parts.<ref name = "Flora of China" /><ref name = "Flora of North America">''Cabomba'' in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 February 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104954</ref> The floating leaves are inconspicuous.<ref name = "Flora of China">''Cabomba'' in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 February 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=104954</ref> ===Generative characteristics=== The solitary,<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" /> hermaphrodite, pedicellate,<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /><ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" /> chasmogamous, scentless, actinomorphic,<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> white, yellow, or purple,<ref name = "Fassett, 1953" /> trimerous or rarely di- and tetramerous flowers extend beyond the water surface.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" /> The petals are oval-shaped, and are usually about {{convert|2.0|cm|abbr=on}} across when fully developed. The petals are unlike the sepals in that the former have two yellow ear-shaped nectaries at the base. Petals may also have purplish edges. Flowers are protogynous, having primarily female sexual structures on the first day of appearance and then switching to male on the second and subsequent days. Pollination occurs above the waterline. Principal pollinators are flies and other small flying insects.<ref name="KubitzkiRohwer1993">{{cite book|author1=Klaus Kubitzki|author2=Jens G. Rohwer|author3=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC&pg=PA159|date=28 July 1993|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-55509-4|page=159}}</ref>
===Cytology=== Various chromosome counts have been observed in ''Cabomba'': 2n = 26, 39, 52, 78, 104.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" />
==Taxonomy== It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775.<ref name = "POWO, 2024" /> The type species is ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl.<ref name = "IPNI" /> ===Species=== The genus ''Cabomba'' Aubl. consists of six extant species:<ref name = "POWO, 2024">{{cite POWO |id=27990-1 |title=''Cabomba'' Aubl. |accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref> *''Cabomba aquatica'' <small>Aubl.</small> (fanwort) *''Cabomba caroliniana'' <small>A. Gray</small> (green cabomba) *''Cabomba furcata'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> (red cabomba) *''Cabomba haynesii'' <small>{{ill|John H. Wiersema|es|lt=Wiersema}}</small> *''Cabomba palaeformis'' <small>Fassett</small> *''Cabomba schwartzii'' Rataj
And four fossil species: *''Cabomba gracilis'' {{au|Newb.}}<ref name = "IFPNI a">''Cabomba gracilis'' Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved 18 February 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=F77FCE1B-5F22-4EA3-A22E-BE7DED077EBF</ref> *''Cabomba grandis'' {{au|Newb.}}<ref name = "IFPNI b">''Cabomba grandis'' Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved 18 February 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=63C5D164-498E-4160-B964-A5A2295D89AB</ref> *''Cabomba inermis'' {{au|(Newb.) Hollick}}<ref name = "IFPNI c">''Cabomba inermis'' (Newb.) Hollick in Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved 18 February 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E756C876-9AA1-44E0-BC16-97E187BFCABA</ref> *''Cabomba pitonii'' {{au|L. Laurent & Marty}}<ref name = "IFPNI d">''Cabomba pitonii'' L. Laurent, Marty in L. Piton. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved 18 February 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=30D7B8D6-3F0D-C3C7-9E11-A5448E2A3995</ref> ===Putative hybridisation=== It has been speculated, that ''Cabomba haynesii'' may be a result of a hybridisation event involving ''Cabomba palaeformis'' and ''Cabomba furcata''.<ref name="Wilson et al., 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Claire E |last2=Darbyshire |first2=Stephen J |last3=Jones |first3=Rosita |date=2007-07-01 |title=The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 7. Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.4141/P06-068 |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=615–638 |doi=10.4141/P06-068 |issn=0008-4220|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Etymology=== The generic name ''Cabomba'' may be derived from an aboriginal name of the plant in Guyana.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" />
==Distribution== It is native to tropical and subtropical America,<ref name = "POWO, 2024" /> and the centre of diversity is Brazil.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" />
