Botallack Mine

{{Short description|Former mine in Cornwall, England}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Use British English|date=February 2023}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Botallack Mine | native_name = | native_language = | image = Crown Mines 2.png | caption = Engine houses at Crown Mines | type = industrial heritage, mine | locmapin = Cornwall | coordinates = {{coord|50|8|24|n|5|41|27|W|display=inline,title}} | location = | area = | built = | architect = | architecture = | governing_body = | owner = National Trust | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 2006 <small>(30th session)</small> | designation1_partof = Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215 1215] | designation1_criteria = ii, iii, iv | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe | designation2 = Grade II Listed Building | designation2_offname = The Count House, Botallack Mine north west of Botallack | designation2_date = 21 September 1973 | designation2_number = {{listed building England|1159591}} | designation3 = Grade II | designation3_offname = The Crowns Engine Houses | designation3_date = 19 March 1979 | designation3_number = {{listed building England|1143267}} | designation4 = Scheduled monument | designation4_offname = Tin mine calciner at Botallack Mine | designation4_date = | designation4_number = {{listed building England|1004280}} | designation5 = | designation5_offname = | designation5_date = | designation5_number = }} thumb|The South West Coast Path at Botallack thumb|Ruins at Botallack Mine 2014

The '''Botallack Mine''' ({{langx|kw|Bostalek}}){{Citation needed|date=November 2023|reason=No source; "Botallack" is already Cornish.}} is a former mine in Botallack in the west of Cornwall, UK. Since 2006 it has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site – Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape. The mine is within the Aire Point to Carrick Du Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the South West Coast Path passes along the cliff.

==Location== The village of Botallack is on the B3306 road, in a former tin and copper mining area between the town of St Just in Penwith and the village of Pendeen.<ref>{{cite map |title=OS Explorer 102 Land's End |date=2015 |publisher=Ordnance Survey |location=Southampton |isbn=978 0 319 24304 6}}</ref>

==History== Botallack was a submarine mine with tunnels extending under the sea, in places for half a mile. Over its recorded lifetime the mine produced around 14,500 tonnes of tin, 20,000 tonnes of copper, and 1,500 tonnes of arsenic. An estimated 1.5 million tonnes of waste would have been dug up with the minerals.<ref name="Trust"/> It is unclear how far back mining activity goes in this location. Early records date from the 1500s. Some archaeological evidence points to mining here in the Roman era or even as far back as the Bronze Age.<ref name="Trust">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/botallack |title=Botallack |publisher=National Trust |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

Nicholas Boynes was captain of the mine in the early 18th-century and opened a "deep adit level", which was driven to the Corpus Christi lode in the higher mine. The first steam-engine was put to work at Carnyorth Moor (later part of the Botallack sett) in either 1795 or about 1810, depending on the source. In the first half of the 19th-century, the average price of Botallack tin was £64&nbsp;4s a ton. The abolition of tin duty of 4s per 120&nbsp;lbs to the Duke of Cornwall in 1838 helped to keep the mine operating despite a decline in the price of tin to £45 per ton.<ref name=Ouit>{{cite news |last1=Boynes (alias Ouit) |title=The Industries of Penzance and its Neighbourhood. No XX. The MIning of St. Just. I – History of the District |work=The Cornishman |issue=279 |date=15 November 1883 |page=6}}</ref> In the 1860s a new diagonal shaft was dug. A visit by the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1865, when they descended the shaft, created a mini-boom in tourism, causing the mine operators to charge visitors a guinea per person.<ref name="Trust"/>

An increasing supply of tin – initially from Malaysia, Banka Island, and Sumatra, and in the 1870s onwards from Australia – along with a fall in demand for tinplate in the American market, caused the price of tin to fall, causing many Cornish mines to close.<ref name=Ouit/> The managers decided in January 1883 to stop the Botallack and Crowns engines, because the number of men employed below ground was not sufficient to meet the costs of keeping the engines going.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Stoppage Of Part Of Botallack |work=The Cornishman |issue=236 |date=18 January 1883 |page=5}}</ref> On 2 October 1883 the recently renewed setts, which extended over {{Convert|2|mile}} – comprising Wheal Cock, the Crowns, Carnyorth and Higher Mine – were put up for auction as a "going concern". It included four pumping and three winding engines, two steam stamps, plus other appliances. At the auction it was stated that the mine ″... only needs from £20,000 to £25,000 to be put in good working order, ...″ There were no bids for the mine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sale by Auction. Botallack, Cornwall |work=The Cornishman |issue=269 |date=6 September 1883 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Botallack In The Market |work=The Cornishman |issue=273 |date=4 October 1883 |page=5}}</ref>

