Grand Manan

{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Grand Manan |nickname = "Queen of the Fundy Isles" |motto = |image_skyline = June 2009 Grand Manan North Head.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Beach along Grand Manan's North Head |image_seal = Grandmananlogo.jpg |image_flag = |image_map = |mapsize = 250x200px |map_caption = Location in Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Canada |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = New Brunswick |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Charlotte |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = Grand Manan Parish |established_title = Settled |established_date = 1784 |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2 = 1854 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |government_type = Village |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Bonnie H. Morse |leader_title1 = Councillors |leader_name1 = Susan Ballantyne, William (Bill) Anderson, Philman L. Green, Cara V. Greenlaw, Brady C. Ross, Vernon Ross, Wayne H. Sturgeon, Trish Toll, Gary Urquhart |area_magnitude = |area_footnotes = <ref name=census2021 />  |area_land_km2 = 150.56  |population_as_of = 2021 |population_footnotes = <ref name=census2021>{{cite web |title=Census Profile of Grand Manan |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Grand%20Manan&DGUIDlist=2021A00051302052&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=17 January 2023 |date=6 December 2022}}</ref> |settlement_type = Village |population_total = 2,595 |population_density_km2 = 17.2 |population_blank1_title = Change <small>(2016–21)</small> |population_blank1 = {{increase}} 10.0% |elevation_m = 78 |elevation_ft = 255 |timezone = Atlantic |utc_offset = -4 |timezone_DST = Atlantic |utc_offset_DST = -3 |pushpin_map = New Brunswick |pushpin_label_position = |coordinates = {{coord|44.69|-66.82|region:CA-NB_type:isle|display=inline,title}} |website = [http://www.grandmanannb.com/ www.grandmanannb.com] |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = E5G0A1 |area_code = 506 |blank_name = LORAN |blank_info = 4443.00N |blank1_name = LORAN |blank1_info = 06648.00W |blank2_name = WMO Id: |blank2_info = 71030 |blank3_name = LFA (Lobster Fishing Area) |blank3_info = Area 38 |blank4_name = Demonym |blank4_info = "Grand Mananer" |footnotes = }}

'''Grand Manan''' is an island in the Bay of Fundy, within Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is 15km from the American town of Lubec, Maine and 32km from the Canadian town of Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick.

Grand Manan is also the name for the village that incorporates the main island and several nearby smaller islands. White Head Island and Machias Seal Island are within Grand Manan Parish but are not part of the village.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Originally defined as "all of Grand Manan Parish except the local service district of White Head Island", the 2023 New Brunswick local governance reforms finally clarified the status of Machias Seal Island and small islands immediately off White Head Island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act |url=https://laws.gnb.ca/en/showfulldoc/cr/2022-50 |website=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=11 January 2023 |date=12 October 2022}}</ref>}}

==History== {{See also|History of New Brunswick|List of historic places in Charlotte County, New Brunswick}}{{Further|2006 Grand Manan riot}}[[File:Grand Harbour Lighthouse Grand Manan 1910.jpg|thumb|Grand Harbour Lighthouse circa 1910]]

Although it was "likely" spotted by Sebastian Cabot in 1498 and Gaspar Cortereal in 1501,<ref name="howe">{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=Jonas |title=Letters and documents relating to the history and settlement of the island of Grand Manan |journal=Collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society |date=1897 |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=342 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Collections_of_the_New_Brunswick_Histori/7awx6oNmaVAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22grand+manan%22history&pg=PA342&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> it was Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes who charted the area around 1520, but it first appeared cartographically on Diogo Homem's 1558 map. French merchant-explorer Étienne Bellenger visited the area in January 1583. In 1606 Samuel de Champlain sheltered on nearby White Head Island and produced a map calling the island "Manthane", which later changed to "Menane" or "Menasne". The word "Manan" believed to be a corruption of ''mun-an-ook'' meaning "the island", from the Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot First Nations.{{fact|date=January 2026}} It was also previously known as Great St. Mary's Island.<ref name="oht">{{cite book |last1=Baillie |first1=Thomas |title=An Account of the Province of New Brunswick |date=1832 |publisher=J. G. & F. Rivington |location=London |url=https://dn790006.ca.archive.org/0/items/cihm_21383/cihm_21383.pdf |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

In 1693, the island was granted to Paul D'Ailleboust, Sieur de Périgny as part of Champlain's "New France". D'Ailleboust did not take possession of it, and it reverted to the French Crown, in whose possession it remained until 1713, when it was traded to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht.

