Humska zemlja

{{Short description|Historical region in modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro}} {{Italic title}}{{Infobox former subdivision | common_name = Hum  | conventional_long_name = Humska Zemlja | _noautocat = no | area_lost1 =  | area_lost_year1 = 1463/1481 | lost_to1 = Ottoman Empire | area_gained1 =  | Divisions = ''Župa'', ''opština'', town, village  | DivisionsNames = *Župa Primorje *Kom *Večenike *Broćno * Klobuk * Trebinje * Cavtat | membership2 = Kingdom of Bosnia | membership_title2 = Kingdom | divisions_map_caption =  | DivisionsMap =  | area_gained_year1 =  | HQ = Blagaj Novi Ključ  | Government =  | Status = ''Zemlja'' | status_text =    | nation = Bosnian Kingdom | subdivision = ''Zemlja'' | government_type = Feudal  | native_name = Hum  | political_subdiv =  | coordinates = {{coord|43.229|17.968|}} | capital =Blagaj (Novi Ključ) | today = Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia   | title_leader = Vojvoda  | leader1 = Vlatko Vuković  | leader2 = Sandalj Hranić | leader3 = Stjepan Vukčić | leader4 = Vlatko Hercegović with brother Vladislav | year_leader1 = –1393 | year_leader2 = 1393–1435 | year_leader3 = 1435–1466 | year_leader4 = 1466–1481 |title_deputy = Family tree | deputy1 = Kosača | deputy2 = Vuković, Hranić, Vukčić, Hercegović |year_deputy1 =noble family |year_deputy2 =cadet branch  | flag_type =  | image_map =Stefan Vukcic and the war in Zeta 1441-es.svg | image_map_caption = Kosača Zemlja in orange, as part of medieval Bosnian state.  | symbol =  | symbol_type =  | s1 =Sanjak of Herzegovina | s2 = Bosnia Eyalet | p1 =    | era = Medieval Bosnia | year_start = 14th c. | year_end = 1481 | date_end = December | event_end =  | date_start =  | event_start =  }}

The '''Humska Zemlja''' ("Hum Zemlja", '''Hum'''; {{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Humska zemlja, Hum|Хумска земља, Хум|separator=" / "}}) is a historical ''zemlja'' that arose in the Middle Ages and became a administrative unit of medieval Bosnia ruled by the Kosača dynasty. It included most of today's Herzegovina, in Bosansko Primorje including Konavle, territories on the south of Dalmatia between Omiš and Neretva Delta, in Boka Kotorska, south to Budva and Serbia region in Prijepolje and Mileševa. The name for this ''zemlja'' derived from the earlier name for the region, Zahumlje. The seat of Kosače family was in the town and fortress of Blagaj and during the winter seasons, Novi.{{Sfn|Ćirković|2003|pp=37-45}}

== Name == The name for the region changed over time and had different geographical and political meaning. As a politically separate entity, Humska zemlja is not synonymous with Zahumlje, nor Herzegovina.{{sfn|Ančić|2005|pp=106-108}}{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=|p=143 (See footnote 3)}}

The ''Zahumlje was'' first mentioned in the 10th century. The name ''Humska zemlja'' can be traced back to the 12th century. It was mentioned in a charter by Grand Prince of Serbia Stefan Nemanja to Split commune.{{sfn|Mišić|1996|pp=19, 20}} At that time it already incorporated Zahumlje into new geopolitical paradigm. During this period was under Serbian rule, prince Rastko Nemanjić know as Saint Sava of Serbia, son of Stefan Nemanja and later founder of Serbian Church, briefly ruled Zahumlje/Hum until to became a monk in Hilandar.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Footnote 30 & 31|pp=150}}

During the 14th and 15th centuries, many people of different status were migrating from Hum to the Dalmatian cities of Split, Trogir, Šibenik, and Zadar. They would identify themselves as originating or coming from the ''Humska zemlja'' (''Comsqua semia''){{sfn|Ančić|2005|pp=106-108}} or {{Langx|la|Terra Chelmi}}.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=|p=147}} In one case in Split from 1454, it was recorded that an individual identified as a person coming from the Duchy of Saint Sava and "Principality of the Herzog Stjepan the Bosnian" (''de comitatu Duche Stephani bossinensis'').{{sfn|Ančić|2005|pp=106-108}}