==Ecology== ===Pollination=== The flowers are pollinated by flies and bees.<ref name = "Matias & Nascimento, 2021">Matias, L. Q., & Nascimento, H. P. D. (2021). [https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/CRJCYvxjcxj8CKVj74W6mxC/?format=pdf&lang=en Flora of Ceará, Brazil: Cabombaceae.] Rodriguésia, 72, e00592019.</ref> ===Habitat=== ''Cabomba'' occurs in ponds, floodplains, swamps, and creeks.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" />
==''Cabomba'' as an aquarium plant== ''Cabomba'' species are popular aquarium plants.<ref name="Zernecke, 1897">{{Cite book |last=Zernecke |first=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0U9AAAAYAAJ&dq=cabomba%20aquarium&pg=PA53 |title=Leitfaden für Aquarien- und Terrarienfreunde: Im Auftrage des "Triton" Verein für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde zu Berlin |date=1897 |publisher=G. Schmidt |language=de}}</ref> ''Cabomba caroliniana'' is easily cultivated and is tolerant of various substrates and temperatures.<ref name = "Bade, 1896" /><ref name = "Zernecke, 1897" /> However, in dimly lit conditions the leaves grow small and the internodes of the stems elongate.<ref name="Bade, 1896">{{Cite book |last=Bade |first=Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYFUAAAAYAAJ&dq=cabomba%20aquarium&pg=PA95 |title=Das Süsswasser-Aquarium: Geschichte, Flora und Fauna des Süsswasser-Aquariums, seine Anlage und Pflege |date=1896 |publisher=F. Pfenningstorff |language=de}}</ref> By contrast, ''Cabomba furcata'' is considered to be difficult to cultivate in the aquarium, as it requires soft, acid water and a high light intensity.<ref name="Aquarium Ratgeber, 2020">{{Cite web |title=Die Gegabelte Haarnixe - Cabomba furcata |url=https://www.aquarium-ratgeber.com/aquarienpflanzen/pflanzen-vz/haarnixe/gegabelte-haarnixe/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Aquarium Ratgeber |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref name="Flowgrow">{{Cite web |title=Cabomba furcata - Red Cabomba |url=https://www.flowgrow.de/db/aquaticplants/cabomba-furcata |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Flowgrow |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wong, 2021">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=How to grow Cabomba furcata |url=https://www.2hraquarist.com/blogs/freshwater-aquarium-plants-guide/how-to-grow-cabomba-furcata |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The 2Hr Aquarist |language=en}}</ref>
==Invasive species== Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where ''Cabomba caroliniana'' it is a nationally declared weed.<ref>{{cite web | title=''Cabomba'' (''Cabomba caroliniana'') | website=NSW WeedWise | date=24 January 2020 | url=https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/Details/26 | access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> Having arrived in 1967, it spread rapidly in waterways and out-competed native plants, threatening water supplies, especially along the eastern side of the continent.<ref name = "Nichols, 2023">{{cite web | last=Nichols | first=Jennifer | title=Cabomba weevil unleashed on weed-infesting Australian waterways | website=ABC News (Australia) | date=10 July 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2023-07-10/cabomba-weevil-unleashed-on-weed-infesting-australian-waterways/102482954 | access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> In Australia, ''Cabomba caroliniana'' has been targeted by both chemical,<ref name = "Day et al., 2014">Day, C., Petroeschevsky, A., Pellow, B., Bevan, J., O’Dwyer, T., St Lawrence, A., & Smith, G. (2014). [https://www.bmcc.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/files/ManagingCabombainGlenbrookLagoonFullPaper.pdf Managing a priority outlier infestation of ''Cabomba caroliniana'' in a natural wetland in the Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia–could this be eradication.] In Draft paper to 19th Australasian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Australia.</ref> and biological control.<ref name = "DAFF, 2023" /> Herbicide treatment is effective, yet also damages the remaining aquatic flora and fauna.<ref name = "Day et al., 2014" /> The cabomba weevil (''Hydrotimetes natans'') is introduced to waterways as a means of biological control of ''Cabomba caroliniana''.<ref name = "DAFF, 2023">Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (2023, 9 May). ''Hydrotimetes natans'' for the biological control of ''Cabomba caroliniana''. Retrieved 2 October 2023, from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/policy/risk-analysis/biological-control-agents/risk-analyses/completed-risk-analyses/ra-release-hydrotimetes-natans</ref><ref name = "Nichols, 2023" /> They consume the plant's tips and inflict significant harm when present in large quantities. Larvae burrow within the stems and result in substantial damage to the main stem due to tissue necrosis.<ref name = "Kumaran et al., 2022">Kumaran, N., Vance, T. J., Comben, D., Dell, Q., Oleiro, M. I., Goñalons, C. M., ... & Raghu, S. (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964422000597/pdfft?md5=4b8208cd87e1a05a90ee397dd699f077&pid=1-s2.0-S1049964422000597-main.pdf "''Hydrotimetes natans'' as a suitable biological control agent for the invasive weed ''Cabomba caroliniana''."] Biological Control, 169, 104894.</ref>
Likewise, ''Cabomba furcata'' has become an invasive species in Kerala, India,<ref name="The New Indian Express, 2020">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-12-04 |title='Bloom of pink' spotted on lake in Kerala turns out to be major threat to aquatic system |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Dec/04/bloom-of-pink-spotted-on-lake-inkerala-turns-out-to-be-major-threat-to-aquatic-system-2231918.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shaji, 2020">{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=K. A. |date=2020-12-15 |title=Kerala's 'pink phenomenon' can choke water bodies and drains, warn scientists |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/kerala-s-pink-phenomenon-can-choke-water-bodies-and-drains-warn-scientists-74645 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> in the Kalutara district of Sri Lanka,<ref name = "Yakandawala et al., 2022">Yakandawala, D. M. D., Yakandawala, K., Madola, I., & Herath, H. M. L. K. (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kapila-Yakandawala/publication/361462522_Would_history_repeat_Detection_of_Cabomba_furcata_a_potential_invasive_plant_in_natural_ecosystems_of_Sri_Lanka/links/62b2ff6689e4f1160c92f708/Would-history-repeat-Detection-of-Cabomba-furcata-a-potential-invasive-plant-in-natural-ecosystems-of-Sri-Lanka.pdf Would history repeat? Detection of ''Cabomba furcata'', a potential invasive plant in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka.] Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(2), 155-163.</ref> in Chini Lake, Malaysia,<ref name = "Yunoh, 2011">Yunoh, S. M. M. (2011, 28 December). ''Cabomba furcata'' (Cabombaceae). Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/130</ref> and Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabomba piauhyensis 紅花穗蓴 |url=https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/species/342%20002%2002%200 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=台灣植物資訊整合查詢系統 |language=zh-TW}}</ref><ref>Wu, S. H., Yang, T. A., Teng, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., Yang, K. C., & Hsieh, C. F. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chang-Fu-Hsieh/publication/258239910_Insights_of_the_Latest_Naturalized_Flora_of_Taiwan_Change_in_the_Past_Eight_Years/links/02e7e5278ad0d911f2000000/Insights-of-the-Latest-Naturalized-Flora-of-Taiwan-Change-in-the-Past-Eight-Years.pdf Insights of the latest naturalized flora of Taiwan: change in the past eight years.] Taiwania, 55(2), 139-159.</ref> Its presence leads to a decline of water quality and biodiversity.<ref name = "Rao & Rani">Rao, G. P., & Rani, K. S. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kethavath-Santhosh/publication/382445060_Bioinvasion-Proceedings-final-090224_2/links/669dbf41cb7fbf12a465573a/Bioinvasion-Proceedings-final-090224-2.pdf#page=116 A report on the biological invasion of alien plant species red ''Cabomba'' in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state and its impact on agro-ecosystem.] Issues in Biodiversity Conservation and Management, 103.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links == {{Commons category inline|Cabomba|''Cabomba''}} *[http://www.invadingspecies.com InvadingSpecies.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044623/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1834 United States Department of Agriculture, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): ''Cabomba''] *[https://en.fishkeeping.info/beginners-guide-to-cabomba-the-preferred-background-plant/ Information about Cabomba for Aquarium Hobbyists]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1074847}}
Category:Nymphaeales genera Category:Freshwater plants Category:Cabomba Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet