{{Short description|Region of Mali and Burkina Faso}} [[File:Falaise de Bandiagara2.jpg|thumb|right|The Bandiagara cliff and its view of the plain.]] '''Dogon country''' (French: '''''Pays Dogon''''') is a region of eastern Mali and northwestern Burkina Faso populated mainly by the Dogon people, a diverse ethnic group in West Africa with diverse languages. Like the term Serer country occupied by the Serer ethnic group further to the west, Dogon country is vast. It lies southwest of the Niger River belt. The region is composed of three zones: the plateau, the escarpment and the Seno-Gondo plain.<ref name="Velton">{{cite book |last=Velton |first=Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8xB7ZG2KOEC&pg=PA187 |title=Mali: The Bradt Safari Guide |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |date=2009 |pages=159, 187 |isbn=9781841622187 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Silverman">{{cite book |last=Silverman |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pmQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=Museum as Process: Translating Local and Global Knowledges |publisher=Routledge |date=2014 |page=189 |isbn=9781317661931 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>
In Mali, this historic region belongs to the Mopti Region and extends on either side of the Bandiagara Escarpment. Dogon country in Mali is the most visited tourist area of the country, due to the Dogon people's rich cultural heritage.<ref name="Velton"/><ref name="Silverman"/> Sangha, Mali is the heart of Dogon country with its rich history of Dogon religion, shrines and temples.<ref>{{cite book |last=Silverman |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRdn-a7TaPoC&pg=PA13 |title=Niger, Post Report |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=1985 |page=13 |via=books.google.com |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=St gelais |first1=Remi |last2=Landry |first2=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXhxUhzZRtoC&pg=PP6 |title=Mali : Culture mythique en pays Dogon à Youga Nah Falaise |publisher=Ulysse |date=2012 |page=6 |isbn=9782765805458 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>
==Landscapes== Starting from the Niger River in a south-eastern direction, towards Burkina Faso, we successively meet three types of landscapes in Dogon country: plateau, cliff and plain.
===Plateau=== {{main|Bandiagara}} The region is a vast sandstone plateau rising gradually from the river to the cliff. It is on this plateau that Bandiagara, the “capital” of Dogon country is established.
===Cliff=== {{main|Bandiagara Escarpment}} Its often almost vertical wall faces Burkina Faso. With a height varying from 100 to around 400 m, it overlooks the Seno plain, which is between 250 and 300 m above sea level.
It is about 200 km long and oriented from southwest to northeast starting from Ségué in the south, and ending in Douentza in the north. The altitude increases from south to north until it reaches 791 m near Bamba, Koro.
It is the emblematic place of the country and its main center of tourist attraction.
===Plain=== Located at the foot of the cliff, the Séno-Gondo plain stretches to the Burkinabé border.
==Archeology== {{Traditional African religion}} {{main|Toloy|Tellem}} The Dogon country has many vestiges of ancient habitat from successive periods of occupation. From the ancient Toloy and Tellem, to the Dogon.<ref name="JSA" />
There is the rocky channel located near Sangha where the remains of the Toloy were found, such as granaries, skeletons, pottery and plants, with a carbon-14 dating of 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.<ref name="JSA">{{cite journal |author=Bedaux, Rogier Michiel Alphons |url=https://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1974_num_44_1_1747?_Prescripts_Search_isPortletOuvrage=false |title=Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d'une culture de l'Ouest africain au Moyen Âge : recherches architectoniques |journal=Journal de la Société des Africanistes |date=1974 |number=42 |pages=103–185 |via=Persée |access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haour |first1=Anne |last2=Manning |first2=K. |last3=Arazi |first3=N. |last4=Gosselain |first4=O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkrsDAAAQBAJ&pg=SA3-PA3 |title=African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present: Techniques, Identification and Distribution |publisher=Oxbow Books |date=2010 |page=3 |isbn=9781842178737 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>
===Religion and festivals=== {{main|Dogon religion|Nommo|Lebe (Dogon)|Awa Society}} The Dogon religion is the traditional African beliefs of the Dogon of Mali. Those who follow this spiritual path believe in one Supreme Creator, Amma (or Ama<ref name="Isoll">{{cite book |last=Insoll |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Insoll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZOCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Archaeology, Ritual, Religion |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |pages=123–125 |isbn=9781134526444 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>),{{sfn|Masolo|1994|pages=70-71}} the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent Creator.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hackett |first=Rosalind |author-link=Rosalind Hackett |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCJ71rRnzhgC&pg=PA35 |title=Art and Religion in Africa |publisher=A&C Black |chapter=1(998) |date=October 1998 |pages=35–36 |isbn=9780826436559 |via=books.google.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>
They also believe in ancestral spirits such as the Serpent Ancestor Lebe, and the "Water Spirits" Nommo.{{sfn|Griaule|1970|p=97}} Veneration of the ancestors forms an important aspect of Dogon religion. They hold ritual mask dances immediately after the death of a person and sometimes long after they have passed on to the next life.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Davis, Shawn R. |title=Dogon Funerals |journal=African Art |volume=35 |via=JSTOR (Organization) |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles, African Studies Center, African Studies Center |location=Los Angeles |date=2002 |issue=2 |page=68}}</ref> Twins, "the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives" (masculine and feminine principles) is a fundamental element in their belief system. Like other traditional African religions, balance, and reverence for nature are also key elements.{{sfn|Griaule|1970|p=198}}
Many Dogons have also converted to Islam recently despite centuries of fleeing persecution and Islamization from other dominant communities.