The first white settler was Joel Bonney in 1779 who paid the natives $10 and a cow to winter on the island where his wife gave birth to a son, before they departed the following year.<ref name="gill">Gilman, John D. "Canned: A History of the Sardine Industry", 2001</ref>

In 1784, Moses Gerrish gathered a group of settlers on an area of Grand Manan he called Ross Island, in honour of settler Thomas Ross, and formed the first permanent settlement. During the American Revolution, just off the island there were many naval battles between American privateers and British shipping.<ref name=lorimer>{{Cite book| publisher = St. Croix Courier| last = Lorimer| first = J.G.| title = History of the islands and islets in the Bay of Fundy, Charlotte County, New Brunswick| location = St. Stephen, New Brunswick | date = 1876| isbn = 9780665241024| url = https://archive.org/stream/cihm_24102#page/n28/mode/2up/}}</ref>

Because of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the U.S. considered Grand Manan to be its possession due to the island's proximity to Maine. Britain obtained title in Jay's Treaty of 1794, while surrendering its sovereignty claims over Eastport on Moose, Frederick and Dudley islands in nearby Cobscook Bay.

From 1812 to 1814, the Bay of Fundy was infested with privateers who raided and plundered villages. The ownership of islands in Passamaquoddy Bay was not settled until 1817, when the United States gave up its claim to Grand Manan and the surrounding islands. In 1814, the schooner ''George'' was purchased at prize-auction and intentionally loaded with specifically ordered British goods at Saint John so John Tappen could fraudulently have captains William Sebor and Henry Dekoven stage a fraudulent capture of ''George'' by his own privateer ship ''Fly'' and seize the insured goods when it was docked at Long Island Harbour, Grand Manan.<ref name="martin">{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=E. J. |title=Maine’s Mode of Privateering: A Tale of Fraud and Collusion in the Northeast Borderlands, 1812–1815 |journal=London Journal of Canadian Studies |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=33-52 |url=https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2013v28.004 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> In 1831 the island's first lighthouse, Gannet Rock Lighthouse, was built on a rocky islet south of Grand Manan, to guide shipping en route to Saint John.<ref name=Gannetarchives>{{Cite web| title = Gannet Rock Lighthouse| work = Council of Archives New Brunswick| access-date=17 February 2017| url = https://search.canbarchives.ca/gannet-rock-lighthouse-2}}</ref>

This period was also marked by a number of shipwrecks off the island's rocky, cliff-lined coast. In 1857, the ship {{ship||Lord Ashburton|ship|2}}, was driven into the cliffs at the northern end of the island by hurricane-force winds to great loss of life.<ref name="gnbshipwrecks">{{cite web|title=Shipwrecks|url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/gateways/about_nb/grand_manan/shipwrecks.html|website=About NB|date=12 August 2010 |publisher=Government of New Brunswick|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Another wreck was the Nova Scotian barque {{ship||Walton|barque|2}}, which was bound for Saint John, from Wales when it wrecked on the White Ledge off Grand Manan on September 14, 1878.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=4807 |title=''Walton-1878'', Maritime Museum of the Atlantic—On the Rocks Shipwreck Database |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=15 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715031753/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=4807 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By 1851, the island population numbered almost 1,200 permanent inhabitants, most working in fishing. Two years earlier, Moses Henry Perley studied the fisheries and noted ''"the people of Grand Manan enjoy perfect free trade. No duties whatever are paid by the inhabitants of Grand Manan, in fact there is no person there authorized to receive duties. The inhabitants take their fish to Eastport or Lubec, and there sell them at low prices takin in return such articles as they need for home consumption...as there is a perfectly good understanding with the fishermen of Maine."''.<ref name="silver">Wentworth, Ernest & Richard Wilbur, "Silver Harvest", 1986</ref>

In 1874, foxes were introduced to the island "unaccountably", which drove gull and tern populations away.<ref name="kath"/>

By 1884, Grand Manan became the largest supplier of smoked herring in the world. By 1920, it produced one million boxes—or twenty thousand tons—of smoked herring.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Southwestern New Brunswick smugglers in the late 18th century were "the overwhelming majority of the local political machinery, including the judiciary" — and a 1796 seizure found contraband tied to the "leading figures and magistrates" of Campobello, Grand Manan and Indian Island.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Smith | first1=Joshua M. | title=Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists, and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783-1820 | date=14 October 2019 | publisher=University Press of Florida | isbn=978-0-8130-6523-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44HSEAAAQBAJ&dq=smugglers+grand+manan&pg=PT33 }}</ref> In 1898, it was noted that the island's high western cliffs and recent American tariffs made Grand Manan a key space for smugglers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_History_of_Canada_Canada_under_Briti/1T8TAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=smugglers+grand+manan&pg=RA2-PA250&printsec=frontcover |chapter=III |title=The History of Canada: Canada Under British Rule |last=Kingsford |first=William |volume=10 |location=Toronto |publisher=Rowsell & Hutchinson}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Shell | first1=Jacob | title=Transportation and Revolt: Pigeons, Mules, Canals, and the Vanishing Geographies of Subversive Mobility | date=7 August 2015 | publisher=MIT Press | isbn=978-0-262-02933-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkBWCgAAQBAJ&dq=smugglers+grand+manan&pg=PA106 }}</ref>

