{{Short description|Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic human migration events}} "'''Eurasian backflow'''" or "'''Eurasian back-migrations'''" refers to several waves of early modern-human migrations before and during the Neolithic, when some groups of anatomically modern humans (contemporaneous ''Homo sapiens'') returned to Africa from parts of Eurasia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/spring-2016/article/ancient-genome-from-africa-sequenced-for-the-first-time|title=Ancient genome from Africa sequenced for the first time|date=8 October 2015|website=Popular Archeology}}</ref> Modern humans had begun dispersing into Eurasia from North Africa during the Middle Paleolithic. Today, all humans outside of Africa descend primarily from a single expansion that occurred 70,000–50,000 years ago.<ref name="Posth">{{cite journal | title = Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe | journal = Current Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 827–833 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037 | pmid = 26853362 | vauthors = Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D, Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J | bibcode = 2016CBio...26..827P | hdl = 2440/114930 | s2cid = 140098861 | display-authors = 6 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, Rootsi S, Ilumäe AM, Mägi R, Mitt M, Pagani L, Puurand T, Faltyskova Z, Clemente F, Cardona A, Metspalu E, Sahakyan H, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, DeGiorgio M, Loogväli EL, Eichstaedt C, Eelmets M, Chaubey G, Tambets K, Litvinov S, Mormina M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Zoraqi G, Korneliussen TS, Akhatova F, Lachance J, Tishkoff S, Momynaliev K, Ricaut FX, Kusuma P, Razafindrazaka H, Pierron D, Cox MP, Sultana GN, Willerslev R, Muller C, Westaway M, Lambert D, Skaro V, Kovačevic L, Turdikulova S, Dalimova D, Khusainova R, Trofimova N, Akhmetova V, Khidiyatova I, Lichman DV, Isakova J, Pocheshkhova E, Sabitov Z, Barashkov NA, Nymadawa P, Mihailov E, Seng JW, Evseeva I, Migliano AB, Abdullah S, Andriadze G, Primorac D, Atramentova L, Utevska O, Yepiskoposyan L, Marjanovic D, Kushniarevich A, Behar DM, Gilissen C, Vissers L, Veltman JA, Balanovska E, Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Metspalu A, Fedorova S, Eriksson A, Manica A, Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Veeramah KR, Bradman N, Hammer MF, Osipova LP, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Johnsen K, Remm M, Thomas MG, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Willerslev E, Nielsen R, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kivisild T | display-authors = 6 | title = A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture | journal = Genome Research | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 459–66 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518 | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | display-authors = 6 | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | volume = 212 | issue = 4 | pages = 1421–1428 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | pmc = 6707464 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 }}</ref>
Modern humans who dispersed into Eurasia came into contact with some groups of archaic humans, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, and eventually interbred with them. As a result of this phenomenon, which continued until the Upper Paleolithic, those who returned from Eurasia played a significant role in introducing Neanderthal DNA to the African modern human genome, particularly among North Africans. Thus, in addition to intrinsic diversity within the continent borne by population structure and isolation, these historical influxes of Eurasian populations into Africa are regarded as a critical contributor to the existing genetic diversity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |last2=Aron |first2=Shaun |last3=Sengupta |first3=Dhriti |last4=Hazelhurst |first4=Scott |last5=Ramsay |first5=Michèle |date=2018-08-01 |title=African genetic diversity provides novel insights into evolutionary history and local adaptations |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=27 |issue=R2 |pages=R209–R218 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddy161 |issn=0964-6906 |pmc=6061870 |pmid=29741686}}</ref>
== Migration history == thumb|Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events in Africa.<ref name="Genetics 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Vicente |first1=Mário |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |date=2020-06-01 |title=African population history: an ancient DNA perspective |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |series=Genetics of Human Origin |language=en |volume=62 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008 |pmid=32563853 |s2cid=219974966 |issn=0959-437X|doi-access=free }}</ref>Beginning around 30,000-15,000 years ago, a population closely related to Paleolithic individuals from Dzudzuana Cave in Georgia expanded from Western Asia into Northern Africa, spreading in connection with microlithic-backed bladelet technologies that would later become ubiquitous across North Africa. This diffusion contributed up to 55% of the genetic ancestry of the Iberomaurusian culture, and introduced the mitochondrial haplogroups M1 and U6 to the region, which along with the aforementioned genetic ancestry, define the "autochthonous/typical North African" or "Maghrebi" component, as it is referred to in genetic studies.<ref name="Colombo2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Colombo |first1=Giulia |last2=Moroni |first2=Elisa |last3=Raveane |first3=Andrea |last4=Rambaldi Migliore |first4=Nadia |last5=Agostini |first5=Valentina |last6=Di Gerlando |first6=Rosa |last7=Fiorini |first7=Caterina |last8=Caporali |first8=Laura |last9=Gandini |first9=Francesca |last10=Raimondi |first10=Enrico |last11=D'Atanasio |first11=Estella |last12=Lancioni |first12=Hranush |last13=Carelli |first13=Valerio |last14=Pala |first14=Maria |last15=Trombetta |first15=Bradley |last16=Novelletto |first16=Andrea |last17=Dugoujon |first17=Jean-Michel |last18=Achilli |first18=Alessandro |last19=Torroni |first19=Antonio |last20=Richards |first20=Martin B. |last21=Cruciani |first21=Fulvio |last22=Semino |first22=Ornella |last23=Olivieri |first23=Anna |date=2025-07-25 |title=The origin of modern North Africans as depicted by a massive survey of mitogenomes |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=27025 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-12209-x |issn=2045-2322 |doi-access=free|pmid=40707575 |pmc=12289972 |bibcode=2025NatSR..1527025C |hdl=11585/1027298 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Approximately 8,000 years ago, populations of the Neolithic Levant, Anatolia and Mesopotamia expanded into North Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. This diffusion was rooted in wider displacements of people in the wake of the 6200 BC climatic event, and coincided with the introduction of Southwest Asian domesticates such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and camels into North Africa and Horn of Africa, leading to the rise of Saharan cattle pastoralism and the appearance of Ashakar Ware pottery in the Maghreb.<ref name=":19" /> This expanding population interacted and admixed with distinct local North African ancestries, as seen in both Skhirat-Rouazi individuals of Morocco and eastern African pastoralist groups of the Pastoral Neolithic.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Prendergast |first1=Mary E. |last2=Lipson |first2=Mark |last3=Sawchuk |first3=Elizabeth A. |last4=Olalde |first4=Iñigo |last5=Ogola |first5=Christine A. |last6=Rohland |first6=Nadin |last7=Sirak |first7=Kendra A. |last8=Adamski |first8=Nicole |last9=Bernardos |first9=Rebecca |last10=Broomandkhoshbacht |first10=Nasreen |last11=Callan |first11=Kimberly |date=2019-07-05 |title=Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science |language=en |volume=365 |issue=6448 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.6275P |doi=10.1126/science.aaw6275 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=6827346 |pmid=31147405 |article-number=eaaw6275}}</ref> This diffusion may have also provided the demographic and cultural conditions for the early introduction of Proto Afro-Asiatic from a West Asian homeland and then dispersal of Afro-Asiatic languages across North Africa, whose known branches of Cushitic, Chadic, Egyptian, and Berber correspond strikingly with the geography of these Neolithic expansions.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Luciana G. |last2=Günther |first2=Torsten |last3=Martínez-Sánchez |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Vera-Rodríguez |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Iriarte |first5=Eneko |last6=Rodríguez-Varela |first6=Ricardo |last7=Bokbot |first7=Youssef |last8=Valdiosera |first8=Cristina |last9=Jakobsson |first9=Mattias |date=June 2023 |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7965 |pages=550–556 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=10266975 |pmid=37286608 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Outside of North Africa, about 3,000 years ago,<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an A">{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Mezzavilla |first2=Massimo |last3=Bergström |first3=Anders |last4=Prado-Martinez |first4=Javier |last5=Hallast |first5=Pille |last6=Saif-Ali |first6=Riyadh |last7=Al-Habori |first7=Molham |last8=Dedoussis |first8=George |last9=Zeggini |first9=Eleftheria |last10=Blue-Smith |first10=Jason |last11=Wells |first11=R. Spencer |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Zalloua |first13=Pierre A. |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=December 2016 |title=Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/pdf/S0002-9297(16)30448-7.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1316–1324 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 |pmc=5142112 |pmid=27889059 |s2cid=38169172}}</ref> or already earlier between 6,000-5,000 years ago,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vicente |first1=Mário |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M |date=2020-06-01 |title=African population history: an ancient DNA perspective |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |series=Genetics of Human Origin |language=en |volume=62 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008 |issn=0959-437X |pmid=32563853 |s2cid=219974966 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a fhrther wave of farmers from Anatolia and the Near East migrated into other regions, some via the southern ArabianPeninsula into the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti). Signs of this migration can be found in the genomes of contemporary peoples from all over East Africa as well as the introduction of Semitic languages into the region. Moreover, analysis has also recognized that some of the Eurasian ancestry in Northeast Africa could possibly pre-date agriculture, from around ~12-23 ka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=Jason A. |last2=Mulligan |first2=Connie J. |last3=Al-Meeri |first3=Ali |last4=Raaum |first4=Ryan L. |date=2014-06-12 |title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=e1004393 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=4055572 |pmid=24921250 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Significant Eurasian ancestry is found among populations of Eastern Africa, and among specific ethnic groups of the Horn of Africa, Northern Sudan, the Sahel region, as well as among the Malagasy people of Madagascar who hitherto were predominantly of Southeast Asian heritage. A further input occurred during the Iron Age with the Phoenician expansion into North Africa and the founding of major settlements such as Carthage, and Assyrian and Persian conquests of Egypt and eastern Libya. West Eurasian ancestry thus arrived in Africa first during the Palaeolithic, then followed by several later Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age (including the Hyksos into Egypt) and Iron Age migration events.<ref name=":8" /> Although Medieval events, such as the Arab expansions, also brought gene flow into various North, East and West African populations,<ref name="Hollfelder">{{Cite journal |last1=Hollfelder |first1=Nina |last2=Schlebusch |first2=Carina M. |last3=Günther |first3=Torsten |last4=Babiker |first4=Hiba |last5=Hassan |first5=Hisham Y. |last6=Jakobsson |first6=Mattias |date=2017-08-24 |title=Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=13 |issue=8 |article-number=e1006976 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976 |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=5587336 |pmid=28837655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> these left a lower mark on North African genetic structure, relative to Neolithization.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Prendergast |first1=Mary E. |title=Genetics and the African Past |date=2022-10-19 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-143 |access-date=2024-10-28 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.143 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |quote=Combining ancient and present-day DNA data, this Neolithic demographic transformation was shown to have a greater genetic impact on present-day North Africans than later processes such as Arabization. |last2=Sawchuk |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Sirak |first3=Kendra A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Serra-Vidal |first1=Gerard |last2=Lucas-Sanchez |first2=Marcel |last3=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first3=Karima |last4=Bekada |first4=Asmahan |last5=Zalloua |first5=Pierre |last6=Comas |first6=David |date=2019-11-18 |title=Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=22 |pages=3953–3959.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.050 |pmid=31679935 |s2cid=204972040 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019CBio...29E3953S }}</ref>thumb|Map of major prefarming population stratification across the African continent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |last2=Jakobsson |first2=Mattias |date=2018-08-31 |title=Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=405–428 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759 |issn=1527-8204|doi-access=free |pmid=29727585 }}</ref>The Neolithic populations migrating back-to-Africa were said to be similar to the Neolithic farmers who had brought agriculture from Anatolia to Europe about 7,000 years ago, and whose demographic legacy is most closely preserved in present-day Sardinians, their contemporary descendants.<ref name=":0" /> Although, other studies have revealed some genetic distinctions between the populations that brought farming into Europe and the Maghreb, and the Levantine related groups that spread southward into East Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Rollefson |first3=Gary |last4=Merrett |first4=Deborah C. |last5=Rohland |first5=Nadin |last6=Mallick |first6=Swapan |last7=Fernandes |first7=Daniel |last8=Novak |first8=Mario |last9=Gamarra |first9=Beatriz |last10=Sirak |first10=Kendra |last11=Connell |first11=Sarah |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Harney |first13=Eadaoin |last14=Fu |first14=Qiaomei |last15=Gonzalez-Fortes |first15=Gloria |date=2016-08-25 |title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East |journal=Nature |volume=536 |issue=7617 |pages=419–424 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5003663 |pmid=27459054 |quote=Previously, the West Eurasian population known to be the best proxy for this ancestry was present-day Sardinians, who resemble Neolithic Europeans genetically. However, our analysis shows that East African ancestry is significantly better modelled by Levantine early farmers than by Anatolian or early European farmers, implying that the spread of this ancestry to East Africa was not from the same group that spread Near Eastern ancestry into Europe.}}</ref><ref name=":19"/> A study from 2020 inferred two sources for the spread of Eurasian admixture in Northeastern Africa, with one being associated with pastoralism, involving groups originating from the Levant and North Africa.<ref name="Genetics 2020"/> Further research has shown that the back-migration into the region was a complex process, identifying multiple origins for the Eurasian component in Northeast African groups today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammarén |first1=Rickard |last2=Goldstein |first2=Steven T. |last3=Schlebusch |first3=Carina M. |title=Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2023 |volume=18 |issue=11 |article-number=e0290423 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0290423 |doi-access=free |pmid=37939042 |pmc=10631636 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1890423H |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.08.27.505526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammarén |first1=Rickard |last2=Goldstein |first2=Steven T. |last3=Schlebusch |first3=Carina M. |date=2023-11-08 |title=Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=18 |issue=11 |article-number=e0290423 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0290423 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=10631636 |pmid=37939042 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1890423H }}</ref> A report in November 2015 on a 4,500-year-old Ethiopian genome<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |date=2015-10-08 |title=First ancient African genome reveals vast Eurasian migration |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18531 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18531 |s2cid=181867810 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Llorente|first1=M. Gallego|last2=Jones|first2=E. R.|last3=Eriksson|first3=A.|last4=Siska|first4=V.|last5=Arthur|first5=K. W.|last6=Arthur|first6=J. W.|last7=Curtis|first7=M. C.|last8=Stock|first8=J. T.|last9=Coltorti|first9=M.|date=2015-11-13|title=Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa|journal=Science|language=en|volume=350|issue=6262|pages=820–822|doi=10.1126/science.aad2879|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26449472|doi-access=free|hdl=2318/1661894|hdl-access=free}}</ref> had originally overestimated the genetic influence of the Eurasian backflow, claiming that signs of the migration could be found in genomes all over Africa. This mistaken claim was based on a data-processing error and was corrected in February 2016. The West Asian admixture was only predominant in the populations of the Horn of Africa, in particular Ethiopian highlanders, and less relevant or absent in the genetic makeup of West and Central Africans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/news/error-found-in-study-of-first-ancient-african-genome-1.19258|title=Error found in study of first ancient African genome|date=29 January 2016|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19258 |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
== Neanderthal admixture and Eurasian ancestry == An investigation in 2012 discovered that unlike most sub-Saharan Africans, North Africans have similar levels of Neanderthal DNA to South Europeans and West Asians, which is pre-Neolithic in origin, rather than via any recent admixture, as the Neanderthal's genetic signals were higher in populations with an autochthonous 'back-to-Africa' genomic component that arrived 12,000 years ago. These Neanderthal genomic traces do not mark a division between Africans and non-Africans, but rather a division between sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of the modern human groups, including those from North Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Quinto |first1=Federico |last2=Botigué |first2=Laura R. |last3=Civit |first3=Sergi |last4=Arenas |first4=Conxita |last5=Ávila-Arcos |first5=María C. |last6=Bustamante |first6=Carlos D. |last7=Comas |first7=David |last8=Lalueza-Fox |first8=Carles |date=2012-10-17 |title=North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=10 |article-number=e47765 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047765 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3474783 |pmid=23082212 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012PLoSO...747765S }}</ref>
In 2016, researchers recognized that the Neanderthal ancestry in African populations, strongly corresponds with the levels of Western Eurasian ancestry. The geneticists elaborated that: "Neanderthal ancestry is not expected in Africa, yet today many Africans carry Neanderthal-derived alleles. The plot shows that the Neanderthal ancestry proportion in Africans is correlated with gene flow from Eurasians. For example, knowing that today Eurasians carry ~2% of Neanderthal ancestry, we observed that East Africans (Ethiopians) had ~1% Neanderthal ancestry and ~50% Eurasian ancestry. Correspondingly, Near Easterners showed a decline in Neanderthal ancestry proportional to their levels of African ancestry."<ref name="Pierre A 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Mezzavilla |first2=Massimo |last3=Bergström |first3=Anders |last4=Prado-Martinez |first4=Javier |last5=Hallast |first5=Pille |last6=Saif-Ali |first6=Riyadh |last7=Al-Habori |first7=Molham |last8=Dedoussis |first8=George |last9=Zeggini |first9=Eleftheria |last10=Blue-Smith |first10=Jason |last11=Wells |first11=R. Spencer |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Zalloua |first13=Pierre A. |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=2016-12-01 |title=Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1316–1324 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=5142112 |pmid=27889059}}</ref> thumb|234x234px|Human dispersals within Africa Chen, Lu's publication found back-migrations contributed to the signal of Neanderthal ancestry in Africans. Data indicated that back-migrations giving Neanderthal sequences came after the split of Europeans and East Asians, from populations related to the European lineage. The overlap of this ancestral European ancestry and Neanderthal segments was highly significant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lu |last2=Wolf |first2=Aaron B. |last3=Fu |first3=Wenqing |last4=Li |first4=Liming |last5=Akey |first5=Joshua M. |date=2020-02-20 |title=Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals |journal=Cell |volume=180 |issue=4 |pages=677–687.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.012 |issn=1097-4172 |pmid=32004458|doi-access=free |pmc=12805117 }}</ref>
== Average Eurasian frequencies in African populations == {| class="wikitable" |+Estimates in Modern Africans !African Population Group !Linguistic Affiliation !Proportions of Ancestry |- |Afrikaner |Germanic |97.9%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hollfelder |first1=N. |last2=Erasmus |first2=J. C. |last3=Hammaren |first3=R. |last4=Vicente |first4=M. |last5=Jakobsson |first5=M. |last6=Greeff |first6=J. M. |last7=Schlebusch |first7=C. M. |date=2020-02-24 |title=Patterns of African and Asian admixture in the Afrikaner population of South Africa |journal=BMC Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-0746-1 |doi-access=free |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=7038537 |pmid=32089133}}</ref> |- |Rashaida |Semitic |97.92%<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Fortes-Lima |first=Cesar et al. (2022) |date=29 September 2022 |title=Demographic and Selection Histories of Populations Across the Sahel/Savannah Belt |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/10/msac209/6731090 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac209 |pmid=36173804 |pmc=9582163 |at=Supplementary Table S4: Average (and standard deviation) for each component in each population estimated using unsupervised ADMIXTURE analysis at K-group=4. |article-number=msac209 }}</ref> |- |Canarian |Romance |97.4%<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Serrano |first1=Javier G. |last2=Ordóñez |first2=Alejandra C. |last3=Santana |first3=Jonathan |last4=Sánchez-Cañadillas |first4=Elías |last5=Arnay |first5=Matilde |last6=Rodríguez-Rodríguez |first6=Amelia |last7=Morales |first7=Jacob |last8=Velasco-Vázquez |first8=Javier |last9=Alberto-Barroso |first9=Verónica |last10=Delgado-Darias |first10=Teresa |last11=de Mercadal |first11=M. Carmen Cruz |last12=Hernández |first12=Juan Carlos |last13=Moreno-Benítez |first13=Marco A. |last14=Pais |first14=Jorge |last15=Ringbauer |first15=Harald |date=2023-08-15 |title=The genomic history of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands |journal=Nature Communications |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=4641 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-40198-w |issn=2041-1723 |pmid=37582830|pmc=10427657 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.4641S }}</ref> |- |Tunisian Jew |Semitic |96.49%<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Haak |first=Wolfgang |date=2015-06-11 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |pmid=25731166 |pmc=5048219 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature14317/MediaObjects/41586_2015_BFnature14317_MOESM29_ESM.pdf}}</ref> |- |Moroccan Jew |Semitic |96.05%<ref name=":3" /> |- |Libyan Jew |Semitic |95.76%<ref name=":3" /> |- |Chaoui |Berber |85.12 - 87.51%<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Vilà-Valls |first1=Laura |last2=Abdeli |first2=Amine |last3=Lucas-Sánchez |first3=Marcel |last4=Bekada |first4=Asmahan |last5=Calafell |first5=Francesc |last6=Benhassine |first6=Traki |last7=Comas |first7=David |date=2024-05-01 |title=Understanding the genomic heterogeneity of North African Imazighen: from broad to microgeographical perspectives |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=9979 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-60568-8 |issn=2045-2322 |pmid=38693301|pmc=11063056 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.9979V }}</ref> |- |Moroccan |Semitic |80%<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Pagani |first1=Luca |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Tarekegn |first3=Ayele |last4=Ekong |first4=Rosemary |last5=Plaster |first5=Chris |last6=Gallego Romero |first6=Irene |last7=Ayub |first7=Qasim |last8=Mehdi |first8=S. Qasim |last9=Thomas |first9=Mark G. |last10=Luiselli |first10=Donata |last11=Bekele |first11=Endashaw |last12=Bradman |first12=Neil |last13=Balding |first13=David J. |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=2012-07-13 |title=Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.015 |issn=1537-6605 |pmc=3397267 |pmid=22726845}}</ref> |- |Tunisian |Semitic |79.37 - 81%<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Am I: Regions Overview |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/regions/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905195857/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |archive-date=5 September 2014 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> |- |Egyptian |Semitic |79 - 86%<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Pagani |first1=Luca |last2=Schiffels |first2=Stephan |last3=Gurdasani |first3=Deepti |last4=Danecek |first4=Petr |last5=Scally |first5=Aylwyn |last6=Chen |first6=Yuan |last7=Xue |first7=Yali |last8=Haber |first8=Marc |last9=Ekong |first9=Rosemary |last10=Oljira |first10=Tamiru |last11=Mekonnen |first11=Ephrem |last12=Luiselli |first12=Donata |last13=Bradman |first13=Neil |last14=Bekele |first14=Endashaw |last15=Zalloua |first15=Pierre |date=2015-06-04 |title=Tracing the Route of Modern Humans out of Africa by Using 225 Human Genome Sequences from Ethiopians and Egyptians |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=986–991 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.019 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=4457944 |pmid=26027499}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuenemann |first1=Verena J. |last2=Peltzer |first2=Alexander |last3=Welte |first3=Beatrix |last4=van Pelt |first4=W. Paul |last5=Molak |first5=Martyna |last6=Wang |first6=Chuan-Chao |last7=Furtwängler |first7=Anja |last8=Urban |first8=Christian |last9=Reiter |first9=Ella |last10=Nieselt |first10=Kay |last11=Teßmann |first11=Barbara |last12=Francken |first12=Michael |last13=Harvati |first13=Katerina |last14=Haak |first14=Wolfgang |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |date=2017-05-30 |title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=15694 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15694 |pmid=28556824 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S |issn=2041-1723|pmc=5459999 }}</ref> |- |Figuig Berber |Berber |78.98%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Bouhria Berber |Berber |78.68%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Mozabite |Berber |77.33 - 82.39%<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":14" /> |- |Asni Berber |Berber |76.99%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Algerian |Semitic |76.86 - 82.45%<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> |- |Libyan |Semitic |76%<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lorente-Galdos |first1=Belen |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Serra-Vidal |first3=Gerard |last4=Santpere |first4=Gabriel |last5=Kuderna |first5=Lukas F. K. |last6=Arauna |first6=Lara R. |last7=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first7=Karima |last8=Pimenoff |first8=Ville N. |last9=Soodyall |first9=Himla |last10=Zalloua |first10=Pierre |last11=Marques-Bonet |first11=Tomas |last12=Comas |first12=David |date=2019-04-26 |title=Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Pan African set of samples reveals archaic gene flow from an extinct basal population of modern humans into sub-Saharan populations |journal=Genome Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.1186/s13059-019-1684-5 |doi-access=free |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6485163 |pmid=31023378}}</ref> |- |Saharawi |Semitic |74.32 - 84.9%<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> |- |Tigrayan |Ethio-Semitic |50 - 50.4%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=H. R. S. |last2=Haddish |first2=K. |last3=Lacerenza |first3=D. |last4=Aneli |first4=S. |last5=Di Gaetano |first5=C. |last6=Tewelemedhin |first6=G. |last7=Manukonda |first7=R. V. |last8=Futwi |first8=N. |last9=Alvarez-Iglesias |first9=V. |last10=de la Puente |first10=M. |last11=Fondevila |first11=M. |last12=Lareu |first12=M. V. |last13=Phillips |first13=C. |last14=Robino |first14=C. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Characterization of ancestry informative markers in the Tigray population of Ethiopia: A contribution to the identification process of dead migrants in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1872497319303059 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=45 |article-number=102207 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102207 |pmid=31812100 |hdl=2318/1723024 |issn=1872-4973|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Pickrell |first1=Joseph K. |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Loh |first3=Po-Ru |last4=Lipson |first4=Mark |last5=Berger |first5=Bonnie |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Pakendorf |first7=Brigitte |last8=Reich |first8=David |date=2014-02-02 |title=Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |language=en |volume=111 |issue=7 |pages=2632–2637 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1313787111 |doi-access=free |pmid=24550290|pmc=3932865 |arxiv=1307.8014 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.2632P }}</ref> |- |Beja |Cushitic |50%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |last2=Jakobsson |first2=Mattias |date=2018-08-31 |title=Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=405–428 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759 |issn=1527-8204 |pmid=29727585 |s2cid=19155657 |quote=The Nubian, Arab, and Beja populations of northeastern Africa roughly display equal admixture fractions from a local northeastern African gene pool (similar to the Nilotic component) and an incoming Eurasian migrant component (53) (Figure 3). |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Amhara |Ethio-Semitic |49.2 - 54%<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Walsh |first1=Sandra |last2=Pagani |first2=Luca |last3=Xue |first3=Yali |last4=Laayouni |first4=Hafid |last5=Tyler-Smith |first5=Chris |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=Jaume |date=2020-10-22 |title=Positive selection in admixed populations from Ethiopia |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=21 |issue=Suppl 1 |page=108 |doi=10.1186/s12863-020-00908-5 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=7580818 |pmid=33092534}}</ref> |- |Ethiopian Jew |Semitic |46.4 - 55.12%<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Llorente |first1=M. Gallego |last2=Jones |first2=E. R. |last3=Eriksson |first3=A. |last4=Siska |first4=V. |last5=Arthur |first5=K. W. |last6=Arthur |first6=J. W. |last7=Curtis |first7=M. C. |last8=Stock |first8=J. T. |last9=Coltorti |first9=M. |last10=Pieruccini |first10=P. |last11=Stretton |first11=S. |last12=Brock |first12=F. |last13=Higham |first13=T. |last14=Park |first14=Y. |last15=Hofreiter |first15=M. |date=2015-11-13 |title=Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad2879 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=350 |issue=6262 |pages=820–822 |doi=10.1126/science.aad2879 |pmid=26449472 |issn=0036-8075|hdl=2318/1661894 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> |- |Afar |Cushitic |46.0%<ref name=":8" /> |- |Kababish |Semitic |45.99%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Oromo |Cushitic |41.6 - 51%<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |- |Agaw |Cushitic |41 - 50%<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Ribot |first2=Isabelle |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Olalde |first5=Iñigo |last6=Adamski |first6=Nicole |last7=Broomandkhoshbacht |first7=Nasreen |last8=Lawson |first8=Ann Marie |last9=López |first9=Saioa |last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Jonas |last11=Stewardson |first11=Kristin |last12=Asombang |first12=Raymond Neba'ane |last13=Bocherens |first13=Hervé |last14=Bradman |first14=Neil |last15=Culleton |first15=Brendan J. |date=January 2020 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–670 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706|bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L }}</ref> |- |Sudanese Arab |Semitic |40 - 52.73%<ref name="Hollfelder" /><ref name=":18" /> |- |Nubian |Nubian |39.41 - 54.74%<ref name="Hollfelder" /><ref name=":18" /> |- |Somali |Cushitic |38.4 - 44%<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Abshir A. |last2=Aalto |first2=Mikko |last3=Jonasson |first3=Jon |last4=Osman |first4=Abdimajid |date=2020-03-27 |title=Genome-wide analyses disclose the distinctive HLA architecture and the pharmacogenetic landscape of the Somali population |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=5652 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62645-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7101338 |pmid=32221414|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.5652A }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /> |- |Cape Verdean |Romance |36 - 54%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beleza |first1=Sandra |last2=Campos |first2=Joana |last3=Lopes |first3=Jailson |last4=Araújo |first4=Isabel Inês |last5=Hoppfer Almada |first5=Ana |last6=e Silva |first6=António Correia |last7=Parra |first7=Esteban J. |last8=Rocha |first8=Jorge |date=2012-11-30 |title=The Admixture Structure and Genetic Variation of the Archipelago of Cape Verde and Its Implications for Admixture Mapping Studies |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e51103 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051103 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3511383 |pmid=23226471|bibcode=2012PLoSO...751103B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laurent |first1=Romain |last2=Szpiech |first2=Zachary A |last3=da Costa |first3=Sergio S |last4=Thouzeau |first4=Valentin |last5=Fortes-Lima |first5=Cesar A |last6=Dessarps-Freichey |first6=Françoise |last7=Lémée |first7=Laure |last8=Utgé |first8=José |last9=Rosenberg |first9=Noah A |last10=Baptista |first10=Marlyse |last11=Verdu |first11=Paul |date=2023-04-25 |editor-last=Huerta-Sanchez |editor-first=Emilia |editor2-last=Przeworski |editor2-first=Molly |editor3-last=Huerta-Sanchez |editor3-first=Emilia |editor4-last=Zhang |editor4-first=Xinjun |title=A genetic and linguistic analysis of the admixture histories of the islands of Cabo Verde |journal=eLife |volume=12 |article-number=e79827 |doi=10.7554/eLife.79827 |doi-access=free |pmid=37096877 |pmc=10322156 |issn=2050-084X}}</ref> |- |Rendille |Cushitic |36%<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Razib |date=2020-01-19 |title=The Belgians did not invent the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups, who have different origins |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2020/01/18/the-belgians-did-not-invent-the-hutu-and-tutsi-ethnic-groups-who-have-different-origins/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Gene Expression |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Wolayta |Damotic |34.1 - 43%<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> |- |Samburu |Nilotic |32.19%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Datooga |Nilotic |32.17%<ref name=":3" /> |- |Iraqw |Cushitic |30.3%<ref name=":2" /> |- |Malagasy |Austronesian |30 - 68%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pierron |first1=Denis |last2=Razafindrazaka |first2=Harilanto |last3=Pagani |first3=Luca |last4=Ricaut |first4=François-Xavier |last5=Antao |first5=Tiago |last6=Capredon |first6=Mélanie |last7=Sambo |first7=Clément |last8=Radimilahy |first8=Chantal |last9=Rakotoarisoa |first9=Jean-Aimé |last10=Blench |first10=Roger M. |last11=Letellier |first11=Thierry |last12=Kivisild |first12=Toomas |date=2014-01-21 |title=Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=3 |pages=936–941 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1321860111 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3903192 |pmid=24395773|bibcode=2014PNAS..111..936P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pierron |first1=Denis |last2=Heiske |first2=Margit |last3=Razafindrazaka |first3=Harilanto |last4=Rakoto |first4=Ignace |last5=Rabetokotany |first5=Nelly |last6=Ravololomanga |first6=Bodo |last7=Rakotozafy |first7=Lucien M.-A. |last8=Rakotomalala |first8=Mireille Mialy |last9=Razafiarivony |first9=Michel |last10=Rasoarifetra |first10=Bako |last11=Raharijesy |first11=Miakabola Andriamampianina |last12=Razafindralambo |first12=Lolona |last13=Ramilisonina |last14=Fanony |first14=Fulgence |last15=Lejamble |first15=Sendra |date=2017-08-08 |title=Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=32 |pages=E6498–E6506 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1704906114 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5559028 |pmid=28716916|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E6498P }}</ref> |- |Coloureds |Germanic |28 - 58%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lankheet |first1=Imke |last2=Hammarén |first2=Rickard |last3=Alva Caballero |first3=Lucía Ximena |last4=Larena |first4=Maximilian |last5=Malmström |first5=Helena |last6=Jolly |first6=Cecile |last7=Soodyall |first7=Himla |last8=de Jongh |first8=Michael |last9=Schlebusch |first9=Carina |date=2025-07-22 |title=Wide-scale geographical analysis of genetic ancestry in the South African Coloured population |journal=BMC Biology |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=219 |doi=10.1186/s12915-025-02317-5 |doi-access=free |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=12281806 |pmid=40696318}}</ref> |- |Baggara |Semitic |25.57 - 33.6%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Fulani |Atlantic |21.4 - 29%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vicente |first1=Mário |last2=Priehodová |first2=Edita |last3=Diallo |first3=Issa |last4=Podgorná |first4=Eliška |last5=Poloni |first5=Estella S. |last6=Černý |first6=Viktor |last7=Schlebusch |first7=Carina M. |date=2019-12-02 |title=Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=915 |doi=10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=6888939 |pmid=31791255}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Ribot |first2=Isabelle |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Olalde |first5=Iñigo |last6=Adamski |first6=Nicole |last7=Broomandkhoshbacht |first7=Nasreen |last8=Lawson |first8=Ann Marie |last9=López |first9=Saioa |last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Jonas |last11=Stewardson |first11=Kristin |last12=Asombang |first12=Raymond Neba'ane |last13=Bocherens |first13=Hervé |last14=Bradman |first14=Neil |last15=Culleton |first15=Brendan J. |date=2020-01-22 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |url=https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Shum_Laka_SI.