==Villages== Most Dogon villages are located within Mopti Region, Mali. The tables below list the number of villages by Dogon language group as of 2004. All of the villages and cercles listed below are located within Mopti Region, with the exception of Tominian Cercle in Ségou Region.<ref name=Hochstetler>{{cite web |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/16/86/70/16867030534241382251180921508916674123/silesr2004_004.pdf |title=Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area |editor-last1=Hochstetler |editor-first1=J. Lee |editor-last2=Durieux |editor-first2=J. A. |editor-last3=Durieux-Boon |editor-first3=E. I. K. |date=2004 |website=SIL International |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> However, due to the presently ongoing Mali War that had begun in the early 2010s, some of the villages in the region may have already been abandoned.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" |+ Distribution of Dogon villages in Bandiagara Cercle ! Commune !! Number of villages by Dogon subgroup (2004) |- | Bandiagara || 34 Donno-sɔ, 9 Mombo, 1 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 1 Tomo-kan |- | Kendié || 29 Bondum, 14 Dogulu, 13 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 5 Tiranige-diga |- | Ningari || 47 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 5 Bondum, 3 Nanga |- | Kani-Gogouna || 30 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 14 Dogulu, 12 Donno-sɔ, 1 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ |- | Goundaka || 15 Mombo, 3 Bangime, 2 Korandabo, 1 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 8 Tiranige-diga |- | Sangha || 74 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ, 7 Donno-sɔ, 1 Jamsay |- | Dourou || 12 Donno-sɔ, 4 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ |- | Ouo || 57 Tomo-kan, 12 Ampari |}
{| class="wikitable" |+ Distribution of Dogon villages in Koro Cercle ! Commune !! Number of villages by Dogon subgroup (2004) |- | Koro || 24 Jamsay, 19 Togo-kan, 14 Tɔrɔ-sɔ, 4 Teŋu-kan, 2 Tomo-kan |- | Diankabou || 24 Jamsay, 15 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 6 Yanda, 3 Oru Yille, 3 Tɔrɔ-sɔ, 1 Nanga |- | Dinangourou || 19 Jamsay |- | Dioungani || 32 Jamsay, 8 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ, 1 Togo-kan |- | Madougou || 48 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ, 28 Jamsay, 1 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 1 Togo-kan |- | Koporokénié-Na || 32 Togo-kan, 1 Jamsay, 1 Tɔrɔ-sɔɔ, 1 Teŋu-kan |- | Toroli || 30 Togo-kan, 3 Teŋu-kan, 1 Jamsay |}
{| class="wikitable" |+ Distribution of Dogon villages in Bankass Cercle ! Commune !! Number of villages by Dogon subgroup (2004) |- | Bankass || 12 Teŋu-kan, 10 Tomo-kan |- | Kani-Bonzon || 24 Tomo-kan |- | Diallassagou || 57 Tomo-kan |- | Ségué || 45 Tomo-kan |- | Baye || 2 Tomo-kan |- | Sokoura || 15 Tomo-kan |- | Ouenkoro || 4 Tomo-kan |}
{| class="wikitable" |+ Distribution of Dogon villages in Douentza Cercle ! Commune !! Number of villages by Dogon subgroup (2004) |- | Douentza || 26 Bondum, 28 Tɔmmɔ-sɔ, 10 Jamsay |- | Mondoro || 15 Jamsay |- | Boré || 28 Bondum |- | Boni || 12 Tɔrɔ-tegu |}
{| class="wikitable" |+ Distribution of Dogon villages in Tominian Cercle, Ségou Region ! Commune !! Villages by Dogon subgroup (2004) |- | Timissa || 10 Tomo-kan |- | Koula || 4 Tomo-kan, 1 Ampari |}
In addition, there is one Tomo-kan village in Djenné Cercle.<ref name=Hochstetler/>
==Biodiversity== {{further|Wildlife of Mali}} The irregularities of the rocky plateau generate very high concentrations of water, which means that, beyond a typical Sahelian vegetation, extremely arid zones can rub shoulders with all kinds of lush green oases, pockets of extraordinary biodiversity.