In the late Victorian era{{clarify|date=January 2026}}, tourists began visiting the island, including author Willa Cather and painters Alfred Thompson Bricher and John James Audubon.<ref>{{cite web | title=Island-hopping in New Brunswick | date=26 March 2018 | url=https://sponsored.bostonglobe.com/new-brunswick/island-hopping-in-new-brunswick/ }}</ref> Spencer Fullerton Baird carried out a 19th century archaeological study of the island.<ref>Shaw, Christopher, "A GIS Approach to Ancestral Wabanaki Canoe Routes and Travel Times", 2016</ref>

In December 1941, the ''S.S. Hada County'' hit a shoal and sank off Grand Manan.<ref>https://www.unb.ca/nbmhp-database/charlotte-county/poi_charlotte_county/world-war-two-liberty-ship-hada-county.php</ref>

In 1967, the Grand Manan Museum was opened, with exhibits including the large lens from the Gannett Rock Lighthouse and taxidermied bird specimens from Allan Moses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Manan Museum|url=http://www.tourismnewbrunswick.ca/Products/G/GrandMananMuseum.aspx|website=New Brunswick Canada|accessdate=12 March 2017|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424191232/https://www.tourismnewbrunswick.ca/Products/G/GrandMananMuseum.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2006, approximately fifty Islanders engaged in vigilante justice in removing a drug dealer from the island as five, "whom many considered heroes",<ref name="unb">{{cite web | title=Social Violence | Crime & Society | Crime and Punishment | Projects | Faculty of Arts | UNB | url=https://www.unb.ca/saintjohn/arts/projects/crimepunishment/society/violence.html }}</ref> were criminally charged.<ref>{{cite web | title=Grand Manan's war on crack | work=The Globe and Mail | date=19 May 2007 | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/grand-manans-war-on-crack/article1076141/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last1=Trillin | first1=Calvin | title=The House Across the Way | magazine=The New Yorker | date=18 June 2007 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/06/25/the-house-across-the-way }}</ref> NDP candidate Andrew Graham noted "I don't know what it's like to see what crack [cocaine] is doing to your children. It was a pressure cooker and they reached their limit."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Quoddy Tides |date=September 8, 2006 |title=Candidates vie for Support from Voters in Charlotte County}}</ref> Investing in the island in the aftermath of the violence which had drawn international headlines, the government built a youth centre and outdoor skating rink.<ref name="unb"/>

===History of religion=== In 1838, St. Paul's Anglican Church was the victim of an attempted arson, and in 1839 it was destroyed by arson with an effigy holding a paper that showed "hostility toward the Bishop...the rector...and four other persons of this county"; the government offered a reward for information and many accused Wilfred Fisher or those near him as having had a feud with the rector.<ref name="Emperor">{{cite web |title=The Emperor of Grand Manan and the Mysterious Church Burning |url=https://backyardhistory.ca/long-reads/f/the-emperor-of-grand-manan-and-the-mysterious-church-burning |website=Backyard History |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="burn">[https://archive.org/details/cihm_91532 A Sermon Occasioned by the Burning of the Episcopal Church on Grand Manan, 1839]</ref> It was rebuilt within a year.<ref name="StpaulsCHH">{{cite web |title=St. Paul's Anglican Church |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15786 |website=Canada's Historic Places |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=History of Islands & Islets in the Bay of Fundy, Charlotte County, New Brunswick/Chapter 2 - Wikisource, the free online library | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Islands_%26_Islets_in_the_Bay_of_Fundy,_Charlotte_County,_New_Brunswick/Chapter_2 }}</ref>

Christians' Temple was built in Woodward's Cove by the Baptist minister Mr. Cook, but passed into ownership of Joseph Lakeman who was converted to the Disciples of Christ denomination by the visiting Elder George Garraty, but was later converted to a Latter Day Saints temple after Lakeman declared himself a Mormon.<ref name="lorimer" /> A missionary had been preaching "alongside a Mormon elder" on Grand Manan circa 1870.<ref>s:Rambles in Mount Desert: with Sketches of Travel on the New England Coast, From Isles of Shoals to Grand Menan, pg274, etc</ref> It later burned down, and was not rebuilt.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Atlantic Provinces | Religious Studies Center | url=https://rsc.byu.edu/canadian-mormons/atlantic-provinces }}</ref><ref>Elaine Ingalls Hogg, Historic Grand Manan: Images of Our Past (Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing Limited, 2007), 19.</ref>

