{{Short description|Inactive Belgian fortress on the Belgian–Dutch border}} {{Infobox military installation |name = Fort Eben-Emael |native_name = Fort d'Ében-Émael |partof = Fortified Position of Liège |location = Eben-Emael, Belgium |image =300px |caption="Maastricht 2" one of Fort Eben-Emael's casemates. |map_type = Belgium |map_size = 300 |map_alt = |map_caption = |type = Fort |coordinates = {{coord|50.79755|5.67899|scale:10000|display=inline,title}} |code = |built = {{Start date|1932}}–35 |builder = Belgian Army |materials = Reinforced concrete, deep excavation, rock excavation |height = |used = |demolished = |condition = Preserved |ownership = |open_to_public = Yes |controlledby = Belgium |garrison = |current_commander = |commanders = |occupants = |battles = Battle of Belgium |events = |image2 = |caption2 = }}

[[File:AlbertkanaalSluisTernaaien3.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Section of the Caestert Plateau where the Albert Canal can be seen cutting through the ridge]] [[File:Eben-Emael.png|200px|thumb|right|Map of the area between Belgium and the Netherlands near Fort Eben-Emael]] 200px|thumb|right|A cupola in Fort Eben-Emael after penetration by a shaped charge 200px|thumb|right|Entrance area, July 2007 thumb|200px|right|75mm turret, B.V

'''Fort Eben-Emael''' ({{langx|fr|Fort d'Ében-Émael}}, {{IPA|fr|fɔʁ debɛn emal|pron}}) is an inactive Belgian fortress located between Liège and Maastricht, on the Belgian-Dutch border, near the Albert Canal, outside the village of Ében-Émael. It was designed to defend Belgium from a German attack across the narrow belt of Dutch territory in the region. Constructed in 1931–1935, it was reputed to be impregnable and, at the time, the largest in the world.

The fort was neutralized by glider-borne German troops (85 men)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/world-war-two-in-western-europe/the-attack-on-western-europe/the-capture-of-fort-eben/|title=The Capture of Fort Eben – History Learning Site|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> on 10–11 May 1940 during the Second World War. This was the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers ever attempted in military history. The action cleared the way for German ground forces to enter Belgium, unhindered by fire from Eben-Emael. While still the property of the Belgian Army, the fort has been preserved as a museum and may be visited.

== Location == The fort is located along the Albert Canal where it runs through a deep cutting at the junction of the Belgian and Dutch borders, about {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off}} northeast of Liège and about {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} south of Maastricht. A huge excavation project was carried out in the 1920s to create the Caestert cutting through the Caestert Plateau to keep the canal in Belgian territory. This created a natural defensive barrier that was augmented by the fort, at a location that had been recommended by Brialmont in the 19th century.<ref name="dunstan1">{{cite book|last=Dunstan|first=Simon|title=Fort Eben Emael: The Key to Hitler's Victory in the West|year=2005|publisher=Osprey|isbn=1-84176-821-9|page=12}}</ref> Eben-Emael was the largest of four forts built in the 1930s as the Fortified Position of Liège I (''Position Fortifiée de Liège I'' (PFL I)). From north to south, the new forts were Eben-Emael, Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau, Fort de Battice and Fort de Tancrémont. Tancrémont and Aubin-Neufchâteau are smaller than Eben-Emael and Battice. Several of the 19th century forts designed by General Henri Alexis Brialmont that encircled Liège were reconstructed and designated PFL II.<ref name="kauffmann1">{{cite book|last=Kauffmann|first=J.E.|title=Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II|year=1999|publisher=Combined Publishing|isbn=1-58097-000-1|page=103}}</ref>

A great deal of the fort's excavation work was carried out on the canal side, sheltered from view and a convenient location to load excavated spoil into barges to be taken away economically. The fort's elevation above the canal also allowed for efficient interior drainage, making Eben-Emael drier than many of its sister fortifications.<ref name="fortiffbe1a">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Sous-sol|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e16|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2009-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204075334/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Description == Fort Eben-Emael was a greatly enlarged development of the original Belgian defence works designed by General Henri Alexis Brialmont before World War I. Even in its larger form, the fort comprised a relatively compact ensemble of gun turrets and observation posts, surrounded by a defended ditch. This was in contrast with French thinking for the contemporary Maginot Line fortifications, which were based on the dispersed ''fort palmé'' concept, with no clearly defined perimeter, a lesson learned from the experiences of French and Belgian forts in World War I.<ref name="hetou1-1">{{cite book|last=Mary|first=Jean-Yves|author2=Hohnadel, Alain|author3=Sicard, Jacques|title=Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1|publisher=Histoire & Collections|year=2001|pages=17–19|isbn=2-908182-88-2|language=fr}}</ref> The new Belgian forts, while more conservative in design than the French ''ouvrages'', included several new features as a result of World War I experience. The gun turrets were less closely grouped. Reinforced concrete was used in place of plain mass concrete, and its placement was done with greater care to avoid weak joints between pours. Ventilation was greatly improved, including an air filtration system for protection against gas attack, magazines were deeply buried and protected, and sanitary facilities and general living arrangements for the troops were given careful attention.<ref name="donnell1">{{cite book|last=Donnell|first=Clayton|title=The Forts of the Meuse in World War I|year=2007|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-84603-114-4|pages=55–56}}</ref> Eben-Emael and Battice featured 120&nbsp;mm and 75&nbsp;mm guns, giving the fort the ability to bombard targets across a wide area of the eastern Liège region.<ref name="dunstan1" />

Fort Eben-Emael occupies a large hill just to the east of Eben-Emael village (now part of Bassenge) and bordering the Albert Canal. The irregularly-shaped fort is about {{convert|600|m|ft}} in the east-west dimension, and about {{convert|750|m|ft}} in the north-south dimension.<ref name="kauffmann126">Kauffmann, p. 126</ref> It was more heavily armed than any other in the PFL I. In contrast to the other forts whose main weapons were in turrets, Eben-Emael's main weapons were divided between turrets and casemates.<ref name="Kauffmann2">Kauffmann, pp. 107, 109, 124</ref> The 60&nbsp;mm, 75&nbsp;mm and 120&nbsp;mm guns were made by the Fonderie Royale des Canons de Belgique (F.R.C.) in the city of Liège. The artillery turrets were so well-designed and constructed the artillerists were not required to wear hearing protection when firing the guns. * Block B.I – entrance block with two 60&nbsp;mm anti-tank guns (F.R.C. Modèle 1936) and machine guns.<ref name="kauffmann108">Kauffmann, p. 108</ref><ref name="fortiffbe2">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Bloc I – Entrée|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e1|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023081453/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e1|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Blocks B.II, B.IV and B.VI – flanking casemates located around the perimeter ditch to take the ditch in enfilade with two 60&nbsp;mm guns and machine guns.<ref name="kauffmann108" /> * Block B.V – similar to II, IV and VI, with one 60&nbsp;mm gun.<ref name="kauffmann108" /> * Cupola 120 – one twin 120&nbsp;mm gun (F.R.C. Modèle 1931)<ref name="kauffmann1" /> turret, with a range of 17.5&nbsp;km. There were also three dummy 120&nbsp;mm turrets.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe3">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Coupole 120|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e7|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085350/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e7|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Dunstan, p. 28</ref> * Cupola Nord and Cupola Sud – each had one retractable turret with two 75&nbsp;mm guns (F.R.C. Modèle 1935),<ref name="kauffmann1" /> with a range of 10.5&nbsp;km.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe4">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Coupole Nord|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e3|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090037/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fortiffbe5">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Coupole Sud|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e5|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090318/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e5|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Visé I and II – each houses three 75&nbsp;mm guns, facing south.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe6">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Visé I|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e10|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090422/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fortiffbe7">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael -Visé II|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e10|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023090422/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e10|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Maastricht I and II – each houses three 75&nbsp;mm guns, firing north in the direction of Maastricht.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe7" /><ref name="fortiffbe8">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael -Visé II|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e9|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023095017/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e9|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Canal Nord and Sud – were twinned blocks housing 60&nbsp;mm guns and machine guns covering the canal. 'Sud' was demolished when the canal was enlarged.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe9">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Canal Nord|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e14|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023095228/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fortiffbe10">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael -Canal Sud|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e49|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023103509/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e49|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 'Mi-Nord and Sud' are machine gun blocks (''mitrailleuses'') in the main surface of the fort. They were crucial in defending the top of the fort.<ref name="kauffmann108" /><ref name="fortiffbe11">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael – Mi Nord|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e12|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023103545/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fortiffbe12">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael -Mi Sud|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e13|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023103815/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 'Block O1' overlooks the canal and guarded the Lanaye locks. It housed a 60&nbsp;mm gun and machine guns.<ref name="fortiffbe13">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Eben-Emael -O 1 Observatoire|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e15|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023104650/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=e15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Underground galleries extend over {{convert|4|km|mi|frac=2|spell=in}} beneath the hill, connecting the combat blocks and serving the underground barracks, power plant, ammunition magazines and other spaces.<ref name="kauffmann108" /> Fresh air was obtained from intake vents over the canal.<ref>Dunstan, p. 29</ref>

== Personnel == In 1940, Fort Eben-Emael was commanded by Major Jottrand.<ref name="fortiffbe1b">{{cite web|last=Puelinckx|first=Jean|title=Organigramme 1940|url=http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=organi|work=Index des fortifications belges|publisher=fortiff.be|language=fr|access-date=2010-10-27|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023142429/http://www.fortiff.be/ifb/index.php?page=organi|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were around 1,200 Belgian troops stationed at the fort, divided into three groups. The first group was permanently stationed at the fort and consisted of 200 technical personnel (e.g. doctors, cooks, weapon maintenance technicians, administration staff). The two other groups consisted of 500 artillerists each. In peacetime, one group would be stationed at the fort for one week, and the other group would be in reserve at the village of Wonck, about {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away. These two groups would change places every week.

Except for some of the officers and NCOs, most of the men were conscripts. The majority of these were reservists and were called up after the invasion of Poland in 1939. Infantry training was poor, since the men were considered to be purely artillerists.

== 1940 == {{Main|Battle of Fort Eben-Emael}} On 10 May 1940, 78 paratroopers of the German 7th ''Flieger'' (later 1st ''Fallschirmjäger'' Division) landed on the fortress with DFS 230 gliders, armed with special high explosives to attack the fortress and its guns. Most of the fort's defenders were taken by complete surprise.<ref name="dunstan4555">Dunstan, pp. 45-55</ref> Eben-Emael's loss delivered a hard blow from which the Belgian Army did not recover.

== Present day == Fort Eben-Emael is now open to the public. While still military property, it is administered by the Association Fort Eben-Emael, which provides tours and activities.<ref>Dunstan, p. 60</ref><ref name="fortissimus1">{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.fortissimus.be/home.php|work=Fortissimus Eben-Emael|publisher=ASBL Fort Eben-Emael|access-date=27 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810051318/http://www.fortissimus.be/home.php|archive-date=10 August 2010}}</ref>

== See also == *Czechoslovak border fortifications *Maginot Line

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Dunstan | first = Simon | title = Fort Eben-Emael: The key to Hitler's Victory in the West | publisher = Osprey | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-84176-821-9}} * {{cite book | last = Kauffmann | first = J. E. | title = Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-306-81174-X}} * {{cite book | last = McRaven | first = William | title = Spec Ops: Case Studies in Special Operations Warfare – Theory & Practice | publisher = Presidio Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-89141-544-0}} * {{cite book | last=Mrazek | first=James E. | title=The Fall of Eben-Emael | year=1991| publisher=Presidio Press |location=Novato, CA |isbn=0-89141-406-1}} * {{cite journal |title=Eben-Emael: May 10, 1940 |journal=After the Battle |year=1974 |volume=5 |pages=28–39 |issn=0306-154X}} * {{cite book | last = Saunders | first = Tim | title = Fort Eben-Emael 1940 |series=Battleground | publisher = Pen and Sword | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-84415-255-3}} {{Refend}}

== External links == {{sister project links|auto=y}} * [http://www.fort-eben-emael.be/ Fort Eben-Emael Official website] * [http://home.freeuk.net/johndillon/eben_emael.htm A page on Eben-Emael] * [http://www.darkplaces.org/Belgien/WW2/Eben-Emael/Eben-Emael_fr.html Eben-Emael at darkplaces.org] with a layout of the fort * [http://www.janssen-militaria.com/ebenemael.html Story of Pionier-Bataillon(mot)51, Eben-Emael May 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145610/http://www.janssen-militaria.com/ebenemael.html |date=2007-09-28 }} * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_2_93/ai_n6124007/pg_1 Glider assault on Eben Emael as an archetype for the future] Infantry Magazine, March–April, 2004 by Paul Witkowski * [http://www.fronta.cz/zbrane-belgickeho-opevneni Armament of Eben-Emael, Aubin-Neufchateau, Battice and Trancémont] and [http://www.fronta.cz/fotogalerie/belgicka-tvrz-eben-emael Photo gallery of Eben-Emael](Czech only)

{{Fortified Position of Liège}}

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Eben-Emael Category:Military history of Belgium during World War II Category:World War II museums in Belgium Category:Museums in Liège Province Category:Tunnel warfare Category:Bassenge