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–670 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706}}</ref> |- |Toubou |Saharan |20 - 31.4%<ref name="Pierre A 2016"/><ref name=":7" /> |- |Tutsi |Bantu |19.4 - 25%<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Razib |date=2019-04-12 |title=Tutsis are genetically very similar to Masai |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2019/04/11/tutsis-are-genetically-very-similar-to-the-masai/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Gene Expression |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Razib |date=2019-09-24 |title=Tutsis are less Nilotic than the Maasai |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2019/09/23/tutsis-are-less-nilotic-than-the-maasai/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Gene Expression |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |- |Ogiek |Nilotic |19.2<ref name=":2" /> |- |Maasai |Nilotic |18.9 - 26.06%<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> |- |Turkana |Nilotic |18.33%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Kikuyu |Bantu |16.4 - 18.8%<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":3" /> |- |Aari |Aroid |15.7 - 18.2%<ref name=":8" /> |- |Sandawe |Sandawe |15.4%<ref name=":8" /> |- |Nama |Khoi |14%<ref name=":8" /> |- |Zaghawa |Saharan |12.58%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Kalenjin |Nilotic |10.99 - 15.86%<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":18" /> |- |Kanembu |Saharan |10.97%<ref name=":18" /> |- |Hadza |Hadza |6.4 - 12.71%<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Estimates in Ancient African Samples !African Population !Time Period !Number !Proportions of Ancestry |- |Egypt, Abusir-el-Meleq Egyptian |1388 BCE - 426 CE |N=3 |94 - 96%<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Nuerat" />{{sfn|Morez Jacobs|Irish|Cooke|Anastasiadou|2025}} |- |Tunisia, Carthaginian |450 - 170 BCE |N=17 |92.62 - 100%<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Ringbauer |first1=Harald |last2=Salman-Minkov |first2=Ayelet |last3=Regev |first3=Dalit |last4=Olalde |first4=Iñigo |last5=Peled |first5=Tomer |last6=Sineo |first6=Luca |last7=Falsone |first7=Gioacchino |last8=van Dommelen |first8=Peter |last9=Mittnik |first9=Alissa |last10=Lazaridis |first10=Iosif |last11=Pettener |first11=Davide |last12=Bofill |first12=Maria |last13=Mezquida |first13=Ana |last14=Costa |first14=Benjamí |last15=Jiménez |first15=Helena |date=2025-04-23 |title=Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors |journal=Nature |volume=643 |issue=8070 |language=en |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08913-3 |pmid=40269169 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=12226237 |bibcode=2025Natur.643..139R }}</ref> |- |Tunisia, Kerkouane Carthaginian |900 - 250 BCE |N=27 |92.62 - 100%<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moots |first1=Hannah M. |last2=Antonio |first2=Margaret |last3=Sawyer |first3=Susanna |last4=Spence |first4=Jeffrey P. |last5=Oberreiter |first5=Victoria |last6=Weiß |first6=Clemens L. |last7=Lucci |first7=Michaela |last8=Cherifi |first8=Yahia Mehdi Seddik |last9=La Pastina |first9=Francesco |last10=Genchi |first10=Francesco |last11=Praxmeier |first11=Elisa |last12=Zagorc |first12=Brina |last13=Cheronet |first13=Olivia |last14=Özdoğan |first14=Kadir T. |last15=Demetz |first15=Lea |date=2023-09-07 |title=A genetic history of continuity and mobility in the Iron Age central Mediterranean |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/pritchardlab/publications/pdfs/Moots22.pdf |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1515–1524 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02143-4 |pmid=37592021 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1515M |issn=2397-334X |quote=|hdl=10316/111995 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |- |Egypt, Nuerat Egyptian |2,868 - 2,492 BC |N=1 |91.86%<ref name="Nuerat">{{Cite thesis |last=Morez |first=A. |title=Reconstructing past human genetic variation with ancient DNA: case studies from ancient Egypt and medieval Europe |date=2023-02-01 |degree=doctoral |publisher=Liverpool John Moores University |url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/18979/ |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Morez Jacobs|Irish|Cooke|Anastasiadou|2025}} |- |Algeria, Numidian |1 - 700 CE |N=3 |89.4 - 100%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antonio |first1=Margaret L |last2=Weiß |first2=Clemens L |last3=Gao |first3=Ziyue |last4=Sawyer |first4=Susanna |last5=Oberreiter |first5=Victoria |last6=Moots |first6=Hannah M |last7=Spence |first7=Jeffrey P |last8=Cheronet |first8=Olivia |last9=Zagorc |first9=Brina |last10=Praxmarer |first10=Elisa |last11=Özdoğan |first11=Kadir Toykan |last12=Demetz |first12=Lea |last13=Gelabert |first13=Pere |last14=Fernandes |first14=Daniel |last15=Lucci |first15=Michaela |date=2024 |title=Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility |journal=eLife |volume=13 |article-number=e79714 |doi=10.7554/eLife.79714 |doi-access=free |issn=2050-084X |pmid=38288729|pmc=10827293 }}</ref> |- |Canary Islands, Guanche |3rd - 16th Century CE |N=40 |89.4%<ref name=":15" /> |- |Morocco, SKH (Skhirat-Rouazi) |6733 - 6121 BP |N=3 |87%<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Simões |first1=Luciana G. |last2=Günther |first2=Torsten |last3=Martínez-Sánchez |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Vera-Rodríguez |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Iriarte |first5=Eneko |last6=Rodríguez-Varela |first6=Ricardo |last7=Bokbot |first7=Youssef |last8=Valdiosera |first8=Cristina |last9=Jakobsson |first9=Mattias |date=June 2023 |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |journal=Nature |volume=618 |issue=7965 |pages=550–556 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=37286608|pmc=10266975 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Simões, Luciana G et al. (2023) |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |journal=Nature |date=2023 |volume=618 |issue=7965 |pages=550–556 |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6/MediaObjects/41586_2023_6166_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 |pmid=37286608 |pmc=10266975 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S }}</ref> |- |Morocco, KTG (Kaf Taht el-Ghar) |7429 - 6945 BP |N=4 |86%<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |- |Morocco, KEB (Khef el-Baroud) |3000 BCE |N=8 |81.75%<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Méndez |first2=Fernando L. |last3=Bokbot |first3=Youssef |last4=Martín-Socas |first4=Dimas |last5=Camalich-Massieu |first5=María D. |last6=Santana |first6=Jonathan |last7=Morales |first7=Jacob |last8=Ávila-Arcos |first8=María C. |last9=Underhill |first9=Peter A. |last10=Shapiro |first10=Beth |last11=Wojcik |first11=Genevieve |last12=Rasmussen |first12=Morten |last13=Soares |first13=André E. R. |last14=Kapp |first14=Joshua |last15=Sockell |first15=Alexandra |date=2018-06-26 |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=26 |pages=6774–6779 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800851115 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6042094 |pmid=29895688|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6774F }}</ref> |- |Tunisia, Hergla |5900 BP |N=1 |?