Island community norms "officially prohibited drinking".<ref name="gm"/>{{rp|270}}<ref name="kath"/> However, before a provincial liquor store opened in 1972 islanders could legally order liquor and have it delivered on the ferry, and alcohol smuggling was common.<ref name="kath"/><ref name="gm">{{cite book | last1=Marshall | first1=Joan | title=Tides of Change on Grand Manan Island: Culture and Belonging in a Fishing Community | date=16 December 2008 | publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP | isbn=978-0-7735-7700-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWlHws8WjfoC&q=religious&pg=PR7 }}</ref>{{rp|270}} In 1975, an outsider from Toronto was disparaged on the island for purchasing the Marathon Hotel and applying for a liquor license angering religious leaders who had blocked liquor licenses on the island five times previously, with local MLA James Tucker noting "It's an atrocity...I'm only taking the side of 95% of the island opposition".<ref name="gm"/> A year later, the Marathon's license was revoked - although reinstated in 1982 on condition it serve only hotel patrons and not general island population.<ref name="gm"/> During these years, it was also uncommon to find retailers willing to sell cigarettes or cosmetic make-up.<ref name="kath"/> In 1995, an outsider purchased a video rental store which transformed into a pizza parlour and then into a pool hall within two years - and received a liquor license, again angering local islanders.<ref name="gm"/> By the time of the third liquor license, for a restaurant in North Head, in 2003 - there was no community outrage and alcohol had become normalised.<ref name="gm"/> However the 2004 death of three youths from a roadside crash led to concern and intervention for a perceived "escalating alcohol and drug problem".<ref>{{cite web | title=Grand Manan plan aims to help youth get back on track | date=14 October 2005 | url=https://www.quoddytides.com/grand-manan-plan-aims-to-help-youth-get-back-on-track/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cave |first1=Rachel |title=Grand Manan man sentenced to 4 years in prison for fatal New Year's crash |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/daniel-greene-impaired-sentenced-grand-manan-derek-patey-1.5313380 |access-date=16 February 2026 |agency=CBC News New Brunswick |date=8 October 2019}}</ref> thumb|An 1894 illustration of lobster fishers off Grand Manan

With the arrival of Baptist revivalists, Anglicanism faltered and "religion became almost their only entertainment - and remains so."<ref name="kath">Scherman, Katharine. "Two Islands: Grand Manan and Sanibel", 1971. Chapter 3 and elsewhere.</ref> In the 19th century, bursts of religious fervour would see dancing forbidden and amusements frowned upon on Grand Manan for a time, although evangelical missionary zeal was uncommon.<ref>s:Grim Grand Manan</ref> Fishermen adhered to a "strict "no-Sunday" rule" which prohibited checking lobster traps or harvesting herring from weirs on Sundays. This community norm persisted until at least 2000 in the community of Seal Cove.<ref name="gm"/>{{rp|272}}

As of 2008 Grand Manan and neighbouring White Head Island were served by fifteen churches. Of these, three were Wesleyan and three Baptist.<ref name="gm" />{{rp|266}} In 2021 the three Wesleyan churches merged into the Lighthouse Church.<ref name="lighthouse">{{cite news |last1=Fowler |first1=Shane |title=Old Grand Manan churches turn to new tech to protect their future |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/old-grand-manan-churches-turns-to-new-tech-to-protect-save-their-futures-1.5916882 |access-date=7 January 2026 |agency=CBC News New Brunswick |date=18 February 2021}}</ref> There are also two Anglican churches dating back to Loyalist days,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Grand Manan-An Island Gem of the Maritimes |url=https://earth2geologists.net/grandmanangeology/GM_an_island_gem_1930.pdf |work=Canadian Geographical Journal |last=Grey Otty |first=Marianne |pp=239–251}}</ref> three Baptist, and a small Catholic church.<ref name="Anglicans">{{cite web |title=Church of the Ascension, North Head |url=https://nb.anglican.ca/st-andrews/church-of-the-ascension-north-head--62 |website=The Anglican Diocese of Fredericton |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="catholic church">{{cite web |title=St. Michael The Archangel Church |url=https://mynewbrunswick.ca/st-michael-the-archangel-church/ |website=My New Brunswick |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> As of 2021, 1% of Grand Manan identified as following a religion other than Christianity.<ref>{{cite web | title=Distribution (In percentage) of religious groups, Grand Manan (Village), 2021 | date=13 July 2022 | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/alternative.cfm?topic=10&lang=E&dguid=2021A00051302052&objectId=2_2 }}</ref>

==Geography and Geology== [[Image:MananKatahdin6.04 092.2.jpg|thumb|Cliffs of columnar basalt at Southwest Head]] Grand Manan Island is the largest of the Fundy Islands, while the Grand Manan archipelago contains other islands such as White Head Island, Ross, Cheney Island, the Wood Islands and dozens of surrounding shoaling rocks.<ref name=lorimer/>

Grand Manan is {{convert|34|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and has a maximum width of {{convert|18|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} with an area of {{convert|137|km2|sqmi|frac=4|abbr=on}}. The Western side of the main island and the smaller islands form numerous passages, coves, and rocky reefs. The vast majority of Grand Manan residents live on the eastern side of the island. Due to limited access, {{convert|90|m|ft|-1|adj=on}} cliffs and high winds, the western side of the island is not residentially developed.

thumb|upright|Map of Grand Manan geology Eastern shore harbours were created by the erosion of complex fault and fold structures in metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rock formations.{{fact|date=January 2026}} A major north–south fault at Red Point divides these eastern rocks from the western basalts. The metamorphic formations are organized into groups called Castalia, Ingalls Head, and Grand Manan.

There are also metamorphosed plutonic masses such as Stanley Brook Granite, Rockweed Pond Gabbro, and Kent Island Granite. These rocks have been dated between 539 and 618 million years old [ref. Black and others, 2007] and are now considered to correlate with the New River and Mascarene terranes of southern New Brunswick. Although originally they were igneous and sedimentary rocks such as basalt, sandstone, and shale, the eastern formations have been metamorphosed into greenstone, phyllite, argillite, schist, quartzite, and other foliated types. In addition, many folds and faults have bent and broken the formations in rather tortured-looking outcrops. One such fault can be seen at the north end of Pettes Cove, where it separates metabasalt of Swallowtail Head from schist of North Head. {{wikisource|Report on the Copper Deposit of Grand Manan}}

The western two-thirds of the island shows thick basaltic lava flows of Late Triassic age, part of a flood basalt that underlies most of the Bay of Fundy. The Fundy basalts are themselves a small portion of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province which was formed in a volcanic event preceding the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea in the Early Jurassic. Many minerals have filled the cracks and bubbles left by gases boiling out of the cooling lavas. They include zeolite minerals such as chabazite, mesolite, stilbite, and heulandite, plus attractive quartz-related amethyst, agate, jasper, and many others. Good collecting areas include Seven Days Work, Indian Beach, and Bradford Cove. A few meters of siltstone are exposed under the basalt along the western shoreline, which by analogy with the Blomidon Formation in Nova Scotia must include the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.<ref name="mhone">{{cite journal |last1=McHone |first1=J.G. |title=Triassic basin stratigraphy at Grand Manan, New Brunswick, Canada |journal=Atlantic Geology |date=2011 |volume=47 |pages=125–137|doi=10.4138/atlgeol.2011.006|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011AtlG...47..125M }}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Joannes de Laet 1630 map.png|thumb|upright|Grand Manan as shown on the 1630 map of Joannes de Laet.]]

Grand Manan has a humid continental climate (''Dfb''). The climate in spring, summer and fall is very comfortable{{clarify|date=January 2026}} but winter has an inconsistent weather pattern with snow, rain, freezing rain and mild weather. Its average of 177 frost-free days is the highest in the province.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/maps/cli/250k/for/cli_250k_for_21b.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221532/http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/maps/cli/250k/for/cli_250k_for_21b.pdf | archive-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>

Since 2000, the average annual precipitation has been 859.8 mm with August being the driest month (35 mm) and October (112 mm) the wettest.

The highest temperature ever recorded on Grand Manan was {{convert|34.2|C|1}} on 12 August 2025.<ref name= "August 2025">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2000-11-05%7C2025-12-09&dlyRange=2000-11-06%7C2025-12-08&mlyRange=2004-04-01%7C2007-07-01&StationID=30598&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2025&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=grand+manan&timeframe=2&Day=9&Year=2025&Month=8# | title = Daily Data Report for August 2025 | work = Canadian Climate Data | date=15 October 2025 | access-date = 10 December 2025}}</ref> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-30.6|C|0}} on 10 January 1890.<ref name= "January 1890">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1874-12-01%7C1965-03-31&mlyRange=1874-01-01%7C1965-12-01&StationID=6165&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=grand+manan&timeframe=2&Day=7&Year=1890&Month=1# | title = Daily Data Report for January 1890 | work = Canadian Climate Data | date=31 October 2011 | access-date = 7 November 2016}}</ref>

{{Weather box  |metric first= yes |single line= yes |location= Grand Manan Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1883–present{{efn|1981–2010 normals are derived from data collected at Seal Cove, however extreme high and low temperatures have been recorded on various parts of the island since 1883. Based on station coordinates, climate data was recorded in the area of Castalia from July 1883 to April 1912 and again from July 1962 to March 1965, at Seal Cove from November 1987 to February 2004 and at Grand Manan Airport from November 2000 to present.}} |Jan record high C = 16.1 |Feb record high C = 15.0 |Mar record high C = 25.6 |Apr record high C = 23.9 |May record high C = 30.5 |Jun record high C = 32.8 |Jul record high C = 33.3 |Aug record high C = 34.2 |Sep record high C = 31.9 |Oct record high C = 27.0 |Nov record high C = 20.6 |Dec record high C = 18.7 |year record high C = 34.2 |Jan high C = -0.4 |Feb high C = 0.3 |Mar high C = 3.6 |Apr high C = 9.1 |May high C = 14.4 |Jun high C = 19.3 |Jul high C = 22.8 |Aug high C = 23.0 |Sep high C = 19.2 |Oct high C = 13.3 |Nov high C = 8.1 |Dec high C = 2.8 |year high C = 11.3 |Jan mean C = −4.8 |Feb mean C = −4.3 |Mar mean C = -0.8 |Apr mean C = 4.6 |May mean C = 9.4 |Jun mean C = 14.0 |Jul mean C = 17.6 |Aug mean C = 17.5 |Sep mean C = 13.8 |Oct mean C = 8.7 |Nov mean C = 4.0 |Dec mean C = -1.3 |year mean C = 6.5 |Jan low C = -9.2 |Feb low C = -8.8 |Mar low C = -5.0 |Apr low C = 0.1 |May low C = 4.4 |Jun low C = 8.7 |Jul low C = 12.4 |Aug low C = 12.0 |Sep low C = 8.4 |Oct low C = 4.0 |Nov low C = -0.2 |Dec low C = -5.4 |year low C = 1.8 |Jan record low C = -30.6 |Feb record low C = -26.3 |Mar record low C = -23.9 |Apr record low C = -13.6 |May record low C = -3.9 |Jun record low C = -5.0 |Jul record low C = 3.0 |Aug record low C = 0.7 |Sep record low C = -3.3 |Oct record low C = -7.6 |Nov record low C = -16.7 |Dec record low C = -28.0 |year record low C = -30.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 128.9 |Feb precipitation mm = 87.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 114.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 98.6 |May precipitation mm = 101.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 81.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 74.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 73.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 112.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 123.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 134.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 121.6 |year precipitation mm = 1252.2 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 79.5 |Feb rain mm = 52.7 |Mar rain mm = 78.1 |Apr rain mm = 83.1 |May rain mm = 100.9 |Jun rain mm = 81.9 |Jul rain mm = 74.9 |Aug rain mm = 73.3 |Sep rain mm = 112.7 |Oct rain mm = 123.2 |Nov rain mm = 127.8 |Dec rain mm = 95.0 |year rain mm = 1082.9 |Jan snow cm = 49.5 |Feb snow cm = 34.8 |Mar snow cm = 36.5 |Apr snow cm = 15.5 |May snow cm = 0.2 |Jun snow cm = 0.0 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.0 |Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 0.0 |Nov snow cm = 6.1 |Dec snow cm = 26.6 |year snow cm = 169.3 |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 13.1 |Feb precipitation days = 9.9 |Mar precipitation days = 13.1 |Apr precipitation days = 14.6 |May precipitation days = 15.8 |Jun precipitation days = 15.9 |Jul precipitation days = 14.6 |Aug precipitation days = 14.9 |Sep precipitation days = 15.6 |Oct precipitation days = 15.7 |Nov precipitation days = 16.4 |Dec precipitation days = 13.9 |year precipitation days = 173.6 |unit rain days = 0.2 mm |Jan rain days = 7.1 |Feb rain days = 5.3 |Mar rain days = 9.6 |Apr rain days = 13.3 |May rain days = 15.7 |Jun rain days = 15.9 |Jul rain days = 14.6 |Aug rain days = 14.9 |Sep rain days = 15.6 |Oct rain days = 15.7 |Nov rain days = 15.8 |Dec rain days = 10.3 |year rain days = 153.9 |unit snow days = 0.2 cm |Jan snow days = 6.5 |Feb snow days = 5.4 |Mar snow days = 5.0 |Apr snow days = 2.2 |May snow days = 0.08 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 1.3 |Dec snow days = 4.5 |year snow days = 25.0 |source 1 = Environment Canada (precipitation, rain, snow 1981–2010 recorded at Seal Cove)<ref name= "CCN2">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/ | title = Seal Cove, New Brunswick | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031190320/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/NB/ | archive-date = 2020-10-31 | url-status = dead | access-date = 10 June 2015}}</ref><ref name= "Grand Manan">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=grand+manan&searchMethod=contains&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&optLimit=specDate&Year=1883&Month=7&Day=7&selRowPerPage=25 | title = Grand Manan | work = Canadian Climate Data | date=31 October 2011 | access-date = 7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name= "Grand Manan SAR CS">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=grand+manan+sar+cs&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=11&Day=7&selRowPerPage=25 | title = Grand Manan SAR CS | work = Canadian Climate Data | date=31 October 2011 | access-date = 7 November 2016}}</ref><ref name= "Normals">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=grand+manan&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=441000000&dispBack=1 | title = Normals | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020 | date=1 October 2024 | access-date = 17 January 2025}}</ref><ref name= "July 1963">{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1874-12-01%7C1965-03-31&mlyRange=1874-01-01%7C1965-12-01&StationID=6165&Prov=NB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=grand+manan&timeframe=2&Day=7&Year=1963&Month=7# | title = Daily Data Report for July 1963 | work = Canadian Climate Data | date=31 October 2011 | access-date = 7 November 2016}}</ref> }}

