{{Short description|Family of grasshoppers}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Pyrgomorpha conica.jpg | image_caption = ''Pyrgomorpha conica'', a well-camouflaged species | image2 = Phymateus morbillosus (Pyrgomorphidae) (4761619550).jpg | image2_caption = ''Phymateus morbillosus'', a toxic species with bright warning colours | taxon = Pyrgomorphidae | authority = Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and Tribes | subdivision = See text }}
'''Pyrgomorphidae''' is a family of grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera; it is the only family in the superfamily '''Pyrgomorphoidea'''.<ref name="orthoptera.speciesfile.org">{{Cite web|url=http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=9428|title = Family Pyrgomorphidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874: Orthoptera Species File}}</ref> Pyrgomorphidae are found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate regions (though none are from US mainland),<ref name="orthoptera.speciesfile.org"/> but the vast majority of the family's approximately 500 species are from Africa, Asia and Australia.<ref name=MarinoPerez2017>{{cite journal| last1=Mariño-Pérez | first1=R. | last2=Song | first2=H. | year=2017 | title=Phylogeny of the grasshopper family Pyrgomorphidae(Caelifera, Orthoptera) based on morphology |journal=Systematic Entomology | volume=43 | issue=1 | pages=90–108 | doi=10.1111/syen.12251 }}</ref> Their name is probably derived from ''pyrgos'' (Greek: ''Πύργος'') meaning "tower": a reference to the form (''morph'') of the head in the type genus ''Pyrgomorpha'' and other genera.
They may sometimes be known as "gaudy grasshoppers",<ref name="orthoptera.speciesfile.org"/> due to the striking, bright aposematic colouration of a number of genera, warning of their toxicity.<ref name=MarinoPerez2017/> However, about 90% of the species in the family are harmless and well-camouflaged,<ref name=MarinoPerez2017/> with a few, notably ''Sphenarium'', even caught for human consumption.<ref name=Cerritos2008>{{cite journal| last1=Cerritos | first1=R. | last2=Cano-Santana | first2=Z. | year=2008 | title=Harvesting grasshoppers Sphenarium purpurascens in Mexico for human consumption: A comparison with insecticidal control for managing pest outbreaks | journal=Crop Protection | volume=27 | issue=3–5 | pages=473–480 | doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2007.08.001 | bibcode=2008CrPro..27..473C }}</ref>
== Subfamilies and tribes == Incomplete list of genera and species:<ref name="orthoptera.speciesfile.org"/>
===Subfamily Orthacridinae=== All tribes and selected genera only are shown here: * Tribe Brunniellini Kevan, 1963 - Philippines * Tribe Chapmanacridini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - W. Africa * Tribe Fijipyrgini Kevan, 1966 - Fiji * Tribe Geloiini Bolívar, 1905 - Madagascar * Tribe Gymnohippini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Madagascar * Tribe Ichthiacridini Kevan, Singh & Akbar, 1964 - Mexico * Tribe Ichthyotettigini Kevan, Singh & Akbar, 1964 - Mexico * Tribe Malagasphenini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Madagascar * Tribe Mitricephalini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Malesia * Tribe Nereniini Kevan, 1964 - Vietnam, PNG ** Genus ''Nerenia: Nerenia francoisi'' Bolívar, 1905 (monotypic) ** Genus ''Megradina: Megradina festiva'' Storozhenko, 2004 (monotypic) * Tribe Orthacridini Bolívar, 1905 - E. Africa, Madagascar, India, Indo-China [[File:Neorthacris simulans-Kadavoor-2016-09-13-002.jpg|thumb|''Neorthacris simulans'' at Kadavoor, Kerala, India]] ** Genus ''Kuantania'' Miller, 1935 ** Genus ''Neorthacris'' Kevan & Singh, 1964 ** Genus ''Orthacris'' Bolívar, 1884 * Tribe Popoviini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - E. Africa to India ** Genus ''Popovia'' Uvarov, 1952 * Tribe Psednurini Burr, 1904 - Australia * Tribe Sagittacridini Descamps & Wintrebert, 1966 - Madagascar * Tribe Verduliini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Philippines to PNG
===Subfamily Pyrgomorphinae=== Some notable genera and species are shown here: * Tribe Atractomorphini - Africa, Asia, Australia thumb|right|''Atractomorpha similis'' ** Genus ''Atractomorpha'' * Tribe Chlorizeinini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Africa, Asia ** Genus ''Chlorizeina'' Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 * Tribe Chrotogonini Bolívar, 1904 - Africa, Asia * Tribe Desmopterini - W. Africa, Asia, Australia ** Genus ''Desmoptera'': including ''Desmoptera truncatipennis''<ref name="WhatBugIsThat">{{Cite web |url=http://anic.ento.csiro.au/insectfamilies/biota_details.aspx?OrderID=24892&BiotaID=46436&PageID=families |title=Orthoptera (Grasshoppers & Locusts) |access-date=25 July 2011 |work=anic.ento.csiro.au |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation }}</ref> * Tribe Dictyophorini - Africa [[File:Immature Dictyophorus spumans Cedarberg South Africa.jpg|right|thumb|Immature ''Dictyophorus spumans'' Cedarberg South Africa]] ** Genus ''Dictyophorus'': including ''Dictyophorus spumans'' * Tribe Monistriini - Australia ** Genus ''Monistria'': including ''Monistria cicatricosa''[[File:Kioloa cricket stack.jpg|thumb|''Monistria concinna'']] and ''Monistria pustulifera'' * Tribe Omurini Kevan, 1961 - South America * Tribe Petasidini - Australia ** Genus ''Petasida'': including ''Petasida ephippigera'' (Leichhardt's grasshopper)<ref name="WhatBugIsThat"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ces.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_3200.htm|title = 2. Petasida ephippigera White}}</ref> * Tribe Phymateini - Africa (incl. Madagascar), China [[File:Pyrgomorphidae Phymateus morbillosus Male Common milkweed locust 9258.jpg|right|thumb|''Phymateus morbillosus''. Male. Common milkweed locust photographed in thorn tree (African acacia sp.) at Sterkfontein]] ** Genus ''Phymateus'' ** Genus ''Zonocerus'' * Tribe Poekilocerini Burmeister, 1840 - Africa, India, Indo-China, Malesia, PNG ** Genus ''Poekilocerus'' Serville, 1831 * Tribe Psednurini - Australia ** Genus ''Psednura'' * Tribe Pseudomorphacridini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Indo-China ** Genus ''Pseudomorphacris'' Carl, 1916 * Tribe Pyrgomorphini - Africa, W. Asia through to India ** Genus ''Parasphena'' Bolívar, 1884 ** Genus ''Pyrgomorpha'' Serville, 1838 ** Genus ''Pyrgomorphella'' Bolívar, 1904 * Tribe Schulthessiini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 - Madagascar * Tribe Sphenariini Bolívar, 1884 - Central America, Africa, China ** Genus ''Sphenarium'' Charpentier, 1845 * Tribe Tagastini Bolívar, 1905 - SE Asia ** Genus ''Tagasta'' Bolívar, 1905 * Tribe Taphronotini Bolívar, 1904 - Africa, India, Indo-China ** Genus ''Aularches'' Stål, 1873: monotypic ''Aularches miliaris''
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}} *[http://data.gbif.org/species/13142306 Pyrgomorphoidea] at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility Portal
{{Orthoptera|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1297956}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Pyrgomorphidae Category:Orthoptera families Category:Taxa named by Carl Brunner von Wattenwyl