== Geography == In a geopolitical sense the Humska zemlja is not synonymous to Zahumlje, and it differs geographically from both Zahumlje and today's Herzegovina.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=|p=143 (See footnote 3)}} Geographically, roughly outlined, it included in the west–east direction, the area along the Adriatic coast, from Vrulja near Omiš and the big bend of the river Cetina to the hinterland of Dubrovnik, and in the south–north direction, from the coast of the Adriatic and Pelješac to the Upper Neretva and Konjic.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=141-176}}{{sfn|Ančić|2005|pp=106-108}}

From the 9th to the first half of the 11th century, in the neighborhood of the Principality of Hum, on the left bank of the Neretva all the way to Dubrovnik, there was another political formation, independent of the Principality of Hum, and it was called "Zahumlje".{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=150-151}}

== History == {{Further|Banate of Bosnia|Kingdom of Bosnia}} The Humska zemlja functioned as a principality (also known as ''"Humsko kneštvo",'' or ''English'' {{Translation|Principality of Hum|i=1}}) until 1326. From the middle of the 12th century onwards, Hum's ''knez'' (''humski knez'') recognized the senior rights of the Hungarian-Croatian king, and for some time during the 13th century they would recognize the authority of Serbian king, while after 1326, the Bosnian ban Stjepan II annexed it for Bosnia.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=141-176}}

Until the end of the 11th century, the Principality of Hum itself was part of the broader structure of the Croatian king's authority. At the time of the dynastic crisis and the dissolution of the Croatian Kingdom at the end of the 11th century, the ''Knez'' of Hum gained almost complete independence. As a result, his rule now extended to the west as far as Imotski with the ''župa'' of the same name. On the other hand, during the 12th century, Hum ''knez''<nowiki/>'s authority definitely expanded to the east, into neighboring Zahumlje. These expansions of the Principality were also accompanied with certain territorial losses, mostly on the Adriatic islands. But the most significant consequence of the expansion of the rule of the ''Knez''s of Hum to Zahumlje is the loss of the distinctive character of Zahumlje itself, although that name will appear sporadically with the Principality of Hum for some time to come.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=150-151}}

After 1326, the Bosnian ban Stjepan II conquered the country. This signified formal disappearance as an independent principality. It still functioned in line with medieval understandings of a state and the way medieval kingdoms functioned, so it retained a certain form of separate political life and the elements of the previous order. This primarily refers to the type of representative body whose most important function was judicial, known as the "Hum's table" ("''Humski stol"''), and traditional procedure known as "the Hum's question" (''"Humsko pitanje"'').{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=141-176}} However, with an emergence of Kosača these political characteristics and local traditions will begin to wither away.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|p=159-160}}

During the 13th and early 14th centuries the Bosnian House of Kotromanić, the Bosnian ''bans'' Stjepan I Kotromanić and Stjepan II Kotromanić, joined these regions to the Bosnian state, with the King Tvrtko I Kotromanić extending territories even further, beyond what is modern-day Herzegovina proper.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|loc=2. ОСВАЈАЊЕ ХУМА}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=178}} The region was overwhelmed by Stjepan II in 1322–1326. By the second half of the 14th century, Bosnia apparently reached its peak under Ban Tvrtko I who came into power in 1353 and became the first Bosnian king by 1377.{{sfn|Mišić|1996|pp=19, 20}}

===Bosnian annexation=== In the first half of the 1330s, the Branivojević family had emerged as strongest clan in Hum,{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=266–268}} claiming the territories from Cetina River to the town of Kotor, including entire Pelješac, and controlling Ston, where their court was located.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=266}} Though nominal vassals of Serbia, the Branivojević family attacked Serbian interests and other local nobles of Hum, who in 1326 turned against both Serbia and Branivojević clan by approaching to Stjepan Kotromanić II, the ban of Bosnia, who took matters into his hands and annexed Hum in campaign between April and June 1326, banishing Serbs and Branivojevićs.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=266, 267}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 279}} The war of Hum between Bosnia and Dubrovnik against Serbia, will have a new episode between 1327 and 1328, when Dečanski attacked Dubrovnik because the Republic annexed Branivojevićs holdings in Ston and Pelješac (''Stonski rat''). This whole affair and the fact that loyal Bosnian lordship was in Hum and Branivojevićs destroyed altogether,{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 279}} along with the unrest on the east, prompted Dušan, to sell Ston and Pelješac (''Stonski Rat'') to Dubrovnik in 1333 and turned to the east to acquire territories in Macedonia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=|pp=266, 267}}

Most of the local nobility and ruling elite, attached itself to the new supreme ruler, the Bosnian ban and later king.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=141-176}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 279}} Other than a rebellion by ''knez'' Peter, son of Toljen of Hum, whom Stjepan captured and put to death, the Hum nobles remained loyal to Kotoromanićs who firmly held the region from now on. These nobles also continued to manage their local affairs in the region.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 279}} At first, vassals of the Bosnian Ban, Draživojević-Sanković from Nevesinje, become the leading family of Hum in the second half of the 1330s,{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 279}} while Serbian vassals retained easternmost reaches of Hum.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=267}} Stjepan II, however, did take direct control of the valuable custom and market-town at Drijeva. The population of Hum remained largely Orthodox, compared to elsewhere in Bosnia where the Bosnian Church predominated, and after the arrival of the Franciscans in the 1340s, Catholicism also began to spread.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=279}}

In 1350, Tsar Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia attacked Bosnia in order to regain Hum. Since the invasion was not successful, the tsar tried to negotiate peace, which would be sealed by arranging Elizabeth's marriage to his son and heir apparent, Stephen Uroš V.The tsar expected Hum to be ceded as Elizabeth's dowry, which her father refused.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=323, 324}} Later that year she was formally betrothed to the 24-year-old Louis,{{sfn|Várdy|Grosschmid|Domonkos|1986|p=226}} who hoped to counter Dušan's expansionist policy either with her father's help or as his eventual successor.{{sfn|Gromada|Halecki|1991|p=40}} In 1357, Louis summoned the young Tvrtko I to Požega and compelled him to surrender most of western Hum as Elizabeth's dowry, and under whose rule territory remained for only about thirty years, until 1390.{{sfn|Engel|1999|p=163}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=278, 369}} During that period, the function of the local knez was re-established, but this time not as a semi-independent ruler, but merely as a king's emissary. Since 1390, the land of Hum has been retaken by the Bosnian king again and put under the direct administration of the local noble family Jurjević-Radivojević.{{sfn|Ančić|2001|loc=Humsko kneštvo|pp=141-176}}

===Emergence of Kosača and Pavlovićs=== Beside an emerging Kosača family another powerful Bosnian noble family, the Pavlović's from eastern Bosnia, at the time headed by Pavle Radinović, whose seat was in Borač near Rogatica, including holdings in ''župa'' of Vrhbosna and ''župa'' of Drina, also shared some of the territories in Hum, mostly centered around Trebinje,<ref name="old.kons-borač">{{cite web|title=Borak (Han-stjenički plateau) necropolis with stećak tombstones in the village of Burati, the historic site|url=http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1&action=view&id=3054|website=Commission to preserve national monuments|access-date=2 February 2019|language=bs|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030435/http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1&action=view&id=3054|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="M.A.-Thesis-Pavle-Radinović">{{cite web |last1=Maslo |first1=Amer |title=M.A. Thesis: "Slavni i velmožni gospodin knez Pavle Radinović" (available for download at faculty website) |url=https://www.ff.unsa.ba/files/zavDipl/17_18/his/Amer-Maslo.pdf |website=www.ff.unsa.ba |publisher=Faculty of Philosophy of University of Sarajevo – History Department |access-date=2 February 2019 |language=bs-BA}}</ref> including fortress of Klobuk in ''župa'' Vrm.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|pp=270-271}}

But, at the time when Kosače received the Hum from the King, it was Draživojević-Sanković's who had a primacy in the region. This Bosnian noble family is credited for capturing Hum for Bosnia and the Ban Stjepan II, who in 1326 dispatched their early branch, the Draživojević's (the next generation of Bogopenec<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=ГЛасник |url=http://www.uarrs-arhivisti.org/Upload/Udruzenje/20_4_2013_27_Glasnik_05_Prelomljeni.pdf |publisher=УдружеЊе Архивских Радниҝа Републиҝе Српске |page=95 |quote=Занимљиво је да су Богопанци, каснији Драживојевићи или Санковићи, почетком тог вијека били у некој зависности од Пурћића, али сада се ситуација у потпуности окренула у корист ових других, те се Познан 1336, као господар Невесиња, помиње као човјек Милтена Драживојевића. |volume=V |issue=5}}</ref>), headed by Milten,{{sfn|Fajfrić|2000}} along with other noblemen, into Hum to oust the Branivojević family, at the time nominal vassals of Serbia, and take Hum for him.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=266–267}}

====Sankovićs' prominence==== So, Sanković's were very active in the 14th and beginning of the 15th century in Hum. Their seat was in Zaborani and in Glavatičevo's hamlet Biskupi, where today the family necropolis with a ''stećci'' is still present and protected as a National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="old.kons.gov.ba-Grčka Glavica">{{cite web |title=Grčka Glavica – necropolis with stećak tombstones and the ruins of a church in the village of Biskup, the historic area |url=http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=4&action=view&id=2415 |website=old.kons.gov.ba |publisher=Commission to preserve national monuments |access-date=27 April 2024 |location=Sarajevo |language=en, sh |date=7 May 2004}}</ref> The most prominent members were Sanko Miltenović and his oldest son, Radič Sanković. Sanko, the eponymous founder of the Sanković's branch (the tribe's progenitor was Dražen Bogopenec),<ref>Željko Fajfrić, Kotromanići, Šid 2000, ch. 4</ref> died in a battle while leading the Bosnian army to aid Ragusa against Serbian lord, the Nikola Altomanović, who campaigned against Ragusa in 1370.

The Ottoman threat was brewing to the east, threatening Bosnia and its southeastern regions in Hum. On 27 August 1388, Radić participated in the Battle of Bileća, when the Bosnian army led by the Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković, defeated the Ottoman raiding party of up to 18,000 strong.<ref>Finkel, Caroline, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2005), pp. 20-21</ref><ref name="plemenito.com-bitka-bilece-grob-vlatka-vukovica">{{cite web |title=Bitka kod Bileće (1388) – Zaboravljeni grob Vlatka Vukovića |url=http://www.plemenito.com/lat/bitka-kod-bilece-%281388%29-%E2%80%93-zaboravljeni-grob-vlatka-vukovica-/o195 |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=www.plemenito.com |publisher=PLEMENITO – digitalni arhiv |language=sh |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082704/http://www.plemenito.com/lat/bitka-kod-bilece-%281388%29-%E2%80%93-zaboravljeni-grob-vlatka-vukovica-/o195 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bosnian heavy cavalry is typically credited with winning the battle as they broke the Ottoman ranks and pursued the retreating enemy. Celebrated Ottoman commander Lala Sahin Pasha ({{langx|tr|Lala Şahin Paşa}}, 1330 – cca 1382) barely managed to save himself with the small band of his soldiers.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|pp=157–158}}<ref name="Maslo-knez Pavle">{{cite web |author1=Amer Maslo |date=2018 |title=Slavni i velmožni gospodin knez Pavle Radinović |url=https://www.ff.unsa.ba/files/zavDipl/17_18/his/Amer-Maslo.pdf |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=www.ff.unsa.ba |pages=16, 17 |language=bs |location=Sarajevo}}</ref><ref name="Ivan Lovrenović-Hastings-1998">{{cite web |author1=Ivan Lovrenović |author-link1=Ivan Lovrenović |date=1998 |title=Adrian Hastings, Južni Slaveni |url=http://ivanlovrenovic.com/clanci/sarajevski-dnevnik/adrian-hastings-juzni-slaveni |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=ivanlovrenovic.com |language=sh}}</ref>

In 1391–1392, Radič and his brother Beljak tried to sell their possessions in Konavle to the Republic of Ragusa.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=471}}</ref> However, a ''stanak'' was convoked by the king and the noblemen who opposed the sale of Konavli by Radič Sanković to Dubrovnik.<ref name="Fine4563">{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=456}}</ref> The Grand Duke Vlatko Vuković and the knez Pavle Radinović were sent against Radič in December 1391 after receiving the ''stanak''<nowiki/>'s blessings.<ref name="Fine4563"/> The two captured Radič and occupied Konavli, dividing it between themselves, despite protests from Ragusa.<ref name="Fine4563"/>{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=456}}

====Vlatko Vuković, Grand Duke of Bosnia==== During the mid-14th century, parts of Hum (Herzegovina) were given by the King Tvrtko I to, at that point in time relatively insignificant Bosnian clan of Kosača family and its Vuković branch, headed by the Grand Duke of Bosnia Vlatko Vuković, who received it as an award for his service as a supreme commander of the Bosnian army.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}}

After Vlatko Vuković died sometime between August 1392 - August 1393,{{sfn|Kurtović|2009|pp=20-26}} he was succeeded by his nephew the Grand Duke of Bosnia, Sandalj Hranić,{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|loc=2. ОСВАЈАЊЕ ХУМА}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=178}} who continued struggle against Radič,<ref name="Fine4563"/> who regained his freedom in 1398, immediately seeking to restore his lost lands, becoming an important ally of the King Stjepan Ostoja.<ref name="Fine459">{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=459}}</ref>

====Rise of Sandalj and fall of Sankovićs==== [[File:Bosnia around 1412-sr.png|thumb|right|Sandalj's Hum, in magenta hue, and other ''zemlja''s of the medieval Bosnian state]] In the beginning of the 15th century, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić ruled over the western Hum, and Sandalj Hranić Kosača ruled over its eastern part, while the Neretva river remain a border between their possessions.{{sfn|Zlatar|2007|p=555}}

The territory on the right bank of the Lower Neretva was at the time controlled by Kosača vassals, a local clan and magnates of Radivojević–Jurjević–Vlatković.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Korać |first=Dijana |date=December 2007 |title=Vjerske prilike na području knezova Jurjevića – Vlatkovića |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=42249 |journal=Radovi Zavod Za Povijesne Znanosti Hazu U Zaru |language=sh |location=Zadar |publisher=Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts |pages=221–237 |issn=1330-0474 |access-date=2012-07-09 |number=49}}</ref>

Radič participated in the Bosnian-Dubrovnik War in 1403-1404, leading the attacks on Dubrovnik in the name of the King Stjepan Ostoja. Sandalj captured Radič, took all of his land, and after blinding him he throw him in prison, where Radić died in 1404 marking the end of the Sanković family.<ref name="Fine4563"/>

====Herceg-Stjepan Vukčić==== thumb|219x219px|Kosača symbols during Stjepan Vukčić. When Sandalj died, Stjepan Vukčić, as Sandalj's nephew, inherited lordship over the Hum, and was the last Bosnian nobleman who had effective control over the province (''zemlja'') before Ottoman conquest. He titled himself ''Duke of Hum and Primorje, Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina'', and later ''Herzog of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum and Bosnian Grand Duke, Knyaz of Drina and the rest''. This "Saint Sava" part of the title had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all faiths.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}} Following the Ottomans conquest and fall of Bosnian Kingdom, ''Hum'' or ''Humska zemlja'' became known as ''Hercegovina'' ({{Translation|Herzegovina}}), which literally means "Herzog's land".{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=48}}

In 1451, Stjepan attacked and laid siege to the city of Dubrovnik.<ref name="Viator388–389">Viator (1978), pp. 388–389.</ref> He had earlier been made a nobleman of the Republic of Ragusa and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor.<ref name="Viator388–389"/> A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. The threat worked and Stjepan eventually raised the siege.{{sfn|Krekić|1978|p=388–389}}<ref name="Viator388–389"/> Following threat Stjepan raised the siege.

Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466 and was succeeded as ''herceg'' by his second-youngest son Vlatko Hercegović, who struggled to retain as much of the territory as he could.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=336|ps=: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne}} In 1471, the Ottomans excluded Hum from the Bosnian Sanjak and established a new, separate Sanjak of Herzegovina with its seat in Foča.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=339|ps=: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|pp=336–341|ps=: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne}}

====Fall of Hum==== In November 1481, Ajaz-Bey of the Sanjak of Herzegovina besieged Vlatko's capital Novi but just before 14 December 1481, Vlatko ceased resisting and agreed with the Ottomans to move with his family to Istanbul. Now the entirety of Herzegovina was reorganized into the already established Sanjak of Herzegovina with the seat in Foča,{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=339|ps=: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne}} and later, in 1580, would become one of the sanjaks of the Bosnia Eyalet.<ref name="IDBIH-1952">{{cite book |author=Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f04iAAAAMAAJ |title=Godišnjak |year=1952 |volume=4 |quote=(...) овоме су ејалету одмах припојени санџаци: херцеговачки, (...)}}</ref> This signified the disappearance of the last-remaining independent point of the medieval Bosnian state.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|pp=340–341|ps=: Chapter 7: Slom Bosanske države; Part 3: Pad Bosne}}

==Emergence Herzegovina== {{Main|Herzegovina}}

In 1448 Stjepan assumed another title, the title of ''herceg'', and styled himself ''Herceg of Hum and the Coast, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest,''{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=48}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=106}} and since 1450, ''Herceg of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum, Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Drina, and the rest''.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}} Stjepan's title will prompt the Ottomans to start calling ''Humska zemlja'' by using the possessive form of the noun ''Herceg'', ''Herceg'''s land(s) (Herzegovina), which remains a long-lasting legacy in the name of Bosnia and Herzegovina to this day.<ref name="Vego 1982 48">{{harvnb|Vego|1982|p=48}}: "Tako se pojam Humska zemlja postepeno gubi da ustupi mjesto novom imenu zemlje hercega Stjepana — Hercegovini."</ref>{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=48}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}}

The name Herzegovina, which still exists with the name Bosnia and Herzegovina,{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=48}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}} is the most-important and indelible legacy of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača; it is unique within the Serbo-Croatian-speaking Balkans, because one person gave his noble title, which in the last few years of his life became inseparable from his name, to a region previously called ''Humska zemlja'' or ''Hum''.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}}<ref name="Vego 1982 48"/> The Ottoman custom of calling newly acquired lands by the names of their earlier rulers was of decisive importance.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}} Also, Stjepan did not establish this province as a feudal and political unit of the Bosnian state; that honor befell Grand Duke of Bosnia Vlatko Vuković, who received it from King Tvrtko I; Sandalj Hranić expanded it and reaffirmed the Kosača family's supremacy.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964a|p=272}}

==''Rusag'''s and petty noble families== *Nikolić *Ridivojević-Vlatković

==Župas, towns, villages == [[File:Stari Grad Herceg Novi.JPG|thumb|221x221px|Town of Novi, founded by the King Tvrtko I, today Herceg Novi, was winter residence of Kosača]] Seats of the ruling families were: *Zaborani to Sanković *Glavatičevo to Sanković * Blagaj to Kosača *Ključ to Kosača * Novi to Kosača

The župas: *Kom *Vatnica *Večenike *Broćno *Vrm *Vrsinje *Dabar *Dračevica *Drijeva *Bišće *Popovo *Luka

The towns and villages: * Ljubuški * Goražde

Main custom-towns, market-towns and mining towns: *Drijeva.

== See also == * Pavlovića zemlja * Bosna zemlja * Donji Kraji * Usora * Soli

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources == {{refbegin|2}} *{{cite journal |last1=Ančić |first1=Mladen |title=Što je Bosna bez Hercegovine? |journal=National Security and the Future |date=2005 |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=87–128 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/18579 |language=hr |issn=1332-4454 }} *{{cite book |last1=Ančić |first1=Mladen |title=Na rubu zapada: tri stoljeća srednjovjekovne Bosne |date=2001 |publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest |isbn=978-953-6491-43-8 |pages=141–176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PD-tPAAACAAJ |language=hr |chapter=Humsko kneštvo }} *{{cite book |last1=Anđelić |first1=Pavao |author1-link=Pavao Anđelić |title=Srednjovjekovne župe. Teritorijalni sistem lokalne uprave u ranijim stoljećima srednjeg vijeka na području nekadašnje Humske zemlje: naučnoistraživački projekat |date=1983 |publisher=Zemaljski muzej BiH |location=Sarajevo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgkNAAACAAJ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=en }} * {{Cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |authorlink=Sima Ćirković |title=Istorija srednjovekovne bosanske države |year=1964 |location=Beograd |publisher=Srpska književna zadruga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PO02AAAAMAAJ }} * {{Cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |author-link=Sima Ćirković |title=Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba |trans-title=Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača and his time |oclc=4864621 |publisher=Naučno delo SANU |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NI8OAQAAIAAJ |year=1964a |language=sr }} * {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima |chapter=Pavlovića zemlja (Contrata dei Paulovich): Postanak i razvitak velikaške teritorije|title=Zemlja Pavlovića: Srednji vijek i period turske vladavine|year=2003|location=Banja Luka|publisher=ANURS|pages=37–45|chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/document/462254081}} * {{Cite book|last=Engel|first=Pal|editor-last=Ayton|editor-first=Andrew|title=The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526 Volume 19 of International Library of Historical Studies |publisher=Penn State Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-271-01758-9 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Gromada|first1=Tadeusz|last2=Halecki|first2=Oskar|title=Jadwiga of Anjou and the rise of East Central Europe |publisher=Social Science Monographs |year=1991|isbn=0-88033-206-9|author-link2=Oskar Halecki}} * {{citation |last=Fajfrić |first=Željko |year=2000 |title=Kotromanići |chapter=3. Stjepan II Kotromanić (1314-1353) |publisher=Janus |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/zfajfric-kotromanici.html#_Toc486040899 }} * {{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John Van Antwerp Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. |title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest |year=1994 |orig-year=1987 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0472082604 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC }} * {{Cite journal |last=Krekić |first=Bariša |title=Contributions of Foreigners to Dubrovnik's Economic Growth in the Late Middle Ages |journal=Viator |year=1978 |volume=9 |pages=385–404 |doi=10.1525/9780520327320-019 |isbn=9780520327320 |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520327320-019 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite book |last1=Kurtović |first1=Esad |title=Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hranić Kosača |publisher=Institut za istoriju Sarajevo |date=2009 |isbn=978-9958-649-01-1 |edition=Historijske monografije; knj. 4 |url=http://www.iis.unsa.ba/pdf/kurtovic_sandalj_hranic_kosaca.pdf |access-date=10 January 2016 |language=bs |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184319/http://www.iis.unsa.ba/pdf/kurtovic_sandalj_hranic_kosaca.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last1=Mišić |first1=Siniša |title=Humska zemlja u srednjem veku |date=1996 |publisher=DBR International Publishing |isbn=978-86-7993-013-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuoxAAAACAAJ |language=en }} * {{Cite book|last1=Várdy|first1=Steven Béla|last2=Grosschmid|first2=Géza|last3=Domonkos|first3=Leslie S.|title=Louis the Great: King of Hungary and Poland|publisher=East European Monographs|year=1986|isbn=0-88033-087-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Vego |first1=Marko |title=Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države |trans-title=The becoming of the medieval Bosnian state |oclc=461824314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sFpAAAAMAAJ&q=Stjepan+Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87 |publisher=Svjetlost |place=Sarajevo |year=1982 |language=sh }} * {{cite book |first=Zdenko |last=Zlatar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC&q=The+poetics+of+Slavdom:+the+mythopoeic+foundations+of+Yugoslavia |title=The poetics of Slavdom: the mythopoeic foundations of Yugoslavia |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8204-8135-7 }} {{refend}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John Van Antwerp Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. |title=The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation: A Study of the Bosnian Church and Its Place in State and Society from