Grand Manan's economy is dependent upon aquaculture, tourism and fishing which includes lobster, herring, scallops and crab. Together with ocean salmon farms, dulse, rock weed and clam digging, many residents make their living "on the water." The Anchorage Provincial Park draws campers to the island.

Tourism is growing significantly, supported by whale and bird watching, camping and kayaking. Approximately 54% of the island is owned by seasonal or non-residents.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} New York architect Michael Zimmer established the Sardine Museum and Herring Hall of Fame.<ref>Canadian Geographic 2007 -Page 58 "These weathered structures still line Seal Cove's picturesque harbour, and one contains the Sardine Museum and Herring Hall of Fame, an offbeat tourist attraction established by a wealthy New Yorker to exhibit obsolete fishing equipment as..."</ref>

There are freshwater ponds, lakes and beaches that are prime locations for sunbathing, beachcombing, and picnics. Other interesting finds on Grand Manan are magnetic sand,<ref>{{cite web | title=Colour on the Island | url=https://www.visitbeautifulgrandmanan.com/blog/colours }}</ref> and "Hole-In-The Wall" located in Whale Cove.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hole-in-the-Wall | url=https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/hole-wall }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hiking NB - Hole-In-The-Wall Trail | url=https://www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/FundyWest/GrandManan/HoleInTheWall.html }}</ref>

== Demographics == In the 2021 Census of Population, Grand Manan had a population of {{val|2595|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|1179|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|1408|fmt=commas}} total private residences. The village was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the villages of Grand Harbour, North Head, and Seal Cove, along with the local service districts of Castalia and Woodwards Cove, and any other part of the parish that wasn't in the local service district of White Head Island.

{{stack begin}} {|class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;" |+'''Grand Manan federal election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |title=Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Grand Manan)|date=April 7, 2022 |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref> ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Liberal ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Conservative ! colspan="2" scope="col" | New Democratic ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Green |- | rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}| ! 2021 | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 20% | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''225'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''41%''' | style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''472'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 13% | style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''146'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 5% | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''62'' |- ! 2019 | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 23% | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''290'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''41%''' | style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''503'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 12% | style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''146'' | {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 13% | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''155'' |- |}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;" |+'''Grand Manan provincial election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.electionsnb.ca/content/enb/en/resources/publications/election-results.html |title=Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Grand Manan)|date=February 5, 2014 |publisher=Elections NB |access-date=October 4, 2023}}</ref> ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year ! colspan="2" scope="col" | PC ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Liberal ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Green ! colspan="2" scope="col" | People's Allnc. |- | style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|NB|PC}}| ! 2020 | {{Canadian party colour|NB|PC|background}} | '''67%''' | style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''640'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Liberal|background}} | 8% | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''73'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Green|background}} | 8% | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''81'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Peoples Alliance|background}} | 9% | style="text-align:right; background:#AA99CC;"| ''83'' |- | style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|NB|Liberal}}| ! 2018 | {{Canadian party colour|NB|PC|background}} | 30% | style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''342'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Liberal|background}} | '''37%''' | style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''425'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Green|background}} | 5% | style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''61'' | {{Canadian party colour|NB|Peoples Alliance|background}} | 27% | style="text-align:right; background:#AA99CC;"| ''310'' |- |} {{stack end}}{{-}}