Each microclimate in the region offers a unique assortment of medicinal plants and tree species with significant value for the population, such as shea, the locust bean, ''Faidherbia albida'', the tamarind, African palmyra palm, and the baobab.<ref name=plants>{{cite web |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Heath (linguist) |title=Practical identification guide to plants of northern and east-central Mali |url=https://dogonlanguages.org/sources/floranotesmalijh |website=dogonlanguages.org}}{{dead link |date=August 2025}}</ref>
The Dogon country also has many bird species.<ref name=birds>{{cite web |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Heath (linguist) |title=Guide to birds of Dogon country and northern Mali |url=https://dogonlanguages.org/sources/birdnotesmalijh |website=dogonlanguages.org}}{{dead link |date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogoncountry.com/fr/about-pays-dogon/nature-and-biodiversity/ |title=Pays Dogon-La nature et biodiversité |website=Dogoncountry.com |access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref>
===Insects=== Dogon ethnoentomology has been thoroughly documented by Jeffrey Heath. The following are various types of insects that are well known to the Northern Dogon people.<ref name=insects>{{cite web |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Heath (linguist) |title=Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country |url=https://dogonlanguages.org/sources/insectarthropodmolluscnotesmalijh |website=dogonlanguages.org}}{{dead link |date=August 2025}}</ref>
;Beetles *''Steraspis'' and ''Sternocera'' (jewel beetles) *Bostrichidae (rectangular black beetles) *''Elephenus fasciatus'' (click beetle) *''Dineutus'' sp. (whirlygig beetle) *Lampyridae (fireflies) *Meloidae (blister beetles) *''Pachnoda'' and ''Rhabdotis'' (millet beetles): including ''Pachnoda cordata'', ''Pachnoda interrupta'', ''Pachnoda marginata'', and ''Rhabdotis sobrina'' *''Allogymnopleurus aeneus'' (dung beetle) *''Trachyderma hispida'' (nocturnal house beetle) *''Vieta senegalensis'' (beetle found on grounds of millet fields) *''Epomis croesus'' (ground beetle) *''Scarites guineensis'' (ground beetle) *''Crossotus albicollis'' (longhorn beetle) *''Euryope rubra'' (orange leaf beetle) *''Phyllognathus burmeisteri'' (rhinoceros beetle) *''Pogonobasis'' sp., ''Thalpophila schweinfurthi'', ''Pimelia grandis'', and ''Zophosis'' sp. *Other beetle species: ''Pseudoprotaetia stolata'', ''Cyaneolytta chopardi'', ''Hycleus affinis'', ''Lydomorphus dusaulti'', ''Zonitoschema gigantea'', ''Apate terebrans'', ''Sinoxylon senegalense'', ''Oplostomus fuligineus'', ''Callosobruchus maculatus'', ''Lanelater notodonta'', and ''Cybister'' sp.<ref name=tsammalex>{{cite book |editor1=Christfried Naumann |editor2=Tom Güldemann |editor3=Steven Moran |editor4=Guillaume Segerer |editor5=Anne-Maria Fehn |editor6=Robert Forkel |date=2020 |url=https://tsammalex.clld.org |title=Tsammalex: A lexical database on plants and animals |location=Leipzig |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}}</ref>
;Diptera (flies) *Asilidae (robber flies) *Muscoidea *Calliphoridae (blowflies) *cf. ''Hypoderma'' sp. (botfly) *cf. ''Sarcophaga'' sp. (flesh fly) *''Actia'' sp.
;True bugs *cicadas *''Anoplocnemis curvipes'': feeds on legumes and flies *pod-sucking bugs on cowpeas, etc. *''Nariscus'' sp.: feeds on calabash plants *Pentatomidae (stink bugs) *''Dysdercus volkeri'' (cotton-stainer bug) *''Cyclogastridea'' sp.: a flat green bug in found in ''Combretum glutinosum'' tree leaves *''Laccotrephes fabricii'', ''Lethocerus'' sp.: large "water scorpion" bugs found in pools of water
;Bees and wasps *''Oxybelus'' sp. (digger wasp) *Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps) *''Delta emarginatum'' (large mud-dauber wasp); Eumeninae (mason wasps) *''Polistes'' sp. (paper wasp) *''Belonogaster'' sp. (paper wasp)
;Ants *''Pachycondyla'' sp. (stinging black ant, very common) *''Camponotus maculatus'' (yellow honey ant) *''Messor'' sp. (army ant) *''Camponotus sericeus'' (black ant) *''Cataglyphis'' spp.: long-legged and fast-moving, prefer sandy areas *''Dorylus'' sp. (large army ant)
;Grasshoppers *''Chrotogonus senegalensis'': small "toad grasshopper" *''Acrida bicolor'' *''Sherifuria haningtoni'': common in rocky areas, eats grasses and grains *''Acorypha glaucopsis'': eaten by the Dogon *''Diabolocatantops axillaris'': millet pest *''Anacridium melanorhodon'': tree locust *''Kraussaria angulifera'': millet pest, also eaten by the Dogon *''Cataloipus cymbiferus'': large "horse grasshopper"; millet pest *''Kraussella amabile'': eaten by the Dogon *''Hieroglyphus daganensis'': eaten by the Dogon *''Oedaleus senegalensis'': millet pest *''Scintharista notabilis'' *''Conocephalus conocephalus''; other Acrididae species: ''Acanthacris ruficornis citrina'', ''Acorypha clara'', ''Acrotylus blondeli'', ''Acrotylus patruelis'', ''Aiolopus simulatrix'', ''Cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes'', ''Catantops stramineus'', ''Cryptocatantops haemorrhoidalis'', ''Duronia chloronota'', ''Eurysternacris brevipes'', ''Gastrimargus africanus'', ''Harpezocatantops stylifer'', ''Heteracris annulosa'', ''Heteracris leani'', ''Homoxyrrhepes punctipennis'', ''Humbe tenuicornis'', ''Locusta migratoria'', ''Locustana pardalina'', ''Morphacris fasciata'', ''Nomadacris septemfasciata'', ''Ochrilidia gracilis'', ''Ornithacris cavroisi'', ''Orthacanthacris humilicrus'', ''Oxycatantops spissus'', ''Paracinema tricolor'', ''Schistocerca gregaria'', ''Sphingonotus canariensis orientalis'', ''Trilophidia conturbata'', ''Zacompsa festa''; Pyrgomorphidae species: ''Atractomorpha acutipennis'', ''Poekilocerus bufonius hieroglyphicus'', ''Pyrgomorpha vignaudi''<ref name=tsammalex/>
;Neuroptera (antlions, etc.) *''Lachlathetes furfuraceus'' and ''Creoleon africanus''<ref name=tsammalex/>
Mantises (such as ''Eremiaphila reticulata''), earwigs (such as ''Forficula senegalensis''), termites (such as ''Macrotermes subhyalinus''), and many other types of insects are also found in Dogon Country. Lepidopteran species are diverse, including ''Agrius convolvuli'' and many pearl millet and sorghum pest species.<ref name=tsammalex/>
Among non-insect arthropods, the scorpions ''Androctonus amoreuxi'' (a common house scorpion) and ''Pandinus imperator'' (black emperor scorpion, locally called the "horse scorpion"), which are non-insect arthropods, are also common in the region.<ref name=insects/> Spiders include ''Galeodes olivieri''. Ticks include ''Hyalomma impeltatum'' and ''Rhipicephalus turanicus''. Millipedes include ''Archispirostreptus'' sp., and centipedes include ''Scolopendra'' sp.<ref name=tsammalex/>
==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Village du plateau Dogon.jpg|Plateau village File:Village Dogon1.jpg|The plain seen from the foot of the cliff File:Marché Dogon.jpg|Market in a village at the foot of the cliff File:Pays Dogon (73).JPG|The mask festival File:Pays Dogon (15).JPG|Weaving in Dogon Country File:Pays Dogon (82).JPG|Mask dance </gallery>
==See also== *Mount Hombori *Sangha, Mali *Youga Dogorou
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *Ballo, Mamadou, ''Cultural Impacts of Tourism: The Case of the 'Dogon Country' in Mali'', Rochester Institute of Technology (2011) *{{cite book |last1=Griaule |first1=Marcel |author-link=Marcel Griaule |date=1970 |title=Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas (original 1965) |isbn=978-0-19-519821-8}} *{{cite book |last=Masolo |first=D. A. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTzTvGHbXpgC&pg=PA68 |chapter=African Philosophy in Search of Identity |title=African systems of thought |publisher=International African Institute), Indiana University Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780253207753 |access-date=2020-03-03}}
==External links== *[https://dogonlanguages.org/geography.cfm Database of Dogon villages] (data mostly collected in the early 2010s just prior to the Mali War)
{{Dogon topics|state=collapsed}}
Category:Regions of West Africa Category:Dogon country Category:Geography of Mali Category:Mopti Region Category:Tourism in Mali Category:Dogon holy places Category:Sacred sites in traditional African religions