{{Short description|Congolese singer and songwriter (1958–2021)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Défao | image = | caption = | birth_name = François Lulendo Matumona | birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|12|31|df=y}} | birth_place = Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|27|1958|12|31|df=y}} | death_place = Douala, Cameroon | genre = {{hlist|Ndombolo|Congolese rumba|soukous}} | years_active = 1976–2021 | past_member_of = {{flatlist| *Suka Movema * Forgo Stars * Korotoro * Somo West * Grand Zaïko Wawa * Choc Stars * Big Stars }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * dancer * songwriter * bandleader }} }}
'''François''' '''Lulendo Matumona'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Congolese singer General Defao dies ahead of his New Year show in Cameroon |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/congolese-singer-general-defao-dies-ahead-of-his-new-year-show-in-cameroon-3665254 |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Citizen |language=en |publication-place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Gen. Defao succumbs to Covid-19 complications |url=https://nairobinews.nation.africa/gen-defao-succumbs-to-covid-19-complications/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Nairobi News |language=en-US |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seaman |first=Jacobs Odongo |date=28 December 2021 |title=Congolese singer General Defao dies ahead of own Cameroon New Year show |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202112/features/congolese-singer-general-defao-dies-ahead-of-own-cameroon-new-year-show.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Sqoop.co.ug |language=en-US |publication-place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> (31 December 1958 – 27 December 2021), known professionally as '''Général Défao''' or '''Défao''', was a Congolese singer-songwriter, dancer and bandleader.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kirika |first=Zéphyrin Nkumu Assana |date=4 January 2011 |title=Le général Matumona Defao, le roi du ndombolo |trans-title=General Matumona Defao, the king of ndombolo |url=http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-le-general-matumona-defao-le-roi-du-ndombolo-64292043.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Mbokamosika |language=fr}}</ref> Born in Kinshasa, he began performing at the age of 17 with local groups such as Suka Movema, Forgo Stars, Korotoro, and Somo West before joining Félix Manuaku Waku's band Grand Zaïko Wawa in 1981.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enyimo |first=Martin |date=31 October 2009 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Pépé Felly Manuaku Waku revient sur scène à Kinshasa |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Pépé Felly Manuaku Waku returns to the stage in Kinshasa |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200911020596.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Le Potentiel |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Malonga |first=Samuel |date=5 January 2022 |title=De Fanfan à Gene Gene, le parcours atypique d'un Kinois ordinaire |trans-title=From Fanfan to Gene Gene: The Unusual Journey of an Ordinary Kinois |url=https://www.mbokamosika.com/2022/01/de-fanfan-a-gene-gene-le-parcours-atypique-d-un-kinois-ordinaire.html |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=Mbokamosika |language=fr}}</ref> In partnership with Djo Poster, known as "Grand Muyaka", he quickly became a crowd favorite in Kinshasa for his stage presence and innovative dance moves.<ref name=":2" />
Défao rose to prominence in the 1980s as a member of soukous band Choc Stars, where his collaborations with guitarist Roxy Tshimpaka and ''atalaku'' Ditutala popularized the Roboti-Robota dance.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> During this period he recorded a string of successful songs, including duets with Debaba, and established himself as one of the defining voices of Congolese popular music.<ref name=":2" /> In 1991, at the height of his popularity, he co-founded his own band, Big Stars, which produced several hits that became staples of soukous and ndombolo, such as "Copinage", "Sam Samitanga", "Agence courage", "Maintenance", "Sala Noki", "Piss-cass", and "Famille Kikuta".<ref name=":2" /> Through Big Stars, he also fostered the careers of younger musicians and worked alongside leading Congolese artists, including Mbilia Bel, Papa Wemba, and Koffi Olomide.<ref name=":2" />
From the 2000s onward, Défao continued to perform, often from a base in Kenya, while his influence remained strong across Central and East Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Diala |first=Jordache |date=5 November 2011 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Bientôt, Défao réapparaîtra avec "under-taker" ! |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Soon, Défao will reappear with "under-taker"! |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201111090669.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=La Prospérité |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> He died in Douala, Cameroon, on 27 December 2021, from complications related to COVID-19.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=28 December 2021 |title=Le Congolais Général Défao, vedette de la rumba, est mort |trans-title=Congolese rumba star General Défao has died |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211228-le-congolais-général-défao-vedette-de-la-rumba-est-mort |access-date=29 December 2021 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |location=Paris, France |language=FR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kejitan |first1=Vincent |date=28 December 2021 |title=Congolese rhumba star General Defao dies at 61 |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/standard-entertainment/article/2001432893/congolese-rhumba-star-general-defao-is-dead |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=The Standard |publisher= |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref>
== Early life and career ==
=== 1958–1980: Childhood, education and music debut === Défao was born François Lulendo Matumona on 31 December 1958 in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), in what was then the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mafina |first=Frédéric |date=6 January 2022 |title=Les immortelles chansons d'Afrique: "Hitachi" du général Défao |trans-title=The Immortal Songs of Africa: "Hitachi" by General Défao |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/les-immortelles-chansons-dafrique-hitachi-du-general-defao-133837 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Adiac-congo.com |publisher=Agence d'Information d'Afrique Centrale |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> In the 1970s, during Mobutu Sese Seko's cultural authenticity campaign (''recours à l'authenticité''), his parents added the post-name "Tulendo" in accordance with the regime's policy to Africanize personal identities.<ref name=":5" />
{{Multiple image | total_width = 220 | image1 = NE Lemba from Limete Tower.png | caption1 = Lemba, a commune in Kinshasa where Défao was raised. | caption_align = center }}
Défao was raised in the Kinshasa ''quartier'' of Lemba, specifically in the ''quartier'' of Foire. Like many young urbanites of the era, he adopted a sobriquet ''Fanfan'', an affectionate diminutive of ''François''.<ref name=":5" /> The Matumona family later relocated to Bumbu, Kinshasa, where Défao began to explore his musical interests.<ref name=":5" /> His earliest involvement in music is disputed: according to Congolese music journalist Zéphyrin Nkumu Assana Kirika, Défao entered the Kinshasa music scene through the local band Suka Movema, later performing with groups such as Forgo Stars, Korotoro, and Somo West.<ref name=":2" /> However, another commentator, Samuel Malonga, posits that Défao's formative experience occurred in a local band that later evolved into Fogo Star, possibly the same as Suka Movema.<ref name=":5" />
To dissuade his son from a musical career, Défao's father enrolled him in a boarding school in Inkisi (located in Kongo Central) in 1969. In Inkisi, he met a teacher who was also a musician, and who facilitated his entry into the school band Somo West.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Factuel.cd |date=30 December 2021 |title=Manuaku Waku à l'opinion: ''J'étais parti à Inkisi au Kongo Central pour prendre Defao chez ses parents'' |trans-title=Manuaku Waku to the public: "I went to Inkisi in Kongo Central to pick up Defao from his parents' home" |url=https://www.factuel.cd/2021/12/30/manuaku-waku-lopinion-jetais-parti-inkisi-au-kongo-central-pour-prendre-defao-chez-ses |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=Factuel.cd}}</ref> The band quickly garnered regional attention in towns such as Kimpese and Mbanza-Ngungu.<ref name=":5" /> Défao distinguished himself within Somo West as a singer, dancer, and interpreter of popular hits such as "Lisuma Ya Zazu" by Papa Wemba and Yoka Lokole. His performances earned him the nickname "Papa Wemba of Inkisi".<ref name=":5" />
=== 1981–1990: Grand Zaïko Wawa and Choc Stars === Although he initially aspired to join Papa Wemba's band, Viva La Musica, Défao's path ultimately led elsewhere. In 1981, guitarist Félix Manuaku Waku reconstituted his band Grand Zaïko Wawa during the ''Jubilé Ambiance'' festivities in Ndjili, Kinshasa. While retreating in Inkisi with the band, Manuaku heard of Défao's reputation and recruited him into Grand Zaïko Wawa.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Arriving in Kinshasa with the band, Défao (now renamed Défao) attracted national attention as a performer, known for his voice and choreographic flair. With Grand Zaïko Wawa, he formed a notable partnership with Djo Poster (also known as "Grand Muyaka") and introduced the dance "Benda singa/Parachuté" and a signature animation cry.<ref name=":5" /> Around this time, Défao released his debut vinyl single, "Salima Na Ngai", and rapidly became the band's lead vocalist.<ref name=":5" />
{{Multiple image | total_width = 220 | image1 = Choc Stars en concert à Kinshasa en 1986.jpg | caption1 = Choc Stars in concert in Kinshasa in 1986 | caption_align = center }}
In 1983, he left Grand Zaïko Wawa to join Choc Stars, a band founded by Benoît "Ben" Mutombo Nyamabo. During his time with Choc Stars, Défao performed alongside prominent Congolese artists such as Bozi Boziana, Carlyto Lassa, Debaba, Djuna Djanna, Nzaya Nzayadio, and Monza 1er.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Together with guitarist Roxy Tshimpaka ("Grand Niawu") and ''atalaku'' Ditutala, the band popularized the Roboti-Robota dance style, which resonated widely across the country.<ref name=":5" /> In 1985, Défao contributed several compositions, including "Madjodjo", "Amour du Risque", "Chango", and "Lili-Libandi" under the Paris-based label Équateur. That same year, he also released tracks such as "D.V.", "Lievin", "Gina", and "Santa" under the Afro-Rythmes label, with backing guest vocals by Koffi Olomide.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1986, he appeared on the Anytha-Ngapy Productions release ''He Wakatsa 2e Épisode'', which included the breakout tracks "Kopalangana Te", "Au Bon Accueil", "Ami Ngapy", and "Farya". Additional works from this period included "Kayisa Nguya" and "Mustapha", also produced by Anytha-Ngapy Productions.<ref name=":2" />
=== 1991–2021: Big Stars === In 1991, building on his growing popularity, Défao departed Choc Stars and founded his band, Big Stars, alongside Djo Poster Mumbata, also a former member of Grand Zaïko Wawa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=General Defao yapfuye|language=rw|work=BBC News Gahuza|url=https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-59807541|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref> Big Stars served as a launching platform for several emerging Congolese artists, including Montana Kamenga, Kabosé Bulembi, Théo Mbala, as well as musicians such as Serge Kasongo Mboka Liya (aka Burkina Faso), Jagger Bokoko, Lufu Toto "Sénéchal", Djo Djo Bayenge, Trocadero, Azanga, Anthony Sampaïo, Gipson, Bleu Kinanga, Bakolo Keta, Ladji Son, Adoli Bamweniko, Mogus, Guy Wa Nzambi, Richa Cogna Cogna, Sejo, and Kavanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirika |first=Zéphyrin Nkumu Assana |date=14 July 2011 |title=Sur le podium (2) : Serge Kasongo Mboka Liya "Burkina Faso" |trans-title=On the podium (2): Serge Kasongo Mboka Liya "Burkina Faso" |url=http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-sur-le-podium-2-serge-kasongo-mboka-liya-burkina-faso-79388533.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Mbokamosika |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Motz |first=Dolf |date=25 May 2017 |title=AfricOriginal: Defao 1958 - 2021 |url=https://afroriginal.blogspot.com/2017/05/defao.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=AfricOriginal}}</ref> Throughout the 1990s, Défao experienced a period of unprecedented productivity. He released at least seventeen albums during the decade, six of which were distributed in European markets.<ref name=":6" />
{{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = | caption1 = Défao in the 1990s | caption_align = center }}
Défao's 1992 release ''Amour Scolaire'' achieved significant commercial success, with the title track topping charts in Zaire.<ref name=":0" /> In 1995, the album ''Pitié mon amour'' garnered particular acclaim in East Africa.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> His influence was formally recognized when he was voted Congolese Musician of the Year for two consecutive years, 1995 and 1996.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Abele |first=Benson |last2=Ngaira |first2=Amos |date=2 October 1998 |title=Kenya: Entertainment Galore As Musicians Visit |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199810020071.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Riding the wave of the emerging ndombolo genre, Défao released the album ''Sala Noki'' in 1997, which received widespread acclaim. The nine-track album included popular songs such as "Sala Noki", "Sam Samitanga", "Agence Courage", "Maintenance," and "Copinage". In 1998, he followed up with the album ''Copinage'', which included guest vocals by Mbilia Bel.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngaira |first=Amos |date=29 December 2021 |title=Kenyans preparing concert to honour fallen General Defao |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/kenyans-preparing-concert-honour-fallen-general-defao-3666046 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Business Daily Africa |language=en |publication-place=Nairobi, kenya}}</ref> In October of that year, Défao and Big Stars made their debut performance at the Coast Car Park in Mombasa, Kenya. The concert, organized with an ensemble of eleven musicians and five dancers, including lead singer Suke Chule, featured a repertoire of Défao's most popular songs, with the performance of "Nikusema Nakutaka".<ref name=":8" /> Following this event, the band went on to perform at City Cabanas Hotel in Nairobi and later at the Lakers Club in Kisumu.<ref name=":8" /> That same year, Défao released two additional albums, ''Général Défao Les Big Stars Et Les 2 Charlots'' and ''Tremblement De Terre''.<ref name=":24" /> The latter included the politically charged track "Mboka Ya Diogen", a veiled critique of then-president Laurent-Désiré Kabila and his administration.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Seaman |first=Jacobs Odongo |date=29 December 2021 |title=General Defao: A troubled social life |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/general-defao-a-troubled-social-life-3666236 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en |publication-place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Despite this critical stance, Défao also participated that year in Souzy Kasseya's "Tokufa Po Na Congo", a patriotic ensemble piece praising national unity that featured several leading figures in Congolese music under the supergroup Les Plus Grandes Stars, including Wendo Kolosoy, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Jossart N'Yoka Longo, Koffi Olomide, King Kester Emeneya, Werrason, JB Mpiana, Simaro Lutumba, Madilu System, Félix Wazekwa, Tshala Muana, Mbilia Bel, Pépé Kallé, Marie Paul, Pascal Poba, and Manda Chante, among others.<ref name=":7" />
In 1999, Défao maintained a high level of output with the release of three more albums: ''La Guerre De 100 Ans'', ''Bana Congo Vol. 1: Made in America'', and ''Ambiance Plus: Bana Congo Vol. 2''.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":6" /> This period of prolific output, however, also revealed inconsistencies in career management. Défao frequently changed producers and record labels, at times releasing alternate versions of the same material through different distributors.<ref name=":6" /> That year, his career was disrupted when, after arriving in Dar es Salaam, he suffered a severe health crisis caused by malaria and high blood pressure, prompting the cancellation of several widely anticipated performances, including a headline show on 2 July.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Ngaira |first=Amos |date=18 July 1999 |title=Africa: Musicians Taught How To Beat Piracy |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199907180004.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> The tour had been slated to culminate in the launch of Orchestre Benta Musica, a multinational ensemble, at the Hotel Kilimanjaro, where Défao was expected to serve as guest of honor.<ref name=":9" />
In early 2000s, Big Stars continued to perform across East Africa, where Défao had permanently relocated, but faced recurrent difficulties that hampered their stability. The band grappled with financial constraints, evidenced by repeated disputes over unpaid hotel bills and fines for overstaying in host countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'kadameri |first=Billie |date=23 August 2002 |title=Uganda: Congolese Music Leads Via Scandal |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200208230260.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=New Vision |publication-place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> These problems culminated in several arrests and detentions of Défao himself,<ref name=":18" /> alongside immigration violations involving numerous band members.<ref name=":19" /> Despite maintaining a visible presence through performances in Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, the band's activities were frequently overshadowed by organizational and management challenges.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> By 2006, Défao had shifted his focus to a new 16-member outfit, Kisanula, with which he toured internationally.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2006 |title=Uganda: General Defao to Launch His 7th Album Here |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200609060604.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=New Vision |publication-place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Big Stars was later revived in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngaira |first=Amos |date=30 March 2002 |title=Kenya: DEFAO: Freedom for a Song |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203290531.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Général Defao de retour à Kinshasa après 20 ans d'absence |trans-title=General Defao returns to Kinshasa after 20 years of absence |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/magazine/general-defao-de-retour-kinshasa-apres-20-ans-dabsence |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Music in Africa |language=fr}}</ref>
== Solo career ==
=== 2000–2021: Piracy, releases, detention, and performances === In 2000, Défao signed with JPS Productions, a Paris-based label founded by Cameroonian producer Jean Pierre Saah. He subsequently recorded the solo album ''Nessy De London'' with a lineup of accomplished session musicians, including Nyboma, Wuta Mayi, Luciana De Mingongo, Dally Kimoko, 3615 Code Niawu, Ballou Canta, Deesse Mukangi, and Djudjuchet Luvengoka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Musique: le Général Defao a rangé le micro |trans-title=Music: General Defao has put away the microphone |url=http://www.monpulsar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2925&catid=16&Itemid=101 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=Monpulsar.com |language=fr-fr |publication-place=Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Senchal Defao – Nessy De London (2000, CD) |date=4 September 2000 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/7689480-Senchal-Defao-Nessy-De-London |access-date=2022-01-11 |language=en}}</ref> Before the official launch on 4 September,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2000 |title=Tanzania: Pirate Music Cassettes Increasing in Tanzania |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200009290027.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=TOMRIC News Agency |publication-place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> reports surfaced that pirated copies were already circulating in Tanzania. According to the Tanzania Music Copyright Association (TMCA), Congolese artists had filed complaints against Tanzanian producers and wholesalers accused of unauthorized reproduction and distribution.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2000 |title=Tanzania: Congolese musicians aggrieved by piracy of their works |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200001170057.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=TOMRIC News Agency |publication-place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> Défao had previously condemned such practices in 1999, when pirated cassettes of his songs were sold in Dar es Salaam before their official release. After encountering bootlegged versions of ''Nessy De London'' on the streets, he was reportedly moved to tears before his entourage, later organizing a press conference to denounce the piracy and express frustration that his Tanzanian visit, intended for the album's official launch, had been undermined.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":10" />
Following ''Nessy De London''<nowiki/>'s release, Défao's public visibility declined. Reports emerged suggesting he had become entangled in a political dispute, leading to a performance ban imposed by then-President Laurent-Désiré Kabila.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Défao relocated to East Africa, where he faced a number of difficulties, including financial instability and immigration issues.<ref name=":3" /> In late 2001, over Big Stars' twenty members were detained by Tanzanian immigration authorities for overstaying their residence permits. While Défao himself had extended his permit until January 2002, thus avoiding penalty, his colleagues were fined approximately $200 each, amounting to a total of $4,200.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Tomric |date=2 January 2002 |title=Tanzania: Musicians Detained |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200201020402.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=TOMRIC News Agency |publication-place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref> The band had entered Tanzania in August 2001 for a performance tour but encountered significant hardships, with local promoters allegedly failing to meet contractual obligations for accommodation and expenses.<ref name=":12" /> The arrests occurred in the border town of Namanga as the band attempted to cross into Kenya. The Congolese ambassador to Tanzania, Théodore Mugalu, publicly criticized the promoters, holding them responsible for abandoning the musicians.<ref name=":12" /> They were ultimately expelled for failing to pay their fines, with immigration officials noting they had "little or no chance of raising the money".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Tomric |date=10 January 2002 |title=Tanzania: Musicians Expelled At Last |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200201100238.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=TOMRIC News Agency |publication-place=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref>
After several years of limited activity, Défao returned to the stage in September 2006 with a new 16-member band named Kisanula, accompanied by dancers.<ref name=":23" /> Organized by international promoter Jules Nsana, the comeback tour was intended to promote his forthcoming album ''Nzombo le Soir'', with concerts scheduled in Kampala and California.<ref name=":23" /> Another extended absence followed the release of ''Nzombo le Soir'' later that year, lasting until the 2010 release of ''Pur Encore'', a digital-only album that was criticized for poor audio quality.<ref name=":6" /> Despite these criticisms, Robert Kalumba of the ''Daily Monitor'' observed that several tracks from ''Pur Encore'' were well received in performance, attributing their positive reception in part to the use of a strong sound system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalumba |first=Robert |date=9 November 2009 |title=Uganda: General Defao Rolls Back the Years |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201011090077.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=Daily Monitor |publication-place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref>
In 2011, he began preparing a more ambitious return with the album ''The Undertaker Vol. 1''. The project was produced over an extended period to ensure high production standards and was released by Éditions Kaluila.<ref name=":1" /> Accompanied by music videos filmed across Africa and Europe, ''The Undertaker Vol. 1'' was praised as a major comeback and reaffirmed Défao's place in Congolese music.<ref name=":1" /> In 2016, he released ''Any Time'', produced by Djeffar Awatoza Productions, which featured collaborations with prominent Kinshasa and Brazzaville-based artists, including Roga Roga, Sam Tshintu, Manda Chante, and long-time associate Godessy Lofombo.<ref name=":6" /> In August 2019, following a 21-year absence from the Congolese capital and the end of Joseph Kabila's presidency,<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" /> Défao returned to Kinshasa under the administration of President Félix Tshisekedi. He reconstituted Big Stars with former members such as Montana Kamenga and Azanga, and together they recorded what would become his final album, ''Bety Poni''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defao de retour à Kinshasa, 21 ans après |url=http://mobile.topcongo.fm/article/defao-de-retour-a-kinshasa-21-ans-apres-4378 |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=TOP CONGO FM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 August 2019 |title=Général Defao est de retour à Kinshasa |trans-title=General Defao is back in Kinshasa |url=https://mbote.cd/celebrites/general-defao-est-de-retour-a-kinshasa/19302/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Mbote |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2019 |title=RDC-Culture: le général Defao à Kinshasa après plus de 20 ans d'absence |trans-title=DRC-Culture: General Defao in Kinshasa after more than 20 years of absence |url=https://depeche.cd/2019/08/04/rdc-culture-le-general-defao-est-arrive-kinshasa-apres-plus-de-20-ans-dabsence/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Dépêche.cd |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
== Death == While on tour in West Africa, Défao died on 27 December 2021 at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon. He had been in the country for rehearsals ahead of a New Year's Eve concert when he became unwell.<ref name=":3" /> Though officially confirmed to have died from COVID-19,<ref name=":0" /> reports indicated that underlying health issues, including diabetes, may have contributed to his death.<ref name=":3" /> His final album, ''Bety Poni'', was released posthumously on the same day.<ref name=":6" />
Following his death, arrangements were made by the Congolese Minister of Culture, Arts and Heritage, Catherine Katumbu Furaha, in agreement with his family, to repatriate his body to Kinshasa for funeral services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muteba |first=Kevin |date=1 January 2022 |title=Le rapatriement du corps de l'artiste Defao prévu ce mardi 04 janvier 2022 |trans-title=The repatriation of the body of the artist Defao is scheduled for Tuesday 4 January 2022 |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-98300_le_rapatriement_du_corps_de_l_artiste_defao_prevu_ce_mardi_04_janvier_2022.html |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Initially expected on 4 January 2022, the body arrived in Kinshasa on 12 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzamba |first=Emmanuel |date=13 January 2022 |title=RDC: le corps de Défao est arrivé à Kinshasa ce mercredi |trans-title=DRC: Défao's body arrived in Kinshasa this Wednesday |url=https://actualite.cd/2022/01/13/rdc-le-corps-de-defao-est-arrive-kinshasa-ce-mercredi |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tshahe |first=Roberto |date=12 January 2022 |title=Musique: La dépouille du général Defao est arrivée à Kinshasa |trans-title=Music: The remains of General Defao have arrived in Kinshasa |url=https://7sur7.cd/2022/01/12/musique-la-depouille-du-general-defao-est-arrivee-kinshasa |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> In discussions with Catherine Furaha, Défao's family expressed their desire for him to be buried on 23 January in Kisantu, Kongo Central, a choice opposed by fellow artists who preferred a burial at the Nécropole Entre ciel et terre cemetery in Nsele, Kinshasa.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last=Mansangu |first=Raphaël |date=14 January 2022 |title=RDC: divergence sur le lieu de l'inhumation de Defao |trans-title=DRC: Disagreement over Defao's burial site |url=https://ouragan.cd/2022/01/rdc-divergence-sur-le-lieu-de-linhumation-de-defao/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Ouragan.cd |language=FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Pending an agreement, his body was held at the Cinquantenaire Hospital morgue in Kasa-Vubu, Kinshasa.<ref name=":29" /> On 19 January, Catherine Furaha announced that the burial would take place at the Nécropole Entre ciel et terre on 22 January. A wake without the body was held on 21 January at the Grâce hall on Victoire Avenue in Kalamu, Kinshasa, organized by his biological and artistic families.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=Matumona Défao sera inhumé samedi 22 janvier à Kinshasa |trans-title=Matumona Défao will be buried on Saturday, January 22nd in Kinshasa |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/01/18/actualite/culture/matumona-defao-sera-inhume-samedi-22-janvier-kinshasa |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> On 22 January, the body was moved from the morgue for a requiem ceremony at the National Museum of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, allowing the public to pay final respects before the burial.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=Le chanteur Matumona alias général Défao inhumé ce samedi à Kinshasa |trans-title=Singer Matumona, also known as General Défao, was buried this Saturday in Kinshasa |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2022/01/23/actualite/culture/le-chanteur-matumona-alias-general-defao-inhume-ce-samedi-kinshasa |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzamba |first=Emmanuel |date=19 January 2022 |title=RDC: le Général Défao sera inhumé ce samedi à Kinshasa |trans-title=DRC: General Défao will be buried this Saturday in Kinshasa |url=https://actualite.cd/2022/01/19/rdc-le-general-defao-sera-inhume-ce-samedi-kinshasa |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref>
== Legal issues ==
=== 2002 hotel debt case === In early 2002, Défao was arrested in Nairobi by officers of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). The management of the Palacina Residential Hotel accused him of defaulting on a cumulative debt of KSh 594,400 for services incurred between October 2001 and March 2002.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Wabala |first=Dominic |date=15 March 2002 |title=Kenya: Congolese Music Maestro Held Over Sh0.5m Bill |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203150023.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Standard |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngolyo |first=Nicholas |date=19 June 2002 |title=Kenya: Gen Defao Now Faces Civil Suit for Hotel Debt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200206180627.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Police reports indicated that a friend had attempted to settle the matter with a counterfeit Mastercard, which heightened concerns and delayed bail. Défao's Kenyan promoter, identified as Mr. Njoroge, publicly dissociated himself from the affair, asserting that the artist had been living in the country on his own accord.<ref name=":13" />
At the Kibera Law Courts, Défao's legal team, led by lawyers Cecil Miller and Cliff Ombeta, argued that detaining him threatened the Big Stars' livelihoods and jeopardized four scheduled concerts in Eldoret, Nakuru, Mombasa, and Kisumu.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Ngolyo |first=Nicholas |date=19 March 2002 |title=Kenya: Musician Defao May Lose Deals, Court Told |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203181123.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> They also emphasized his fragile health, presenting documentation that he suffered from diabetes and high blood pressure.<ref name=":14" /> Prosecutor Chief Inspector William Kemboi, however, pressed for remand, warning that Défao posed a flight risk if released. On 19 March 2002, Senior Principal Magistrate Wanjiru Karanja granted Défao bail under stringent conditions, setting it at KSh 200,000 with two Kenyan sureties of equal value and requiring him to deposit his passport with the court.<ref name=":14" /> Although freed in principle,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2002 |title=Kenya: Defao Released On Bond |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203190143.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Standard |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Défao was unable to immediately secure the sureties and remained in custody at Nairobi's Industrial Area Prison.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Ngolyo |first=Nicholas |date=20 March 2002 |title=Kenya: Congolese Musician Freed On US $2,500 Bail |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203190718.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Although the trial was initially slated to begin on 10 April,<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mung'ahu |first=Alphonce |date=29 March 2002 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Defao's Bond Terms Reduced |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200203290036.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Standard |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> negotiations between Défao's defense and the hotel management began in an effort to reach an out-of-court settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2002 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Defao in Out of Court Suit Bid |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200204110064.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Standard |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> On 27 May, Miller informed the court that discussions with the Palacina Hotel were progressing and requested additional time.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Ngolyo |first=Nicholas |date=10 May 2022 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Defao Given Two Weeks to Pay Hotel Debt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200205100062.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> The hotel's general manager, Macksoud A. Macksoud, confirmed the negotiations but noted that the outstanding debt had yet to be paid.<ref name=":16" /> Ultimately, the criminal proceedings were terminated following an application by the prosecutor, Chief Inspector Kemboi.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Ngolyo |first=Nicholas |date=19 June 2002 |title=Kenya: Gen Defao Now Faces Civil Suit for Hotel Debt |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200206180627.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Daily Nation |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> However, the matter was transferred into a civil suit filed by the Palacina Hotel at the Milimani Commercial Courts. The hotel's assistant general manager, Cynthia Wanjiru Edith, testified that Défao had failed to make meaningful efforts to settle the debt, prompting management to pursue the matter through civil litigation.<ref name=":17" /> Défao's counsel did not contest the transfer of the case to civil jurisdiction.<ref name=":17" />
=== 2003 immigration fine === In October 2003, Défao was scheduled to perform at the Harare International Conference Center in Zimbabwe, but failed to appear.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2003 |title=Zimbabwe: Defao Expected Today |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200310150480.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=The Herald |publication-place=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref> Press reports stated that Kenyan authorities had detained him in Mombasa over unsettled debts, including an unpaid hotel bill of $500 and an immigration fine of $10,000 for overstaying his residence permit.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Muhonde |first=Trevor |date=26 October 2003 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Defao Detained By Kenyan Police Over Us$500 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200310260004.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=The Standard |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> He was reportedly arrested at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport while attempting to board a flight to Zimbabwe. Big Stars members alleged that his financial mismanagement and extravagant lifestyle had contributed to the debt.<ref name=":18" /> Zimbabwean promoter Reginald Chapfunga later confirmed that a company official was dispatched to Mombasa to clear the arrears, after which Défao arrived in Harare on 23 October and rescheduled performances in Harare and Bulawayo.<ref name=":18" />
=== 2004 deportation and Big Stars' immigration violations === In January 2004, Défao was deported from Zimbabwe after authorities determined that his temporary work permit had expired.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2004 |title=Zimbabwe: Manhunt for Defao's Band Members |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200407210545.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=The Herald |publication-place=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref> Later that year, in July, the Zimbabwean Department of Immigration launched an investigation into 19 Congolese musicians associated with Big Stars who were alleged to be residing in the country illegally and performing without authorization.<ref name=":19" /> Officials reported that several musicians had been located in Harare suburbs, including Malanda Vuku, Njunta Biwamposa, Akilemba Delwa, Umba Mananga, and Tsiyoyo Muteba.<ref name=":19" /> Authorities also stated that, following Défao's deportation, the Big Stars' remaining members had not returned to the DRC as pledged by the Congolese embassy in Harare.<ref name=":19" />
Immigration officials also suggested that the pattern raised broader concerns regarding possible human trafficking, alleging that some African musicians may have been using band permits to facilitate extended unauthorized stays for accompanying performers.<ref name=":19" /> While existing Zimbabwean law placed no restrictions on the number of band members allowed entry, officials announced that measures were being considered to address the problem of overstaying permits.<ref name=":19" /> Reports indicated that some of Défao's musicians continued to reside in Harare neighborhoods such as the Avenues, Cranborne, and Hatfield.<ref name=":19" />
=== 2009 immigration dispute === In June 2009, Défao encountered immigration difficulties in Zimbabwe when his temporary work permit expired at midnight on 3 June, despite being scheduled to perform a series of benefit concerts across the country.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Butaumocho |first=Ruth |date=5 June 2009 |title=Zimbabwe: General Defao Shows Doubtful |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200906050052.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=The Herald |publication-place=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref> Principal Immigration Officer Evans Siziba declared his stay unlawful and announced that deportation proceedings were underway.<ref name=":20" /> Promoter Karen Madhake of Venus Promotions disputed the assertion, citing a 22 May 2009 ruling by Harare Magistrates' Civil Court judge Stanley Chimedza, which had determined that Défao was "not a prohibited person" and thus entitled to the same treatment as any other lawful visitor.<ref name=":20" /> Despite this judicial ruling, immigration officials maintained that his presence remained irregular.<ref name=":20" /> On 9 June, Siziba confirmed that Défao had not exited through any official channels, contradicting assurances from promoters that his departure was imminent.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2009 |title=Zimbabwe: General Defao Still in Town |trans-title=The Herald |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200906090350.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref> Madhake reiterated that the case was under review by the Ministry of Home Affairs, which was evaluating his appeal under provisions of the Immigration Act.<ref name=":21" />
The matter was settled on 11 June 2009, when Défao departed Zimbabwe aboard a Kenya Airways flight.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2009 |title=Zimbabwe: Defao Finally Leaves |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200906120114.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=The Herald |publication-place=Harare, Zimbabwe}}</ref> Authorities clarified that his departure had been necessitated by the expiration of his work permit but affirmed that he remained eligible to reapply should he wish to return.<ref name=":22" />
== Personal life ==
=== Relationships === Despite being involved in several relationships, Défao never married and left no widow or children at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mansangu |first=Raphaël |date=28 December 2021 |title=RDC: Général Defao laisse ni veuve, ni enfant (Proches) |trans-title=DRC: General Defao leaves neither widow nor child (Relatives) |url=https://ouragan.cd/2021/12/rdc-general-defao-laisse-ni-veuve-ni-enfant-proches/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=Ouragan cd |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Although some reports suggested that he may have cohabited with a Kenyan partner, close associates indicated that he was not known to have had a wife or children.<ref name=":25" /> Themes of family and parenthood, however, appeared in his music. In "Georgina", from the 1995 album ''Pitié mon amour'', he assumed the role of a father advising his daughter to pursue education, citing her brother Fabrice as a model of responsibility toward parents.<ref name=":25" /> Défao also remarked that he invested his earnings into his "children", rather than the nightlife or flamboyant displays associated with La Sape. While speculation regarding biological children persisted, Défao repeatedly emphasized that his true legacy rested in his music and performance.<ref name=":25" />
=== Dispute with Laurent-Désiré Kabila and exile allegations === In 1998, Défao released the album ''Tremblement de Terre'', which included the track "Mboka Ya Diogen", a veiled critique of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. In the song, he alluded to Kabila's past as his former chauffeur in Tanzania.<ref name=":25" /> Soon after, Défao embarked on a tour of Zambia with Big Stars, but when his visa expired, Zambian authorities alerted Kinshasa. Fearing deportation, he fled rather than return to Congo, a decision that surprised even his promoter, Kayembe Kalondji.<ref name=":25" /> His subsequent travels took him through Tanzania, where he was arrested in January 2002 for attempting to cross into Kenya without proper documents.<ref name=":25" />
Although his encounters with immigration officials were often humiliating, Défao denied claims that he was a fugitive or in political exile. In an interview with ''the Standard'', he described Kabila as a former close friend and dismissed rumors of political persecution, stating "I don't know where this is coming from. Laurent Kabila was once a very close friend, and we shared a lot in common. It is normal for people to disagree, and I don't see why mine should be treated as a big deal".<ref name=":25" /> He stressed that he was not blacklisted in Congo: "We all have freedom of choice. I am not banned in Congo, which is why I sometimes perform in certain areas, except for Kinshasa. The reason is simple—I want my Kinshasa concert to be a grand affair, because the city is the true center of entertainment".<ref name=":25" /> To many observers, these statements suggested that Défao avoided Kinshasa not out of choice, but because Kabila's loyalists would not allow him to perform freely. Instead, he held smaller shows in remote venues where he could evade political interference.<ref name=":25" /> This perception shifted under the presidency of Félix Tshisekedi, when Défao resumed contact with government authorities and eventually returned to Kinshasa before Kabila officially retired from politics.<ref name=":25" />
