Cardamine

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Cardamine oligosperma 6649.JPG |image_caption = ''Cardamine oligosperma'' |taxon = Cardamine |authority = L. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See list of ''Cardamine'' species |synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo/> |synonyms = {{Species list |Dentaria |Tourn. ex L. |Dracamine |Nieuwl. |Ghinia |Bubani |Heterocarpus |Phil. |Iti |Garn.-Jones & P.N.Johnson |Loxostemon |Hook.f. & Thomson |Sphaerotorrhiza |(O.E.Schulz) A.P.Khokhr. }} }}

'''''Cardamine''''' is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as '''bittercresses''' and '''toothworts'''. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials.<ref name=powo/> Species in this genus can be found in diverse habitats worldwide, except the Antarctic.<ref name=powo/> The name ''Cardamine'' is derived from the Greek ''kardaminē'', water cress, from ''kardamon'', pepper grass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cardamine|title=Definition of CARDAMINE|website=Merriam-webster.com|access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref>

==Description== The leaves can have different forms, from minute to medium in size. They can be simple, pinnate or bipinnate. They are basal and cauline (growing on the upper part of the stem), with narrow tips. They are rosulate (forming a rosette). The blade margins can be entire, serrate or dentate. The stem internodes lack firmness.{{clarification needed|date=June 2023}}

The radially symmetrical flowers grow in a racemose many-flowered inflorescence or in corymbs. The white, pink or purple flowers are minute to medium-sized. The petals are longer than the sepals. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Taxonomy== The genus ''Cardamine'' was first formally named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his ''Species Plantarum''.<ref name=ipni/> {{As of|August 2024}}, there are 264 accepted species in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.<ref name=powo/>

The genus name '''''Dentaria''''' is a commonly used synonym for some species of ''Cardamine''.

==Species== {{Main|List of Cardamine species}} Select species include:<ref name=powo/> {{Columns-list|colwidth=35em| * ''Cardamine amara'' L. – large bittercress * ''Cardamine angulata'' Hook. – seaside bittercress, angled bittercress * ''Cardamine angustata'' O.E.Schulz – slender toothwort * ''Cardamine bellidifolia'' L. – alpine bittercress, alpine cress * ''Cardamine bilobata'' Kirk * ''Cardamine breweri'' S.Watson – Brewer's bittercress * ''Cardamine bulbifera'' (L.) Crantz – coralroot * ''Cardamine bulbosa'' (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – bulbous bittercress, spring cress * ''Cardamine caldeirarum'' Guthnick ex Seub. – Azorean bittercress * ''Cardamine californica'' (Nutt.) Greene – milkmaids * ''Cardamine clematitis'' Shuttlew. ex S.Watson – small mountain bittercress * ''Cardamine concatenata'' (Michx.) O.Schwarz – cutleaf toothwort, cut-leaved toothwort * ''Cardamine constancei'' Detling – Constance's bittercress * ''Cardamine cordifolia'' A.Gray – heartleaf bittercress, large Mountain bittercress * ''Cardamine corymbosa'' Hook.f. – New Zealand bittercress * ''Cardamine debilis'' DC. – roadside bittercress * ''Cardamine diphylla'' (Michx.) Alph.Wood – crinkleroot, twin-leaved toothwort * ''Cardamine dissecta'' (Leavenw.) Al-Shehbaz – forkleaf toothwort * ''Cardamine douglassii'' Britton – limestone bittercress * ''Cardamine enneaphyllos'' (L.) Crantz – drooping bittercress * ''Cardamine fargesiana'' Al-Shehbaz * ''Cardamine flagellifera'' O.E.Schulz – Blue Ridge bittercress * ''Cardamine flexuosa'' With. – woodland bittercress, wavy bittercress * ''Cardamine glacialis'' (G.Forst.) DC. * ''Cardamine gouldii'' Al-Shehbaz * ''Cardamine gunnii'' Hewson * ''Cardamine heptaphylla'' (Vill.) O.E.Schulz – pinnate coralroot * ''Cardamine hirsuta'' L. – hairy bittercress * ''Cardamine impatiens'' L. – narrowleaf bittercress * ''Cardamine jamesonii'' Hook. * ''Cardamine leucantha'' (Tausch) O.E.Schulz – Korean bittercress<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=Korea National Arboretum|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|page=387|access-date=24 December 2016|via=Korea Forest Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Cardamine longii'' Fernald – Long's bittercress * ''Cardamine lyrata'' Bunge * ''Cardamine macrocarpa'' Brandegee – largeseed bittercress * ''Cardamine maxima'' (Nutt.) Alph.Wood – large toothwort * ''Cardamine micranthera'' Rollins – small-anthered bittercress, streambank bittercress * ''Cardamine microphylla'' Adams – small-leaf bittercress * ''Cardamine nuttallii'' Greene – Nuttall's toothwort * ''Cardamine nymanii'' Gand. – lady's smock * ''Cardamine occidentalis'' (S.Watson ex B.L.Rob.) Howell – big western bittercress * ''Cardamine oligosperma'' Nutt. – Idaho bittercress, little western bittercress * ''Cardamine pachystigma'' (S.Watson) Rollins – serpentine bittercress * ''Cardamine parviflora'' L. – sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress * ''Cardamine pattersonii'' L.F.Hend. – Saddle Mountain bittercress * ''Cardamine penduliflora'' O.E.Schulz – Willamette Valley bittercress * ''Cardamine pensylvanica'' Muhl. ex Willd. – Pennsylvania bittercress, Quaker bittercress * ''Cardamine pentaphyllos'' (L.) Crantz * ''Cardamine pratensis'' L. – cuckoo flower, lady's smock, meadow cress * ''Cardamine purpurascens'' (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz & al. * ''Cardamine purpurea'' Cham. & Schltdl. – purple bittercress * ''Cardamine raphanifolia'' Pourr. – greater cuckooflower * ''Cardamine rotundifolia'' Michx. – American bittercress, mountain watercress * ''Cardamine rupicola'' (O.E.Schulz) C.L.Hitchc. – cliff bittercress * ''Cardamine trifolia'' L. – trefoil cress * ''Cardamine uliginosa'' M.Bieb. }}

