{{Short description|Italian botanist and mycologist (1845–1920)}} {{Infobox scientist | image = Pier Andrea Saccardo, 1900 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0115 C.jpg | alt = Head and shoulders portrait | caption = Saccardo in 1900 | birth_name = Pier Andrea Saccardo | birth_date = {{birth date|1845|4|23}} | birth_place = [[Treviso]], Italy | death_date = {{death date and age|1920|2|12|1845|4|23}} | death_place = [[Padua]], Italy | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Padua]]}} | fields = [[Mycology]] }}
'''Pier Andrea Saccardo''' (23 April 1845 in [[Treviso]], [[Province of Treviso|Treviso]] – 12 February 1920 in [[Padua, Italy|Padua]]) was an Italian [[botany|botanist]] and [[mycology|mycologist]]. His multi-volume ''[[Sylloge Fungorum]]'' was one of the first attempts to produce a comprehensive list of identified fungi, using their spore-bearing structures for classification. He was elected to the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]] in 1916 as a foreign member. He also authored a color classification system that he called ''Chromotaxia'' and contributed to the Italian translation of [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[Insectivorous Plants]].
== Life == Saccardo was born in the wine growing region of Selva di Montello to Elena Vidotto and engineer Francesco di Selva. He studied at gymnasium of the Venice seminary, the Lyceum in [[Venice]], and then at the Technical Institute of the [[University of Padua]] from 1864. At the age of fourteen, he had already put together a herbarium and had made collections of the insects of Treviso. He received a [[doctorate]] in 1867 and in the same year married Eleonora Zava. He became an Assistant to [[Roberto de Visiani]] (1800-1878), an Italian botanist, naturalist and scholar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Burkhardt|2022}}</ref>
In 1869, he became a professor of [[Natural history|Natural History]] in Padua. He established the mycological journal ''Michelia'', named for his mentor [[Pier Antonio Micheli]], in 1876 and published many of his early mycological papers there. In 1879, he became a professor of [[Botany]] and director of the [[Orto botanico di Padova|botanical gardens of the university]], a post he held until his retirement in November 1915.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bolman|2023|p=7}}</ref> He accumulated around 70,000 fungal specimens encompassing over 18,500 different species for his [[herbarium]] now stored at the university.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forin|Nigris|Voyron|Girlanda|Vizzini|Casadoro|Baldan|2018}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bolman|2023|pp=21–22}}</ref> Saccardo edited two [[exsiccata]] series, namely ''Muschi Trevigiani dissecti / Bryotheca Tarvisina'' (1864) and ''Mycotheca Veneta, sistens fungos Venetos exsiccatos'' (1875-1881).<ref>{{Harvnb|Triebel|Scholz|2025}}</ref> [[Image:Pier Andrea Saccardo 1845-1920.jpg|thumb|200px|Pier Andrea Saccardo|left]]
Saccardo's scientific activity focused almost entirely on [[mycology]]. He wrote his first book in 1864 (when he was 19 years old), ''Flora Montellica: an introduction to the flora Trevigiana''. In 1873, he published ''Mycologiae Venetae Specimen'', in which he described some 1200 fungi species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bolman|2023|p=6}}</ref> He published over 140 papers on the [[Deuteromycota]] (imperfect mushrooms) and the [[Sordariomycetes|Pyrenomycetes]]. He was most famous for his ''Sylloge'', begun in 1882, which was a comprehensive list of all of the [[Binomial nomenclature|names]] that had been used for [[mushrooms]]. ''Sylloge'' is still the only work of this kind that was both comprehensive for the [[Kingdom (biology)|botanical kingdom]] [[Fungus|Fungi]] and reasonably modern. Saccardo also developed a system for classifying the [[Deuteromycota|imperfect fungi]] by spore color and form, which became the primary system used before classification by [[Genetic fingerprinting|DNA analysis]]. Saccardo was the most prolific author of fungal species, having [[species description|formally described]] 6052 species in his lifetime.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lücking|2020}}</ref>[[File:Saccardo's chromotaxy scale.jpg|thumb|Saccardo's chromotaxy scale]]
==Chromotaxy scale== Saccardo proposed a [[color chart|color scale]] in 1894, for standardizing color naming of plant descriptions.
==Selected publications== Indispensable in the history of mycology is his master work ''Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum'' (Padua 1882–90, in nine volumes) followed by the 1931 edition in 25 volumes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davis|1920}}</ref>
===Books=== * ''Prospetto della Flora Trivigiana'' (Venice 1864) * ''Bryotheca Tarvisina'' (Treviso 1864) * ''Della storia e letteratura della Flora Veneta'' (Milan 1869) * ''Sommario d'un corso di botanica'' (3rd ed., Padua 1880) * ''Musci Tarvisini'' (Treviso 1872) * ''Mycologiae Venetae specimen'' (Padua 1873) * ''Mycotheca Veneta'' (Padua 1874–79) * ''Michelia, commentarium mycologicum'' (Padua 1877 to 1882, 2 volumes.) * ''Fungi italici autographie delineati et colorati'' (Padua 1877–86, with 1,500 tables)
==Personal life== He had a son, Domenico Saccardo (1872–1952), and a daughter, Giuseppina Saccardo-Rasi. The lichenologist Francesco Saccardo (1869–1896) was his nephew.<ref>{{Harvnb|Burkhardt|2022}}</ref> His son-in-law, [[Alessandro Trotter]] was involved in the posthumous completion of several of volumes of the ''Sylloge fungorum''.
==Eponyms== Saccardo was honoured in the naming of various genera and species; * ''Saccardoa'' {{Au|Trevis.}} 1869, (Lichenes), synonym of ''[[Pseudocyphellaria]]'' {{Au|Vain., 1890}} * ''[[Saccardia]]'' {{Au|Cooke 1878}} ([[Saccardiaceae]] family) in Grevillea 7: 49 in 1878.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Saccardia'' - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Saccardia |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''[[Saccardoella]]'' {{Au|[[Carlo Spegazzini|Speg.]]}} 1879, ([[Sordariomycetes]] class) in Michelia 1(5): 461 in 1879.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saccardoella - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Saccardoella |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''[[Saccardinula]]'' {{Au|Speg. 1885}} ([[Elsinoaceae]] family) in Anales Soc. Sci. Argent. 19: 257 in 1885.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saccardinula - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Saccardinula |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''[[Pasaccardoa]]'' {{Au|Kuntze}} 1891, (in the [[Asteraceae]] family.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Pasaccardoa'' Kuntze |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:10405-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * ''Saccardaea'' {{Au|Cavara 1894 }} now a synonym of ''[[Venustosynnema ciliatum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Species Fungorum - Names Record |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=127696 |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''Saccardophytum'' {{Au|Speg.}}, first published in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 53: 181 in 1902, now a synonym of ''[[Benthamiella]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Saccardophytum'' Speg. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295655-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * ''[[Saccardomyces]]'' {{Au|[[Paul Christoph Hennings|Henn.]] 1904}} ([[Trichosphaeriaceae]] family) in Hedwigia 43: 353 in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saccardomyces - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Saccardomyces |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''[[Phaeosaccardinula]]'' {{Au|Henn. 1905}} ([[Chaetothyriaceae]] family) in Hedwigia 44: XIV, 67 in 1905.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phaeosaccardinula - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Phaeosaccardinula |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> * ''Neosaccardia'' {{Au|Mattir. 1921}} (fungi), synonym of ''[[Scleroderma]]'' {{Au|Pers., 1801}}<ref>{{cite web |title=''Neosaccardia'' Mattir. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/4911869 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=8 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{{botanist|Sacc.|Saccardo, Pier Andrea}}
==See also== * [[:Category:Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo]]
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * {{Cite journal |last=Bolman |first=Brad |date=2023 |title=What mysteries lay in spore: taxonomy, data, and the internationalization of mycology in Saccardo's ''Sylloge Fungorum'' |journal=[[British Journal for the History of Science]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=369–390 |doi=10.1017/S0007087423000158 |pmid=37248705 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/what-mysteries-lay-in-spore-taxonomy-data-and-the-internationalization-of-mycology-in-saccardos-sylloge-fungorum/621C128689D7D3A31788AFEB40C39BF3 |access-date=January 1, 2023 }} * {{Cite book |last=Burkhardt |first=Lotte |title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen (Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names) |publisher =Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | date =2022 | location =Berlin | doi =10.3372/epolist2022 | isbn =978-3-946292-41-8}} * {{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=J.J. |date=1920 |title=Pier Andrea Saccardo |journal=[[Botanical Gazette]] |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=156–157 |doi=10.1086/332725}} * Dörfelt, Heinrich; Heklau, Heike (1998). ''Die Geschichte der Mykologie'' (''The History of Mycology''). Einhorn-Verlag E. Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd. {{ISBN|3-927654-44-2}}. * {{Cite journal |title=Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient Fungal Specimens: The Case of the Saccardo Mycological Herbarium |journal=Front. Ecol. Evol. |last1=Forin |first1=Niccòlo |date=2018-08-30 |volume=6 |last2=Nigris |first2=Sebastiano |last3=Voyron |first3=Samuele |last4=Girlanda |first4=Mariangela |last5=Vizzini |first5=Alfredo |last6=Casadoro |first6=Giorgio |last7=Baldan |first7=Barbara |doi=10.3389/fevo.2018.00129 |doi-access=free |hdl=2318/1792554|hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite journal |title=Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective |journal=Megataxa |last=Lücking |first=Robert |date=2020-01-31 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/megataxa/article/view/megataxa.1.1.16 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–103 |doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite web |title=Pier Andrea Saccardo, mycologist: brief biography |url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/~biog-saccardo.php |website=www.first-nature.com |access-date=8 October 2022}} * {{cite web | url =http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de/ | title =Index of Exsiccatae | last1 =Triebel | first1 =D |last2=Scholz |first2=P. | date =2025 | publisher =Botanische Staatssammlung München}}
==External links== * [http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Saccardo24.html "Pier Andrea Saccardo (1845–1921)" Illinois Mycological Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051126071823/http://www.towson.edu/~wubah/mycology/European%20mycological%20history.htm Wubah, Daniel A. (1999) "History of Mycology" Towson University, MD] * Saccardo's (1894) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/25390 ''Chromotaxia, seu nomenclator colorum... ad usum botanicorum et zoologorum''] (in English, French, German, Italian, and Latin) – digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saccardo, Pier Andrea}} [[Category:Italian mycologists]] [[Category:19th-century Italian botanists]] [[Category:1920 deaths]] [[Category:1845 births]] [[Category:20th-century Italian botanists]]