<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Ringbauer |first2=Harald |last3=Lucarini |first3=Giulio |last4=Aouadi |first4=Nabiha |last5=Aoudia |first5=Louiza |last6=Belhouchet |first6=Lotfi |last7=Cheronet |first7=Olivia |last8=Dahmani |first8=Ariane-Rym |last9=Genchi |first9=Francesco |last10=La Pastina |first10=Francesco |last11=Lucci |first11=Michaela |last12=de Lumley |first12=Henry |last13=Mansouri |first13=Nabila |last14=Nava |first14=Alessia |last15=Touj |first15=Fatma |date=2025-03-12 |title=High continuity of forager ancestry in the Neolithic period of the eastern Maghreb |journal=Nature |volume=641 |issue=8064 |language=en |pages=925–931 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08699-4 |pmid=40074896 |issn=1476-4687|pmc=12094895 }}</ref> |- |Tunisia, DEK (Doukanet el Khoutifa) |7000 - 6600 BP |N=5 |?<ref name=":20" /> |- |Tunisia, Djebba |8000 BP |N=2 |?<ref name=":20" /> |- |Morocco, IAM (Ifri n'Amar) |5000 BCE |N=7 |?<ref name=":17" /> |- |Morocco, Iberomaurusian |15,100 - 13,900 YBP |N=7 |60 - 70%<ref name=":22" /><ref name="van de Loosdrecht 2018">{{Cite journal |last1=van de Loosdrecht |first1=Marieke |last2=Bouzouggar |first2=Abdeljalil |last3=Humphrey |first3=Louise |last4=Posth |first4=Cosimo |last5=Barton |first5=Nick |last6=Aximu-Petri |first6=Ayinuer |last7=Nickel |first7=Birgit |last8=Nagel |first8=Sarah |last9=Talbi |first9=El Hassan |last10=El Hajraoui |first10=Mohammed Abdeljalil |last11=Amzazi |first11=Saaïd |last12=Hublin |first12=Jean-Jacques |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Schiffels |first14=Stephan |last15=Meyer |first15=Matthias |date=4 May 2018 |title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations |journal=Science |language=en |volume=360 |issue=6388 |pages=548–552 |bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V |doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545507 |s2cid=206666517 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022-08-26 |title=A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=940–951 |doi=10.1126/science.abq0755 |issn=1095-9203 |pmc=10019558 |pmid=36007020 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..940L }}</ref> |- |Algeria, ABR (Afalou Bou Rhummel) |10,000 BP |N=1 |?<ref name=":20" /> |- |Morocco, OUB (Ifri Ouberrid) |7660 - 7506 BP |N=1 |?<ref name=":11" /> |- |Sudan, Kulubnarti Nubian |650 -1000 CE |N=66 |46 - 64%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sirak |first1=Kendra A. |last2=Fernandes |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Lipson |first3=Mark |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Mah |first5=Matthew |last6=Olalde |first6=Iñigo |last7=Ringbauer |first7=Harald |last8=Rohland |first8=Nadin |last9=Hadden |first9=Carla S. |last10=Harney |first10=Éadaoin |last11=Adamski |first11=Nicole |last12=Bernardos |first12=Rebecca |last13=Broomandkhoshbacht |first13=Nasreen |last14=Callan |first14=Kimberly |last15=Ferry |first15=Matthew |date=2021-12-14 |title=Social stratification without genetic differentiation at the site of Kulubnarti in Christian Period Nubia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=7283 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-27356-8 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8671435 |pmid=34907168|bibcode=2021NatCo..12.7283S }}</ref> |- |Sudan, Kadruka Nubian |4033 BP |N=1 |45.2%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Bleasdale |first2=Madeleine |last3=Le Moyne |first3=Charles |last4=Freund |first4=Cacilia |last5=Krause |first5=Johannes |last6=Boivin |first6=Nicole |last7=Schiffels |first7=Stephan |date=2022-12-03 |title=4000-year-old hair from the Middle Nile highlights unusual ancient DNA degradation pattern and a potential source of early eastern Africa pastoralists |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=20939 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-25384-y |pmid=36463384 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1220939W |issn=2045-2322|pmc=9719486 }}</ref> |- |Tanzania, Luxmanda |3141 - 2890 BP |N=1 |37.2 - 39%<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |display-authors=etal |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |url= |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 |pmc=5679310 |pmid=28938123 |bibcode=2017Cell..171...59S }}</ref> |- |Kenya, Pastoral Neolithic |3500 - 1500 BP |N=41 |30 - 40%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Goldstein |first2=Steven |last3=Bleasdale |first3=Madeleine |last4=Clist |first4=Bernard |last5=Bostoen |first5=Koen |last6=Bakwa-Lufu |first6=Paul |last7=Buck |first7=Laura T. |last8=Crowther |first8=Alison |last9=Dème |first9=Alioune |last10=McIntosh |first10=Roderick J. |last11=Mercader |first11=Julio |last12=Ogola |first12=Christine |last13=Power |first13=Robert C. |last14=Sawchuk |first14=Elizabeth |last15=Robertshaw |first15=Peter |date=2020-06-12 |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7292641 |pmid=32582847|bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W }}</ref><ref name=":8" /> |- |Tanzania, Swahili |1250 - 1800 AD |N=80 |26 - 68%<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brielle |first1=Esther S. |last2=Fleisher |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Wynne-Jones |first3=Stephanie |last4=Sirak |first4=Kendra |last5=Broomandkhoshbacht |first5=Nasreen |last6=Callan |first6=Kim |last7=Curtis |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Iliev |first8=Lora |last9=Lawson |first9=Ann Marie |last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Jonas |last11=Qiu |first11=Lijun |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Workman |first13=J. Noah |last14=Zalzala |first14=Fatma |last15=Ayodo |first15=George |date=2023 |title=Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast |journal=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7954 |pages=866–873 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=36991187|pmc=10060156 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..866B }}</ref> |- |Libya, Takarkori |7,000 YA |N=2 |25%<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Salem |first1=Nada |last2=van de Loosdrecht |first2=Marieke S. |last3=Sümer |first3=Arev Pelin |last4=Vai |first4=Stefania |last5=Hübner |first5=Alexander |last6=Peter |first6=Benjamin |last7=Bianco |first7=Raffaela A. |last8=Lari |first8=Martina |last9=Modi |first9=Alessandra |last10=Al-Faloos |first10=Mohamed Faraj Mohamed |last11=Turjman |first11=Mustafa |last12=Bouzouggar |first12=Abdeljalil |last13=Tafuri |first13=Mary Anne |last14=Manzi |first14=Giorgio |last15=Rotunno |first15=Rocco |date=2 Apr 2025 |title=Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage |journal=Nature |volume=641 |issue=8061 |pages=144–150 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=12043513 |pmid=40175549 |bibcode=2025Natur.641..144S }}</ref> |}
== See also ==
* African admixture in Europe * Genetic history of Africa * Genetic history of North Africa * Genetic history of the African diaspora * Neolithic Revolution
== References == {{reflist}}
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Category:Prehistoric migrations