{{Short description|Species of fungus}} {{Good article}} {{stack begin}} {{Speciesbox | image = Entoloma murraii 53124.jpg | genus = Entoloma | species = murrayi | authority = (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. (1899) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Entoloma murrayi"/> | synonyms = ''Agaricus murrayi'' <small>Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1859)</small><br/> ''Rhodophyllus murrayi'' <small>(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Singer (1942)</small><br/> ''Nolanea murrayi'' <small>(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Dennis (1970)</small><br/> ''Inocephalus murrayi'' <small>(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Rutter & Watling (1997)</small> }}
{{mycomorphbox | name = ''Entoloma murrayi'' | whichGills = adnate | capShape = conical | hymeniumType = gills | stipeCharacter = bare | sporePrintColor = salmon | ecologicalType = saprotrophic | howEdible = unknown }} {{stack end}}
'''''Entoloma murrayi''''',{{#tag:ref|Some publications use an orthographical variant spelling ''murraii''.<ref name="Phillips 2005"/><ref name="Halling 2005"/>|group=nb}} commonly known as the '''yellow unicorn Entoloma''' or the '''unicorn pinkgill''', is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family. It was first described from New England in 1859.
The fungus produces yellow mushrooms that have a characteristic sharp umbo on the top of a conical cap. Other similar species can be distinguished from ''E. murrayi'' by differences in color, morphology, or microscopic characteristics. The species is found throughout the Americas and in southeast Asia, growing on the ground in wet coniferous and deciduous forests. The mushroom is inedible and may be poisonous.
== Taxonomy == The species was originally described by Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1859 as ''Agaricus murrayi'', based on collections made in New England. Berkeley and Curtis called it "An extremely pretty species".<ref name="Berkeley 1859"/> Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred the species to ''Entoloma'' in 1899.<ref name="Saccardo 1899"/> Synonyms include combinations resulting from generic transfers to ''Rhodophyllus'' by Rolf Singer in 1942,<ref name="Singer 1942"/> ''Noleana'' by R. W. G. Dennis in 1970,<ref name="Dennis 1970"/> and to ''Inocephalus'' by Gordon Rutter and Roy Watling in 1997.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Entoloma murrayi"/><ref name="Rutter 1997"/> Depending on the authority, these latter three genera are considered either subgenera of ''Entoloma'', or independent genera. In a large-scale molecular phylogenetic analysis of Agaricales species published in 2002, ''E. murrayi'' grouped in a clade together with ''E. canescens'' and two Entolomas traditionally classified in ''Inocephalus'' – ''E. quadrata'' and ''E. lactifluus''.<ref name="Moncalvo 2002"/> The ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th edition, 2008) lumps ''Inocephalus'' and ''Rhodophyllus'' into ''Entoloma''.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/>
The specific epithet ''murrayi'' honors the original collector, Dennis Murray of Massachusetts. Its common names "yellow unicorn Entoloma"<ref name="Roody 2003"/> or "unicorn pinkgill" refer to the characteristic sharp umbo at the top of its cap.<ref name="Roberts 2011"/>
== Description == thumb|left|Gills are well-spaced and acquire pinkish tones when mature. The cap of ''E. murrayi'' is bell-shaped to conical, and measures {{convert|1.3|–|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter. It features a sharp umbo in the center. The cap color is bright yellow to orange-yellow, but tends to fade in maturity. The gills have a narrowly adnate attachment to the stem, and are well-spaced. Initially yellow, they acquire a pinkish tone as the spores mature. The slender hollow stem is {{convert|4|–|7.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and roughly equal in width throughout its length. It is pale yellow, with a fibrous surface, and often twisted with longitudinal striations.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> Its surface is smooth, and there may be a whitish mycelium at the base.<ref name="urlKuo"/> The flesh is thin and pale yellow.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> The taste and odor of the fruit bodies have been described as either "pleasant",<ref name="Phillips 2005"/><ref name="Bessette 2007"/> or indistinct.
The spore print is salmon-pink. Spores are smooth, angular (four-sided), hyaline (translucent), and measure 9–12 by 8–10 μm.<ref name="Roody 2003"/> The arrangement of the hyphae in the hymenophore tissue is parallel to interwoven and inamyloid. In the cap cuticle, the hyphae are interwoven radially, or alternatively in somewhat erect bundles. Hyphae of ''E. murrayi'' rarely have clamp connections.<ref name="Halling 2005"/> The cap and gill tissue contain "repository hyphae" (storage units containing byproducts of metabolism) that release a watery, yellow-colored liquid when injured. These distinctive hyphae can be seen with light microscopy of both fresh and dried specimens.<ref name="Baroni 2000"/>
=== Similar species === Characteristic diagnostic features of ''E. murrayi'' include the bright yellow coloring, the conical cap, cube-shaped spores, and club-shaped cheilocystidia.<ref name="Baroni 2000"/> ''Entoloma quadratum'' is similar in size and morphology, but is colored salmon-orange. ''E. murrayi'' has the habit and form of some similarly colored mushrooms in the genus ''Hygrocybe'' (such as ''Hygrocybe marginata'' var. ''concolor''), but it can be readily distinguished from those by its salmon-pink spore print, non-waxy gills, and the angular shape of its spores.<ref name="Roody 2003"/><ref name="Roberts 2011"/> ''Entoloma luteum'' is a duller yellow color, with a less distinctly pointed umbo. The South American species ''E. dennisii'', originally misidentified as ''E. murrayi'', can be distinguished from the latter by its less conical cap and considerably smaller spores that measure 5.5–7 μm.<ref name="Horak 1976"/>
== Habitat and distribution == A saprobic species,<ref name="urlKuo"/> ''Entoloma murrayi'' derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. Fruit bodies are found in wet coniferous and deciduous forests, where they grow singly or in small groups on the ground in litterfall or humus, or in moss.<ref name="Halling 2005"/><ref name="Roody 2003"/> Fruiting occurs in the summer and autumn.<ref name="McKnight 1987"/>
In North America, the species is found eastern Canada (Atlantic Maritime Ecozone),<ref name="Malloch 2010"/> the eastern United States (from Maine south to Alabama and west to the Great Lakes),<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> and Mexico.<ref name="Guzmán 1986"/> The distribution includes Central and South America, and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> It has also been recorded from Jamaica<ref name="Murrill 1911"/> and the Dominican Republic.<ref name="Gallart 1997"/>
== Toxicity == The species is of unknown edibility and may be poisonous.<ref name="Roody 2003" />
== Notes == <references group="nb" />
== References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Baroni 2000">{{cite journal|vauthors=Baroni TJ, Halling RE |title=Some Entolomataceae (Agaricales) from Costa Rica |journal=Brittonia |year=2000 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=121–35 |jstor=2666502 |doi=10.2307/2666502|s2cid=8631469 }}</ref>
<ref name="Berkeley 1859">{{cite journal |title=Centuries of North American fungi |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |year=1859 |volume=4 |pages=284–96 (see. p. 289) |series=III |doi=10.1080/00222935908697127 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2356431|last1=Berkeley |first1=M.J. |last2=Curtis |first2=M.A. |issue=22 }}</ref>
<ref name="Bessette 2007">{{cite book |title=Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States |vauthors=Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR |year=2007 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-3112-5 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA196}}</ref>
<ref name="Dennis 1970">{{cite journal |author=Dennis RWG. |title=Fungus flora of Venezuela and adjacent countries |journal=Kew Bulletin, Additional Series |year=1970 |volume=1 |pages=1–531 (see p. 76)}}</ref>
<ref name="Gallart 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gallart CAR. |title=Study of micromycetes from the Dominican Republic: Part III |journal= Moscosoa |year=1997 |volume=9 |pages=145–53 |language=es |issn=0254-6442}}</ref>
<ref name="Guzmán 1986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guzmán G, Montoya-Bello L, Bandla-Muñoz M |title=Nuevos registros de hongos del estado de Veracruz, II. Algunos Agaricales |trans-title=New records of fungi from the state of Veracruz Mexico II. Some Agaricales |journal=Revista Mexicana de Micología |year=1986 |volume=2 |pages=73–84 |language=es |issn=0187-3180}}</ref>
<ref name="Halling 2005">{{cite book |vauthors=Halling RE, Mueller GM |title=Common Mushrooms of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica |year=2005 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |location=New York, New York |page=97 |isbn=978-0-89327-460-3}}</ref>
<ref name="Horak 1976">{{cite journal |author=Horak E. |title=On cuboid-spored species of ''Entoloma'' (Agaricales) |journal=Sydowia |year=1975 |volume=28 |issue=1–6 |pages=171–236 (see p. 183) |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59633/0028/001/0183.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |pages=340, 470, 600 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>
<ref name="Malloch 2010">{{cite book |author=Malloch D. |chapter=Fleshy fungi (Basidiomycota) of the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |veditors=McAlpine DF, Smith IM |title=Assessment of Species Diversity in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2n7FPi3Lu0C&pg=PA121 |year=2010 |publisher=NRC Research Press |location=Ottawa, Canada |isbn=978-0-660-19835-4 |page=121}}</ref>
<ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America | series=Peterson Field Guides |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=311 |isbn=0-395-91090-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&pg=PA311}}</ref>
<ref name="Moncalvo 2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA |title=One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=357–400 |year=2002 |pmid=12099793 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
<ref name="Murrill 1911">{{cite journal |author=Murrill WA. |title=The Agaricaceae of Tropical North America: IV |journal=Mycologia |year=1911 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=271–82 |jstor=3753496 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0003/006/0271.htm |doi=10.2307/3753496}}</ref>
<ref name="Phillips 2005">{{cite book |author=Phillips R. |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, New York |year=2005 |page=156 |isbn=1-55407-115-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Roberts 2011">{{cite book |vauthors=Roberts P, Evans S |title=The Book of Fungi |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=126 |isbn=978-0-226-72117-0}}</ref>
<ref name="Roody 2003">{{cite book |author=Roody WC. |title=Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, Kentucky |year=2003 |page=196 |isbn=0-8131-9039-8 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rutter 1997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rutter G, Watling R |title=Taxonomic and floristic notes on some larger Malaysian fungi II |journal=Malayan Nature Journal |year=1997 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=229–34 |issn=0025-1291 }}</ref>
<ref name="Saccardo 1899">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saccardo PA, Sydow P |title=Supplementum Universale, Pars IV |journal=Sylloge Fungorum |year=1899 |volume=14 |pages=1–316 (see p. 127) |isbn=0813128137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&pg=PA196}}</ref>
<ref name="Singer 1942">{{cite journal |author=Singer R. |title=Type studies on agarics |journal=Lloydia |year=1942 |volume=5 |pages=97–135}}</ref>
<ref name="urlKuo">{{cite web |title=''Entoloma murraii'' |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/entoloma_murraii.html |author=Kuo M. |date=July 2004 |publisher=MushroomExpert.com |access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref>
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Entoloma murrayi">{{cite web |title=''Entoloma murrayi'' (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. 1899 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=188278&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref>
}}
== External links == *{{Commons-inline}} *{{IndexFungorum|158631}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4532087}}
murrayi Category:Fungi of Central America Category:Fungi of Asia Category:Fungi of North America Category:Fungi of South America Category:Fungi described in 1859 Category:Inedible fungi Category:Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley Category:Taxa named by Moses Ashley Curtis Category:Fungus species