{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Cardamine angustata - Slender Toothwort.jpg |status = G5 |status_system = TNC |status_ref = {{r|NatureServe}} |genus = Cardamine |species = angustata |authority = O.E.Schulz{{r|IPNI:45088-2}} |synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title=Homotypic synonyms |{{Species list |Cardamine heterophylla |(Nutt.) Alph.Wood |Dentaria heterophylla |Nutt. }}}} {{Collapsible list |title=Heterotypic synonyms |{{Species list |Cardamine angustata var. ouachitana |E.B.Sm. |Cardamine angustata f. parviflora |O.E.Schulz }}}} |synonyms_ref = {{r|POWO:45088-2}} }}
'''''Cardamine angustata''''' (known by the common name '''slender toothwort''') is a perennial forb native to the eastern United States,<ref name="USDA">{{cite web|title=Plants Profile for Cardamine angustata (slender toothwort) |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CAAN11 |access-date=January 25, 2014 }} USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov){{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> that produces white to pink or purple flowers in early spring.
==Description== thumb|right|200px|Botanical illustration of ''Cardamine angustata'' (1913)
''Cardamine angustata'' has basal leaves which can be as large as 24 centimeters, consisting of three leaflets borne on a 3 to 16 centimeter long petiole. The erect unbranched stem is 12 to 30 centimeters tall, and can be smooth or pubescent. There are two or three leaves on the stem, which are different in morphology from the basal leaves, they are also divided into three leaflets, but these are only 2 to 7 centimeters long and 3 to 6 millimeters wide. The flowers are borne in a raceme. The petals are 9 to 18 millimeters long and 2 to 5 millimeters wide. The fruit is linear, 2.5 to 4 centimeters long and 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters wide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cardamine angustata in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250094652|access-date=January 30, 2014}} 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet (http://www.efloras.org). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.</ref>
==Taxonomy== ''Cardamine angustata'' was first described as ''Dentaria heterophylla'' by the English botanist Thomas Nuttall in 1818.{{r|IPNI:281969-1|Nuttall 1818}} The American botanist Alphonso Wood placed ''Dentaria heterophylla'' {{small|Nutt.}} in genus ''Cardamine'' in 1870.{{r|IPNI:280372-1}}{{sfnp|Wood|1889|loc=Part IV, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/255/mode/1up pp. 37–38]}} However, in 1903 the German botanist Otto Eugen Schulz declared the name ''Cardamine heterophylla'' {{small|(Nutt.) Alph.Wood}} to be illegitimate since the binomial name ''Cardamine heterophylla'' had already been in use prior to 1870. To correct the error, Schulz proposed the specific epithet ''angustata'' in lieu of ''heterophylla''. The resulting name ''Cardamine angustata'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}} is widely used today.{{r|POWO:45088-2|FNA:250094652}}
''Cardamine angustata'' is a member of the ''Cardamine concatenata'' alliance, a monophyletic group of eastern North American species that includes ''Cardamine angustata'', ''Cardamine concatenata'', ''Cardamine diphylla'', ''Cardamine dissecta'', ''Cardamine incisa'', and ''Cardamine maxima''.{{r|Sweeney and Price 2001}} All members of the alliance were previously placed in genus ''Dentaria'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}, which is now considered to be a synonym for ''Cardamine'' {{small|L.}}{{r|POWO:30001912-2}}
==Distribution and habitat== ''Cardamine angustata'' is widely distributed in the eastern United States, although local distribution may be spotty. It has been recorded in Alabama, Arkansas, Washington, D.C., Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.<ref name="USDA" /> In Virginia, it grows in habitats such as well-drained floodplain forests and mesic to dry-mesic upland forests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora | Cardamine angustata O. E. Schulz |url=http://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=271 |access-date=January 25, 2014 }} Virginia Botanical Associates. (2014). Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (http://www.vaplantatlas.org){{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. c/o Virginia Botanical Associates, Blacksburg.</ref> The presence of this species is dependent on the appropriate habitat, and it may be eliminated from an area by development, changes in land use, or competition with invasive species.
==Conservation== The global conservation status of ''Cardamine angustata'' is secure ('''G5''').{{r|NatureServe}}
==References== {{Reflist|40em|refs=
<ref name="FNA:250094652">{{eFloras|1|250094652 |Cardamine angustata |family=Brassicaceae |first1=Ihsan A. |last1=Al-Shehbaz |first2=Karol |last2=Marhold |first3=Judita |last3=Lihová |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="IPNI:45088-2">{{IPNI |id=45088-2 |taxon=''Cardamine angustata'' |authority={{small|O.E.Schulz}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="IPNI:281969-1">{{IPNI |id=281969-1 |taxon=''Dentaria heterophylla'' |authority={{small|Nutt.}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="IPNI:280372-1">{{IPNI |id=280372-1 |taxon=''Cardamine heterophylla'' |authority={{small|(Nutt.) Alph.Wood}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="NatureServe">{{Cite web |publisher=NatureServe |title=''Cardamine angustata'' |work=NatureServe Explorer |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.154523/Cardamine_angustata |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Nuttall 1818">{{cite book |last1=Nuttall |first1=Thomas |title=The genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species, to the year 1817: Volume II |date=1818 |location=Philadelphia |page=66 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/723819#page/66/mode/1up |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="POWO:45088-2">{{cite POWO |id=45088-2 |title=''Cardamine angustata'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="POWO:30001912-2">{{cite POWO |id=30001912-2 |title=''Dentaria'' {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Sweeney and Price 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Patrick W. |last2=Price |first2=Robert A. |title=A multivariate morphological analysis of the ''Cardamine concatenata'' alliance (Brassicaceae) |journal=Brittonia |date=2001 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=82–95 |doi=10.1007/BF02805400 |bibcode=2001Britt..53...82S |url=https://www.academia.edu/11088450 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite web |last1=Weakley |first1=Alan S. |author2=Southeastern Flora Team |title=Flora of the southeastern United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden |date=2022 |url-access=registration |url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/}} * {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Alphonso |title=The New American Botanist and Florist |date=1889 |orig-date=First edition 1870 |publisher=A. S. Barnes & Company |location=New York and Chicago |edition=Revised 8th |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=Oliver R. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=9 June 2023}}
==External links== * {{cite web |title=''Cardamine angustata'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}} |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon.php?plantname=Cardamine+angustata |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States (2023 Edition) |access-date=10 June 2023}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15538072}}
angustata Category:Flora of the United States Category:Plants described in 1818 Category:Taxa named by Otto Eugen Schulz