=== Skin bleaching === {{See also|Skin whitening}} In 2015, Défao's appearance became the subject of widespread public and media attention following an event at Egesa East Villa in Umoja, Nairobi, where he was seen alongside renowned dancer and singer Kanda King. Observers noted a dramatic change in the singer's physical appearance, particularly in his complexion and weight.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Oduor |first=Martin |date=3 August 2015 |title=Congolese Music Maestro General Defao Spotted In Kenya. He Has Bleached Himself Silly To Look Like New Millennium Beast (Photos) |url=https://www.ghafla.co.ke/congolese-music-maestro-general-defao-spotted-in-kenya-he-has-bleached-himself-silly-to-look-like-new-millennium-beast-photos/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Ghafla.co.ke |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Okoth |first=Brian |date=7 August 2015 |title=Legendary Lingala singer General Defao has a 'new' skin |url=https://www.citizen.digital/lifestyle/singer-defao-has-a-new-skin-97277 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Citizen.digital |publisher=Citizen TV |language=en-KE |publication-place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> Known previously for his fuller figure, Défao appeared noticeably slimmer and significantly lighter in skin tone.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /> Citizen TV remarked on the crowd's astonishment at seeing a visibly "whiter" Défao,<ref name=":27" /> while Pulse Kenya's Susan Watiri described his look as "Casper-like", accentuated by makeup that produced a stark white cast in photographs due to flashback effects.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Watiri |first=Susan |date=21 July 2017 |title=General Defao: Why I bleached my skin |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/articles/entertainment/general-defao-why-i-bleached-my-skin-2024081622094912261 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Pulselive.co.ke |publisher=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}</ref>
Initially silent on the matter, Défao addressed the controversy in a 2017 interview with ''Metropolitan'', explaining that the lightening of his skin was not intentional. He attributed the change to the use of a prescription cream clobetasol propionate, which he had reportedly been applying to treat a chronic dermatological condition.<ref name=":28" /> Clobetasol propionate is a potent topical corticosteroid typically used to manage severe skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus, and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), an autoimmune-related condition.<ref name=":28" /> Despite claims that the lightening effect was medically induced, Défao did not distance himself from the broader cultural practice of skin bleaching. He publicly defended its use, citing personal and cultural reasons.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":25" /> He framed it as part of his identity as a ''sapeur'', a member of the Congolese subculture known for its emphasis on elegance, fashion, and self-presentation. According to Défao, in Congolese society, skin bleaching is often viewed as a symbol of refinement and elevated social status.<ref name=":25" /> In a conversation with a close associate ahead of his final concert in Kampala in 2016, he reportedly stated: "Every Congolese man worth his name who aspires to be admired has to bleach".<ref name=":28" />
== Selected discography == Défao's complete discography is unknown, as many of his albums were not sold internationally.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Bessem |first=Frank |date=April 2002 |title=Musiques d'Afrique/D.R. Congo: Defao & The Big Stars |url=https://www.musiques-afrique.net/rdc/art-defao.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Musiques-afrique.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Selected discography !Title !Year !Label !Remarks |- |''Défao dans Santa'' |1985 |Afro-Rythmes |LP - with Chocs Stars and Koffi Olomide |- |''Défao A Paris'' |1985 |Equateur |LP - with Choc Stars |- |''Le Duo Choc A Paris Vol.1'' |1985 |Anytha-Ngapy Productions |LP - with Carlyto Lassa |- |''He Wakatsa 2e Episode'' |1986 |Anytha-Ngapy Productions |LP - with Carlyto Lassa and Debaba |- |''Defao de Choc Stars'' (often referred as ''Chagrin Dimone'') |1988 |Editions Kaluila |LP - with Choc Stars |- |''Niki et José'' |1988 |Sacodisc International |LP |- |''Bel Ami Wolo'' |1988 |Bisel |LP - with Debaba and Sedjo Kha |- |''La Force Tranquille'' |1989 |Scorpion Productions Clesh Atipo |LP |- |''Aimé la Congolaise'' |1989 |Rythmes Et Musique |LP - with Papa Wemba |- |''Debaba, Défao Et Sejo Kha'' |1990 |Bisel |LP - with Debaba and Sedjo Kha |- |''Défao'' ''Et Son Groupe'' (often referred as ''Hitachi'') |1990 |Anytha-Ngapy Productions |LP |- |''Big - Stars Du Général Défao'' |1992 |SonoDisc |LP - with Big Stars |- |''Amour - Scolaire'' |1992 |SonoDisc |LP - with Big Stars |- |''Djem's'' |1992 |SonoDisc |CD - with Big Stars |- |''Défao'' ''Et Les Bigs Stars'' |1993 |Editions Kaluila |LP - with Big Stars |- |''Système D'' |1993 |A.P.L. Diffusion |CD - with Big Stars |- |''La Saga de Défao'' |1993 |Flash Diffusion Business |CD reissue of ''Chagrin'' ''Dimone'' and ''La Force Tranquille'' |- |''Africa Richesse'' |1994 |Editions Kaluila |With Big Stars |- |''Donat'' |1994 |Flash Diffusion Business |CD and DVD - with Big Stars |- |''Apo/Didi Kikuta'' |1994 |Flash Diffusion Business |With Big Stars |- |''Pitié mon amour'' |1995 |Maillot-Jaune |With Big Stars |- |''Alvaro'' |1995 |Déclic Communication |With Big Stars |- |''Benson'' (also titled ''Otoki Te Okozua Mosolo Te'') |1995 |Tonton-Jacques |With Big Stars |- |''Dernier Album 95'' |1995 |Antabel Production |With Big Stars |- |''Famille Kikuta'' |1996 |Defao Production |Reissue of ''Pitié mon amour'' (1995) |- |''Amour Interdit'' |1996 |Scorpion Productions Clesh Atipo |With Big Stars |- |''Fan Fan dans Phily Mbala'' |1996 |Scorpion Productions Clesh Atipo |With Big Stars |- |''Sala Noki'' |1997 |Ets Ndiaye |Album ''Benson'' + 2 tracks |- |''Copinage'' |1998 |Ets Ndiaye |With Big Stars |- |''Général Défao Les Bigs Stars Et Les 2 Charlots'' |1998 |Mic'Son Music |With Big Stars |- |''Tremblement De Terre'' |1998 |Simon Music S.I.P.E. |With Big Stars |- |''La Guerre De 100 Ans'' |1999 |Simon Music S.I.P.E. |With Big Stars |- |''Bana Congo vol.1 Made in America'' |1999 |Roma Productions | |- |''Ambiance Plus: Bana Congo vol.2'' |1999 |Roma Productions | |- |''Nessy De London'' |2000 |JPS Production | |- |''Nzombo le Soir'' |2006 |Roma Productions | |- |''Anthologie Défao'' |2008 |Production Babi Editions | |- |''Pur encore'' |2010 |Sound Africa | |- |''The Undertaker Vol. 1'' |2011 |Editions Kaluila | |- |''Any Time'' |2016 |Djeffar Awatoza Productions | |- |''Bety Poni'' |2021 |Anytha-Ngapy Productions |Posthumous release |}
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== *{{discogs artist|Le General Defao}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:1958 births Category:2021 deaths Category:Musicians from Kinshasa Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo singer-songwriters Category:20th-century Democratic Republic of the Congo male singers Category:French-language Democratic Republic of the Congo singers