{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}} {{Speciesbox |image=Cabomba aquatica Aubl. (6780045440).jpg |image_caption= |genus=Cabomba |species=aquatica |authority=Aubl. |synonyms= {{collapsible list|bullets = true |''Cabomba aubletii'' Michx. |''Nectris aquatica'' (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel. |''Nectris peltata'' Pursh}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name = "POWO" /> }} [[File:Cabomba aquatica Aubl. (6926161489).jpg|thumb|right|''Cabomba aquatica'' growing sympatrically with ''Nymphaea rudgeana'']] {{CSS image crop |Image = 黃菊花草 Cabomba aquatica -檳城植物園 Penang Botanic Garden- (9213351473).jpg |bSize = 400 |cWidth = 220 |cHeight = 150 |oTop = 60 |oLeft = 90 |Location = right |Description = Detail of peltate floating leaves and flower }} thumb|In an aquarium
'''''Cabomba aquatica''''' is a rhizomatous,<ref name = "Aquarium Ratgeber" /> perennial,<ref name = "NParks" /> aquatic herb<ref name = "Aublet, 1775" /> in the family Cabombaceae native to South America.<ref name = "POWO" /> It occurs in fresh standing water or in lakes and rivers with slight currents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inamdar |first1=J. A. |last2=Aleykutty |first2=K. M. |title=Studies on ''Cabomba aquatica'' (Cabombaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1979 |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=161–166 |jstor=23642303 |doi=10.1007/BF00990463 }}</ref>
==Description== ===Vegetative characteristics=== ''Cabomba aquatica'' is a rhizomatous,<ref name = "Aquarium Ratgeber">Die Riesen-Haarnixe - ''Cabomba aquatica''. (2021, February 5). Aquarium Ratgeber. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.aquarium-ratgeber.com/aquarienpflanzen/pflanzen-vz/haarnixe/riesen-haarnixe/</ref> perennial,<ref name = "NParks">Government of Singapore. (n.d.-a). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. NParks Flora Fauna Web. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/9/5991</ref> aquatic herb<ref name = "Aublet, 1775" /> with green to red,<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> up to 1.5 m long stems.<ref name = "De Saint Sauveur, 2019">De Saint Sauveur, T. (2019). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Le_Larousse_des_Poissons_et_Aquariums/yxa_DwAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22%20aquarium&pg=PA324&printsec=frontcover Le Larousse des Poissons et Aquariums.] p. 324. Larousse.</ref><ref name = "Flowgrow" /><ref name = "Heimbiotop">Wilstermann-Hildebrand, M. (n.d.-a). Gattung ''Cabomba'' - Haarnixen. Heimbiotop. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.heimbiotop.de/cabomba.html#aquatica</ref> Both submerged and floating leaves are produced.<ref name = "Siber, 1892" /> The finely divided,<ref name = "NParks" /> reniform, 4–5 cm long, and 6 cm wide submerged leaves are trichotomously branched.<ref name = "Henkel et al., 1907">Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L., Dittman, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n35/mode/1up Das Buch der Nymphaeceen oder Seerosengewächse.] p. 34. Deutschland: F. Henkel.</ref> The orbicular to broadly elliptic floating leaves,<ref name = "Lima et al., 2014">Lima, C. T. D., Santos, F. D. A. R. D., & Giulietti, A. M. (2014). [https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/QbhBgS8vgYdHsFypbpDPpCn/?format=pdf&lang=en Morphological strategies of ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae), a genus of aquatic plants.] Acta Botanica Brasilica, 28, 327-338.</ref> which are produced towards the apex of the shoot,<ref name = "Flowgrow" /> with an entire margin are 5–20 mm long, and 4–15 mm wide.<ref name = "MyBIS" /> The petiole is 9.0–55.0 mm long.<ref name = "Barbosa et al., 2018">BARBOSA, T. D., TRAD, R. J., BAJAY, M. M., ZUCCHI, M. I., & DO AMARAL, M. D. C. E. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tiago-Barbosa-7/publication/327467928_Reestablishment_of_Cabomba_schwartzii_Cabombaceae_an_aquatic_plant_species_endemic_to_the_Brazilian_Amazon/links/5d939775a6fdcc2554abb284/Reestablishment-of-Cabomba-schwartzii-Cabombaceae-an-aquatic-plant-species-endemic-to-the-Brazilian-Amazon.pdf Reestablishment of ''Cabomba schwartzii'' (Cabombaceae), an aquatic plant species endemic to the Brazilian Amazon.] Phytotaxa, 367(3), 245-255.</ref> ===Generative characteristics=== The golden yellow, solitary, bisexual,<ref name = "NParks" /> diurnal, incompletely protogynous, nectariferous,<ref name = "Silva & Leite, 2011">Silva, J. B. D., & Leite, A. V. D. L. (2011). [https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/4LDw4P3LzYQKWWB5szm4VbT/?format=pdf&lang=en Reproductive biology and pollination of ''Cabomba aquatica'' (Cabombaceae).] Rodriguésia, 62(4), 919-926.</ref> 0.5–1.1 cm wide flower<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil">Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.-a). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6611</ref> extends beyond the water surface.<ref name = "Allgayer, 2006" /><ref name = "Siber, 1892">Siber. (1892). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Gartenflora/pMdKAQAAMAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22&pg=PA350&printsec=frontcover ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (''Villarsia aquatica'' Willd.).] Gartenflora Zeitschrift Für Garten- Und Blumenkunde, 41, 350–352.</ref> It has 3(–4) 3.7–3.8 mm long, and 1.4–2.1 mm wide sepals.<ref name = "Barbosa et al., 2018" /> The androecium consists of (3–)6<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> bright yellow stamens<ref name = "MyBIS">Siti Munirah Mat Yunoh (2011, November). Cabomba aquatica. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/122. </ref> with 2.5–4 mm long filaments.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> The very large, elongate, monosulcate pollen grains are 71.8–88.3 μm long, and 38.9–48.4 μm wide.<ref name = "Remizowa et al., 2008">Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00173130802184214 Comparative pollen morphology in the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level.] Grana, 47(2), 81-100.</ref> The gynoecium consists of 2–3(–4) carpels.<ref name = "Flora E Funga Do Brasil" /> Each fruit bears a single oval,<ref name = "Lima et al., 2014" /> black,<ref name = "MyBIS" /> 2–3.5 mm long, and 1.5–2.5 mm wide seed.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" /><ref name = "MyBIS" /> The fruit develops underwater.<ref name = "Siber, 1892" /> ===Cytology=== The chromosome count is 2n = 52.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991">Ørgaard, M. (1991). [https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x The genus ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study.] Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203.</ref> The chloroplast genome of ''Cabomba aquatica'' is 159487 bp long.<ref name = "Gruenstaeudl et al., 2018">Gruenstaeudl, M., Gerschler, N., & Borsch, T. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325925567_Bioinformatic_Workflows_for_Generating_Complete_Plastid_Genome_Sequences-An_Example_from_Cabomba_Cabombaceae_in_the_Context_of_the_Phylogenomic_Analysis_of_the_Water-Lily_Clade Bioinformatic workflows for generating complete plastid genome sequences—an example from ''Cabomba'' (Cabombaceae) in the context of the phylogenomic analysis of the water-lily clade.] Life, 8(3), 25.</ref>
==Taxonomy== It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775.<ref name = "Aublet, 1775">Aublet, Fusée. (1775). Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise : rangées suivant la méthode sexuelle, avec plusieurs mémoires sur différens objects intéressans, relatifs à la culture & au commerce de la Guiane Françoise, & une notice des plantes de l'Isle-de-France ... (Vol. 1, p. 321). P. F. Didot jeune. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/362297</ref><ref name = "IPNI">''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (n.d.-b). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.ipni.org/n/605272-1</ref><ref name = "Tropicos a">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-e). ''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/22600062</ref> It is the type species of its genus.<ref name = "Tropicos b">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-f). ''Cabomba'' Aubl. Tropicos. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40033874</ref> ===Etymology=== The specific epithet ''aquatica'' means growing in or near water.<ref>''Ipomoea aquatica''. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b142</ref> ===Relationship with ''Cabomba schwartzii''=== The controversial species ''Cabomba schwartzii'' is often included in ''Cabomba aquatica'', but it may represent a separate species.<ref name = "Barbosa et al., 2015" /><ref name = "Barbosa et al., 2018" /> ''Cabomba schwartzii'' reportedly differs from ''Cabomba aquatica'' in the number of floral organs, yet this may be attributed to intraspecific variation.<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" />
==Distribution== It is native to the North of South America,<ref name = "EPPO" /> namely Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.<ref name = "POWO">''Cabomba aquatica'' Aubl. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605272-1</ref> It has been introduced to Bangladesh and Malaysia.<ref name = "EPPO">European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). (n.d.). ''Cabomba aquatica'' (CABAQ). EPPO Global Database. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CABAQ</ref><ref name = "POWO" />
==Ecology== ===Pollination=== The flowers are pollinated by bees, wasps, and flies.<ref name = "Silva & Leite, 2011" /> ===Habitat=== It occurs in stagnant or flowing water<ref name = "Ørgaard, 1991" /> in ponds, floodplains, lakes, creeks, and swamps in bright light conditions.<ref name = "Barbosa et al., 2015">Barbosa, T. D., Trad, R. J., Bajay, M. M., & Amaral, M. C. (2015). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.3732/apps.1500076 Microsatellite markers isolated from ''Cabomba aquatica'' sl (Cabombaceae) from an enriched genomic library.] Applications in plant sciences, 3(11), 1500076.</ref>
==Use== ===Aquarium=== It is used as an aquarium plant,<ref name = "Flowgrow">''Cabomba aquatica'' - Feinblättrige Haarnixe. (n.d.). Flowgrow. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.flowgrow.de/db/wasserpflanzen/cabomba-aquatica</ref> but it is difficult to cultivate.<ref name = "B-Aqua" /><ref name = "Flowgrow" /><ref name = "Allgayer, 2006" /> It requires a high light intensity,<ref name = "Aquarium Ratgeber" /><ref name = "Allgayer, 2006">Allgayer, R. (2006). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Plantes_d_aquarium/DA-3s2IIfgoC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22&pg=PA39&printsec=frontcover Plantes d'aquarium.] Frankreich: Artémis.</ref> soft, slightly acidic water,<ref name = "Aquarium Ratgeber" /> and temperatures of 18–26 °C.<ref name = "B-Aqua">''Cabomba aquatica''. (n.d.). B-Aqua. Retrieved February 16, 2025, from https://www.b-aqua.com/pages/Plantsfiche.aspx?id=1091</ref> Algae can be a challenge in cultivation by covering submerged leaves and damaging the plant.<ref name = "Siber, 1892" /><ref name = "De Saint Sauveur, 2019" /> Likewise, it may be harmed by fish in the aquarium,<ref name = "B-Aqua" /><ref name = "Indiviglio, 2006">Indiviglio, F. (2006). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/The_Everything_Aquarium_Book/by3rDQAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22Cabomba%20aquatica%22%20aquarium&pg=PT282&printsec=frontcover The Everything Aquarium Book: All You Need to Build the Acquarium of Your Dreams.] USA: F+W Media.</ref><ref name = "De Saint Sauveur, 2019" /> or too strong water currents.<ref name = "De Saint Sauveur, 2019" /> ===Model organism=== It has been explored to use ''Cabomba aquatica'' as a potential model organism for studies of early angiosperm evolution.<ref name = "Vialette-Guiraud et al., 2011">Vialette-Guiraud, A. C., Alaux, M., Legeai, F., Finet, C., Chambrier, P., Brown, S. C., ... & Scutt, C. P. (2011). [https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-abstract/108/4/589/240556 ''Cabomba'' as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution.] Annals of Botany, 108(4), 589-598.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2030496}}
Category:Nymphaeales aquatica Category:Freshwater plants Category:Plants described in 1775