==Infrastructure== thumb|Grand Manan Hospital By 1832 schools were established by the Episcopalian Church. The Anglophone South School District operates the K–12 Grand Manan Community School.<ref name="Grand Manan Community School">[http://web1.nbed.nb.ca/sites/ASD-S/2201/Pages/default.aspx Anglophone South], Grand Manan Parish.</ref> A skate park was added in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web | title=There wasn't much for kids to do in Grand Manan, so they built an all-wheel park {{!}} CBC News | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/grand-manan-community-arena-school-skate-park-1.6544809 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110926/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/grand-manan-community-arena-school-skate-park-1.6544809 | access-date=2026-04-02 | archive-date=2022-08-09}}</ref>

The Grand Manan Hospital, operated by Horizon Health Network, provides family medicine, emergency medicine and palliative care. The hospital also has an eight-bed inpatient unit. There are onsite diabetes clinics, physiotherapy as well as telemedicine. Diagnostics include x-ray, EKG, and blood and specimen collecting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Manan Hospital|url=http://en.horizonnb.ca/facilities-and-services/facilities/grand-manan-hospital.aspx|website=Horizon Health Network|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> The ambulance station contains a memorial garden in honour of paramedic Billy Mallock and pilot Klaus Sonenberg who were killed when a medevac plane crashed in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qdy.stparchive.com/Archive/QDY/QDY08282015P39.php?tags=nature%20trust|title=Quoddy Tides August 28, 2015: Page 39}}</ref>

The island is served by the Grand Manan Airport. thumb|Grand Manan V ferry at North Head New Brunswick Route 776 is the main road on Grand Manan, running on a north–south alignment along the island's eastern coast. In March 1976, a vote of residents on Grand Manan showed 100% agreed to withhold payment of provincial property taxes until a second ferry was put in service.<ref>"Island Demands Second Ferry", Telegraph-Journal, March 29 1976</ref><ref name="tour">Airphoto Analysis Associates Consultants, "Fundy Isles Region Tourism Industry Development Plan", federal Department of Regional Economic Expansion, NB Department of Tourism, 1976</ref>

The 90-minute ferry from Blacks Harbour to Grand Manan is operated by Coastal Transport Limited. In 2023, Canada Post issued a series of postage stamps involving five ferries including the Grand Manan V.<ref>{{Cite web | title=‘Let’s Take the Ferry’ stamps honour Canada’s marine heritage - Canadian Stamp News | url=https://canadianstampnews.com/lets-take-the-ferry-stamps-honour-canadas-marine-heritage/ | access-date=2026-04-02 | website=canadianstampnews.com}}</ref>

There also exists a 30-minute ferry serving the 200 residents of White Head Island from Ingalls Head.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

== Further reading == *Eric Allaby, ''Grand Manan'': Grand Harbour, Grand Manan Museum, Inc., 64 p., 1984. *Joshua M. Smith, ''Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820'' Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2006. *Elaine Ingalls Hogg, ''Historic Grand Manan: Images of Our Past''. Nimbus Publishing, 2007. *Tim Peters, ''Rhythm of the Tides'', Tim Peter's Publishing, August 2000 *Fyffe, L.R., Grant, R.H., and McHone, J.G., 2011, ''Bedrock geology of Grand Manan Island (parts of NTS 21 B/1O and B/15)'': New Brunswick, Department of Natural Resources: Lands, Minerals, and Petroleum Division, Plate 2011-14 (map scale 1:50,000). * {{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=B. V. |last2=Barr |first2=S. M. |last3=Black |first3=R. S. |title=Neoproterozoic and Cambrian U–Pb (zircon) ages from Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick: implications for stratigraphy and northern Appalachian terrane correlations |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |date=2007 |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=911–923 |doi=10.1139/e06-132|bibcode=2007CaJES..44..911M }} *Gary Walther, "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/garywalther/2017/07/15/the-grand-manan-island-diary-day-6-the-puffin-safari/#62b72c8a6029 The Grand Manan Island Diary, Day 6: The Puffin Safari]" Forbes magazine, July 15, 2017: {{GrandManan}} {{CharlotteNBIslands}} {{New Brunswick Islands}}{{Subdivisions of New Brunswick|villages=yes}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Coastal islands of New Brunswick Category:Communities in Charlotte County, New Brunswick Category:Villages in New Brunswick Category:Fundy Isles