the 13th to the 15th Centuries |date=1975 |location=Boulder |publisher=East European Quarterly |isbn=9780914710035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John Van Antwerp Jr. |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. |title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |year=2005 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0472025600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C}} * {{Cite book |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |year=2002 |title=Montenegro: The Divided Land |publisher=Chronicles Press |location=Rockford, Illinois |isbn=9780961936495 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaMtAQAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Hupchick |first=Dennis P. |year=2002 |title=The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=9780312217365 |url=https://archive.org/details/balkansfromconst00hupc_0 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |first=H.T. |last=Norris |year=1993 |title=Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-87249-977-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr}} * {{Cite book |last1=Sedlar |first1=Jean W. |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 |year=1994 |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295800646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last=Stoianovich |first=Traian |title=Balkan worlds: the first and last Europe |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56324-033-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |year=2003 |location=College Station |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9781585442263 |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Viator |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9swtfALoisC&q=Stjepan+Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87+Kosa%C4%8Da&pg=PA388 |title=Medieval and Renaissance Studies |publisher=University of California Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-520-03608-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Klaić |first=Nada |author-link=Nada Klaić |title=Srednjovjekovna Bosna: Politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.) |year=1989 |location=Zagreb |publisher=Grafički zavod Hrvatske |isbn=9788639901042 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm5pAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Шишић |editor-first=Фердо |editor-link=Ferdo Šišić |title=Летопис Попа Дукљанина |year=1928 |location=Београд-Загреб |publisher=Српска краљевска академија |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC}} *{{Cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |author-link=Noel Malcolm |title=Povijest Bosne : kratki pregled |url=https://katalog.kgz.hr/pagesResults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?&currentPage=1&searchById=30&sort=0&spid0=30&spv0=Bosna+i+Hercegovina+-+povijest+-+do+20.st.&selectedId=951113056 |year=1995 |publisher=Erasmus Gilda : Novi Liber |isbn=953-6045-03-6}} * {{Cite journal |last=Nilević |first=Boris |title=Vojvoda Ivaniš Pavlović |journal=Prilozi |publisher=Institut za istoriju, Sarajevo |year=1978 |volume=14 |number=14–15 |pages=349–361 |url=https://iis.unsa.ba/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/14-15Prilozi-Prilozi-BorisNilevi%C4%87.pdf}} * {{Cite journal |last=Nilević |first=Boris |title=Poslednji Pavlovići - Bosna sredinom XV stoljeća |journal=Historijska Traganja |year=2010 |volume=5 |pages=13–64 |url=https://iis.unsa.ba/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/historijska_traganja_5.-%C4%8CLANCI-PosljednjiPavlovi%C4%87i.pdf}} * {{Cite book |last=Tošić |first=Đuro |author-link=Đuro Tošić |chapter=Pavlovića dio drijevske carine |title=Zemlja Pavlovića: Srednji vijek i period turske vladavine |year=2003b |location=Banja Luka |publisher=ANURS |pages=235–245 |chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/document/373339110}} * {{Cite journal |last=Тошић |first=Ђуро |title=Требињци и Захумљани у средњовјековном Котору |journal=Истраживања: Филозофски факултет у Новом Саду |year=2005 |volume=16 |pages=221–227}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |authorlink=Sima Ćirković |title=Sugubi venac: Prilog istoriji kraljevstva u Bosni |year=1964b |journal=Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu |volume=8 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M947AQAAIAAJ |pages=343–370}} * {{Cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |authorlink=Sima Ćirković |chapter=Pad Bosne i pokušaji otpora turskom osvajanju |title=Istorija srpskog naroda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ugJAQAAIAAJ |volume=2 |location=Београд |publisher=Српска књижевна задруга |year=1982 |pages=390–402}} * {{Cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |author-link=Sima Ćirković |year=2004 |title=The Serbs |location=Malden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki1icLbr_QQC |isbn=9780631204718}} * {{Cite book |last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |authorlink=Vladimir Ćorović |title=Historija Bosne |location=Beograd |publisher=Srpska kraljevska akademija |year=1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9_jzJgajH0C}} * {{Cite book |last=Šabanović |first=Hazim |title=Bosanski pašaluk: Postanak i upravna podjela |year=1959 |location=Sarajevo |publisher=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkQQAAAAIAAJ}} {{refend}}

Category:Kosača noble family Category:Zemljas of the medieval Bosnian state Category:Banate of Bosnia Category:Kingdom of Bosnia