The following shafts were working in 1884, * Botallack engine-shaft, {{convert|220|fathom}} deep and worked with a {{convert|30|inch}} cylinder * Crowns engine-shaft, {{convert|130|fathom}} deep and worked with a {{convert|36|inch}} cylinder * Wheal Cock engine-shaft, {{convert|160|fathom}} deep and worked with a {{convert|30|inch}} cylinder * Carnyorth engine-shaft, {{convert|130|fathom}} deep and worked with a {{convert|30|inch}} cylinder * Wheal Cock skip-shaft, {{convert|170|fathom}} deep * Botallack skip-shaft, {{convert|205|fathom}} deep * Carnyorth skip-shaft, {{convert|124|fathom}} deep * Wheal Hazzard skip-shaft, {{convert|100|fathom}} deep * Chy Cornish skip-shaft, {{convert|100|fathom}} deep * Pearce's skip-shaft, {{convert|130|fathom}} deep * Bullion skip-shaft, {{convert|185|fathom}} deep * Durloe skip-shaft, {{convert|70|fathom}} deep * Rodd's skip-shaft, {{convert|60|fathom}} deep * Boscawen diagonal-shaft, about {{convert|500|fathom}} long, perpendicular depth {{convert|240|fathom}} and {{convert|300|fathom}} under the sea * Approximately 10 other shafts varying in depth from a few fathoms to {{convert|50|fathom}} deep.<ref name="cman297">{{cite news |last1=Boynes (alias Ouit) |title=The Industries of Penzance and its Neighbourhood. No XX. The Mines of St Just. 5-Botallack Mine. (concluded) |work=The Cornishman |issue=297 |date=20 March 1884 |page=6}}</ref>

Other engines, * Botallack stamping-engine, {{convert|30|inch}} cylinder * Carnyorth stamping-engine, {{convert|24|inch}} cylinder * Carn whim, {{convert|27|inch}} cylinder * Davy's whim (Botallack), {{convert|26.5|inch}} cylinder * Carnyorth, {{convert|22|inch}} cylinder * saw-mill, {{convert|14|inch}} cylinder * air-compressor, {{convert|14|inch}} cylinder.

A total of 265 workers were employed and the wage was approximately £800 per month.<ref name="cman297"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border:0; text-align:left; line-height:150%;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Men ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Boys ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Girls ! scope="col" style="width:50px" |Total |- | Underground | align=center | 140 | align=center | 20 | align=center | 0 | align=center | 160 |- | Surface, dressing ore | align=center | 18 | align=center | 20 | align=center | 17 | align=center | 55 |- | Surface, other | align=center | 45 | align=center | 2 | align=center | 3 | align=center | 50 |}

The average monthly yield of the mine was about 19 tons of tin, 3 tons of copper and 4 tons of arsenic.<ref name="cman297"/>

The mine closed in 1895 as a result of falling tin and copper prices.<ref name="Trust"/>

The mining developments around Botallack form part of the St Just mining district's successful inclusion in the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site, which was inscribed in July 2006.<ref name="Trust"/>

==Description== thumb|Arsenic labyrinth at Botallack The engine houses in the Crowns section of Botallack Mine are set low down the cliffs north of Botallack. There are two engine houses and the remains of another pair on the cliff slopes above; the mine extends for about 400 metres out under the Atlantic ocean; the deepest shaft is 250 fathoms (about 500 metres) below sea level. The workings of Botallack Mine extend inland as far as the St Just to St Ives road, and at times included Wheal Cock further to the north-east.

The mine buildings on Botallack Cliffs are protected by the National Trust. There are two arsenic works opposite the Botallack Mine count house. At the top of the cliffs there is also the remains of one of the mine's arsenic-refining works.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Man Made Wonders |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southwest/botallack_mine_mm/index.shtml |website=BBC |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

The mineral Botallackite has its type locality here.<ref>{{cite web |title=Botallackite |url=http://www.mindat.org/min-732.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

==Popular culture== [[File:James Clarke Hook (1819-1907) - From under the Sea - 1891.8 - Manchester Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|upright|''From Under the Sea'' by James Clarke Hook, 1864]] The mine is the setting for R. M. Ballantyne's ''Deep Down''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ballantyne |first1=R. M. |title=Deep Down |date=2007 |publisher=The Vision Forum, Inc. |location=San Antonio |isbn=9781934554104 |page=49}}</ref>

The 1970s BBC television series ''Poldark'' was filmed partly in Botallack, using Manor Farm as Nampara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film & Television Locations in Cornwall |url=http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/film-tv-locations.htm |website=Cornwall Calling |access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> More recently, filming for the new ''Poldark'' series also took place here.<ref name="Trust"/>

== Mineral statistics == From Robert Hunt's ''Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Burt |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZEpmwEACAAJ |title=Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men |last2=Burnley |first2=Ray |last3=Gill |first3=Michael |last4=Neill |first4=Alasdair |date=2014 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-889-8 |language=en}}</ref>''.'' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Copper production (1845–1895) !Year(s) !Ore (tons) !Metal (tons) !Value (£) |- |1845 |1,274.00 |140.70 |9,656.50 |- |1846 |513.00 |58.80 |3,338.10 |- |1847 |251.00 |23.90 |1,551.10 |- |1848 |75.00 |7.00 |370.80 |- |1850 |147.00 |16.40 |1,099.40 |- |1851 |212.00 |21.90 |1,457.70 |- |1852 |629.00 |60.90 |5,036.50 |- |1853 |1,001.00 |93.40 |9,248.40 |- |1854 |1,453.00 |203.80 |21,635.50 |- |1855 |973.00 |133.80 |14,311.20 |- |1856 |651.00 |83.30 |8,201.60 |- |1857 |985.00 |110.10 |11,427.00 |- |1858 |576.00 |70.20 |6,680.80 |- |1859 |330.00 |42.00 |4,038.50 |- |1860 |331.00 |46.70 |4,423.90 |- |1861 |509.00 |51.80 |4,642.90 |- |1862 |539.00 |48.00 |3,871.70 |- |1863 |541.00 |48.90 |3,783.00 |- |1864 |217.00 |16.00 |1,307.10 |- |1865 |369.00 |40.30 |3,244.70 |- |1866 |467.00 |61.70 |4,296.30 |- |1867 |434.00 |50.80 |3,586.30 |- |1868 |434.00 |53.90 |3,596.30 |- |1869 |83.00 |9.10 |584.80 |- |1870 |32.00 |3.60 |213.60 |- |1872 |56.00 |10.20 |740.30 |- |1873 |55.00 |12.70 |844.00 |- |1874 |161.00 |26.10 |1,942.50 |- |1875 |428.00 |62.90 |4,597.30 |- |1876 |430.00 |53.20 |3,686.10 |- |1877 |136.70 |18.60 |1,101.60 |- |1878 |158.10 |19.40 |963.10 |- |1879 |131.20 |16.10 |897.20 |- |1880 |129.00 |14.30 |847.00 |- |1881 |187.60 |21.50 |1,178.10 |- |1882 |32.00 |3.10 |238.00 |- |1883 |64.00 |6.30 |575.00 |- |1884 |18.00 |.. |175.00 |- |1885 |7.00 |.. |72.00 |- |1886 |9.00 |.. |76.00 |- |1887 |10.00 |.. |107.00 |- |1888 |15.00 |.. |188.00 |- |1889 |43.00 |.. |312.00 |- |1891 |9.00 |.. |136.00 |- |1894 |12.00 |.. |136.00 |- |1895 |18.00 |.. |90.00 |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Tin production (1853–1985) !Year(s) !Black (tons) !Tin (tons) !Value (£) |- |1853 |147.40 |.. |8,656.80 |- |1854 |147.10 |.. |10,842.10 |- |1855 |142.70 |.. |9,590.20 |- |1856 |149.00 |.. |13,285.50 |- |1857 |172.30 |.. |14,254.60 |- |1858 |202.20 |.. |12,861.60 |- |1859 |153.10 |.. |12,308.30 |- |1860 |183.10 |.. |15,302.90 |- |1861 |201.60 |.. |15,233.60 |- |1862 |440.10 |.. |30,645.20 |- |1863 |413.50 |.. |28,967.60 |- |1864 |425.70 |.. |28,857.20 |- |1865 |390.10 |.. |22,107.40 |- |1866 |342.80 |.. |17,620.90 |- |1867 |202.50 |.. |10,632.50 |- |1868 |375.30 |.. |21,381.70 |- |1869 |525.20 |.. |38,268.60 |- |1870 |446.90 |.. |33,760.50 |- |1871 |497.70 |.. |39,552.00 |- |1872 |391.70 |.. |34,224.10 |- |1873 |352.50 |.. |27,392.20 |- |1874 |401.50 |.. |22,717.40 |- |1875 |358.30 |.. |18,556.20 |- |1876 |323.50 |.. |14,318.00 |- |1877 |433.70 |.. |17,577.50 |- |1878 |477.80 |.. |16,882.00 |- |1879 |501.10 |.. |20,355.50 |- |1880 |389.00 |.. |20,557.00 |- |1881 |245.40 |162.60 |13,572.50 |- |1882 |210.00 |147.00 |12,659.00 |- |1883 |192.00 |.. |10,226.00 |- |1884 |231.10 |.. |10,389.00 |- |1885 |271.20 |.. |12,886.00 |- |1886 |318.80 |.. |17,960.00 |- |1887 |338.50 |.. |21,586.00 |- |1888 |284.20 |.. |18,259.00 |- |1889 |334.20 |.. |17,757.00 |- |1890 |415.50 |.. |22,476.00 |- |1891 |361.50 |.. |18,882.00 |- |1892 |350.00 |.. |18,468.00 |- |1893 |402.00 |.. |19,164.00 |- |1894 |390.00 |.. |15,424.00 |- |1895 |65.50 |.. |2,070.00 |- |1896 |no-details |.. |.. |- |1899 |36.00 |.. |2,208.00 |- |1900 |29.00 |.. |1,769.00 |- |1901 |62.00 |.. |3,410.00 |- |1902 |53.00 |.. |3,445.00 |- |1903 |48.40 |.. |3,144.00 |- |1904 |54.00 |.. |2,921.00 |- |1905 |50.60 |.. |3,872.00 |- |1906 |49.50 |.. |4,784.00 |- |1908 |44.70 |.. |3,346.00 |- |1909 |135.40 |.. |10,398.00 |- |1910 |86.90 |.. |7,506.00 |- |1911 |95.50 |.. |10,453.00 |- |1912 |121.50 |.. |15,669.00 |- |1913 |156.40 |.. |18,498.00 |- |1914 |37.10 |.. |3,370.00 |- |1914 |no-details |.. |.. |- |1985 |no-details |.. |.. |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Arsenic production (1875–1895) !Year(s) !Ore (tons) !Value (£) |- |1875 |16.20 |71.60 |- |1876 |97.00 |353.20 |- |1877 |135.40 |472.80 |- |1878 |72.60 |97.90 |- |1879 |114.90 |378.00 |- |1880 |60.00 |306.00 |- |1881 |69.30 |264.00 |- |1882 |72.00 |266.00 |- |1883 |69.00 |254.00 |- |1884 |78.60 |312.00 |- |1885 |41.80 |167.00 |- |1886 |35.00 |140.00 |- |1887 |35.00 |155.00 |- |1888 |40.00 |178.00 |- |1889 |95.00 |382.00 |- |1890 |108.00 |512.00 |- |1891 |79.00 |390.00 |- |1892 |94.00 |462.00 |- |1893 |95.00 |486.00 |- |1894 |98.00 |635.00 |- |1895 |20.00 |100.00 |} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Employment (1878–1913) !Year(s) !Total !Overground !Underground |- |1878 |409 |158 |251 |- |1879 |407 |153 |254 |- |1880 |312 |110 |202 |- |1881 |289 |105 |184 |- |1882 |297 |97 |200 |- |1883 |215 |80 |135 |- |1884 |196 |66 |130 |- |1885 |256 |90 |166 |- |1886 |279 |97 |182 |- |1887 |292 |104 |188 |- |1888 |315 |126 |189 |- |1889 |409 |172 |237 |- |1890 |405 |168 |237 |- |1891 |349 |153 |196 |- |1892 |369 |156 |213 |- |1893 |367 |161 |206 |- |1894 |249 |116 |133 |- |1895 |6 |6 |.. |- |1899 |40 |33 |7 |- |1900 |46 |38 |8 |- |1901 |43 |38 |5 |- |1902 |40 |35 |5 |- |1904 |42 |42 |.. |- |1905 |37 |37 |.. |- |1906 |73 |65 |8 |- |1907 |200 |125 |75 |- |1908 |240 |132 |108 |- |1909 |242 |133 |109 |- |1910 |233 |111 |122 |- |1911 |276 |101 |175 |- |1912 |268 |110 |158 |- |1913 |275 |94 |181 |} ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crown Mines from the air 2.jpg File:Crown Mines from the air 3.jpg File:Crown Mines from the air.jpg File:Crown Mines arty 4.png </gallery>

== See also == {{Portal|Cornwall}}

* Levant Mine and Beam Engine * Geevor Tin Mine * Consolidated Mines * Dolcoath mine

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}}

Category:Arsenic mines in Cornwall Category:Copper mines in Cornwall Category:Geological type localities Category:Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall Category:Grade II listed industrial buildings Category:Industrial archaeological sites in Cornwall Category:National Trust properties in Cornwall Category:St Just in Penwith Category:Tin mines in Cornwall Category:Scheduled monuments in Cornwall