{{Gallery |mode=packed |Cardamine concatenata - Cutleaf Toothwort.jpg|''Cardamine concatenata'' cutleaf toothwort |Cardamine_nuttallii_38670.JPG|''Cardamine nuttallii'' Nuttall's toothwort |Cardamine_pattersonii_1888f.JPG|''Cardamine pattersonii'' Saddle Mountain bittercress |Cardamine trifolia. Waardevolle wintergroene bodembedekker 01.JPG|''Cardamine trifolia'' trefoil bittercress }}

==Ecology== thumb|right|upright|''Cardamine pratensis'' from Thomé: ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885 Certain members of the genus, particularly ''Cardamine diphylla'' and ''Cardamine angustata'', and to a lesser extent ''Cardamine concatenata'', are also used as one of the main food sources for the butterfly ''Pieris oleracea.''<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Davis |first=Samantha L. |title=Evaluating Threats to the Rare Butterfly, ''Pieris Virginiensis'' |degree=PhD |language=en |publication-date=17 May 2015 |publisher=Wright State University |pages=24, 27, 43 |url=https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2572&context=etd_all |access-date=25 December 2021 |format=PDF |s2cid=89373310}}</ref>{{Page needed|reason=Page range from p. 64 onwards is not verified|date=December 2021}}

==Uses== The roots of most species are edible raw.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/226/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|page=226|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref>

Some species were reputed to have medicinal qualities (treatment of heart or stomach ailments).

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=''Cardamine'' L. |url=http://beta.ipni.org/n/60436526-2 |website=ipni.org |publisher=International Plant Names Index |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> <ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Cardamine'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436526-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanical Gardens Kew |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref> }}

==Bibliography== * {{cite web |date=2020-07-30 |first1=Ilsan A. |last1=Al-Shehbaz |first2=Karol |last2=Marhold |first3=Judita |last3=Lihová |title=Cardamine |page=464 |url=https://floranorthamerica.org/Cardamine |website=Flora of North America |volume=7}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040127211612/http://www.ibot.sav.sk/projects_cardamine.html Taxonomic Revision of ''Cardamine''] * {{cite journal|author1=Lihová, J.|author2=Marhold, K.|year=2003|title=Taxonomy and distribution of the ''Cardamine pratensis'' group (Brassicaceae) in Slovenia|journal=Phyton (Horn)|volume=43|pages=241–261}} * {{cite journal|author=Lihová, J.|author2=Marhold, K.|author3=Neuffer, B.|s2cid=85625889|year=2000|title=Taxonomy of ''Cardamine amara'' in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=Taxon|volume=49|pages=747–763|doi=10.2307/1223975|issue=4|jstor=1223975|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Jianqiang|last2=Shimizu-Inatsugi|first2=Rie|last3=Hofhuis|first3=Hugo| last4=Shimizu|first4=Kentaro|last5=Hay|first5=Angela|last6=Shimizu|first6=Kentaro K.|last7=Sese|first7=Jun| year=2020|title=A recently formed triploid ''Cardamine insueta'' inherits leaf vivipary and submergence tolerance traits of parents |journal=Front. Genet.|volume=11|article-number=567262|doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.567262|pmid=33133153|pmc=7573311|s2cid=222135582|doi-access=free}}

==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Cardamine|''Cardamine''}}

Category:Cardamine Category:Brassicaceae genera Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus