{{Short description|American municipal police force}} {{Redirect|NYPD|the 1960s crime drama|N.Y.P.D. (TV series)|the 1990s police procedural drama series|NYPD Blue}} {{confused|New York State Police}} {{Use American English|date=July 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox law enforcement agency | agencyname = City of New York {{nowrap|Police Department}} | commonname = New York City Police Department | abbreviation = NYPD | patch = Patch of the New York City Police Department.svg | patchcaption = Patch | badge = NYPD badge.png | badgecaption = NYPD shield (officer) | flag = Flag of the New York City Police Department.svg{{!}}border | flagcaption = Flag of the NYPD | motto = {{langnf|la|Fidelis ad Mortem|Faithful Unto Death}} | formedyear = {{start date and age|1845|05|23}} | sworntype = Sworn officers | sworn = {{decrease}} 33,503 of 35,025 (FY 2026)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2025/12/Fiscal-2026-November-Plan-Report.pdf | title=Fiscal 2026-2029 November Plan | date=December 2025 | website=council.nyc.gov}}</ref> | unsworntype = Civilian employee | unsworn = Approximately 19,000 civilian employees<ref name="NYCC FY22 Executive Budget Report">{{cite web |url=https://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2021/05/NYPD.pdf |title=Report to the Committees on Finance and Public Safety on the Fiscal 2022 Executive Budget for the New York Police Department |publisher=New York City Council |date=May 11, 2021 |page=2 |access-date=October 13, 2021 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172825/https://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2021/05/NYPD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | budget = $6.43 billion (FY 2026)<ref name="auto"/> | country = | legaljuris = opsjuris | police = Yes | local = Yes | headquarters = One Police Plaza, Lower Manhattan | employees = 48,967 (FY 2026) | electeetype = Police Commissioner | minister1name = Jessica Tisch | chief1name = Tania Kinsella | chief1position = First Deputy Police Commissioner | chief2name = Michael LiPetri | chief2position = Chief of Department | unitname = {{clist|title=List of units | framestyle = border:none;padding:0; | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:transparent; | liststyle = list-style-type:disc;text-align:left; | Anti-Crime Unit | Aviation Unit | Ceremonial Unit | Chaplains Unit | Citywide Counterterrorism Unit | Crimes Against Persons Unit | Crime Scene Unit | Disorder Control Unit | Domestic Violence Unit | Emergency Services Unit | Executive Protection Unit | Harbor Unit | Hate Crimes Unit | Mounted Unit | Movie and T.V. Unit | Paid Detail Unit | Special Investigations Unit | Special Victims Unit | Technical Assistance and Response Unit (TARU) }} | stationtype = Command | stations = {{ubl|78 precincts<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page|title=Find Your Precinct and Sector - NYPD|website=NYPD |access-date=October 12, 2019|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213813/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page|url-status=live}}</ref>|12 transit districts|9 housing police service areas}} | lockuptype = Department of Corrections | vehicle1type = Police vehicle | vehicles1 = 9,624<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/operations/performance/fleet-report.page|title=Fleet Report - Mayor's Office of Operations|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132705/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/operations/performance/fleet-report.page|url-status=live}}</ref> | boat1type = Police boat | boats1 = 29<ref>{{cite web |title=NYPD Crew: Meet the Mechanics Who Keep Police Cars, Boats, and Helicopters Alive |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g15895645/nypd-fleet-mechanics/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=May 3, 2021 |date=February 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503225611/https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g15895645/nypd-fleet-mechanics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | aircraft1type = Helicopter | aircraft1 = 8 | animal1type = Horse | animals1 = 35{{cn|date=August 2024}} | animal2type = K-9 unit | animals2 = 34 | website = {{URL|https://nyc.gov/nypd}}<br>{{URL|https://nypdonline.org}} }} <!--Do not move or remove the full organization name per MOS:FIRSTCORP-->The '''City of New York Police Department''', also known as the '''New York City Police Department''' ('''NYPD'''), is the primary law enforcement agency within New York City. Established on May 23, 1845, the NYPD is the largest, and one of the oldest, municipal police departments in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd07.pdf |title=Bureau of Justice Statistics - Appendix table 1 |page=34 |publisher=United States Department of Justice |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118002615/https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan near City Hall. The NYPD's regulations are compiled in title 38 of the ''New York City Rules''. Dedicated units of the NYPD include the Emergency Service Unit, K-9, harbor patrol, highway patrol, air support, bomb squad, counterterrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-organized crime, narcotics, mounted patrol, public transportation, and public housing units. Unlike in other towns and cities, it is not the fire department but the NYPD that has responsibility for emergency water rescue.
The NYPD employs more than 40,000 people, including more than 30,000 police officers as of September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=About NYPD - NYPD|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/about-nypd-landing.page|access-date=2020-07-31|website=www1.nyc.gov|archive-date=January 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114214351/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/about-nypd-landing.page|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Power BI|url=https://app.powerbigov.us/view?r=eyJrIjoiZTI4OTRjZTYtNTYwOC00NzcxLThhYTItOTU5NGNkMzIzYjVlIiwidCI6IjJiOWY1N2ViLTc4ZDEtNDZmYi1iZTgzLWEyYWZkZDdjNjA0MyJ9&pageName=ReportSection|access-date=2021-04-08|website=app.powerbigov.us|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420192621/https://app.powerbigov.us/view?r=eyJrIjoiZTI4OTRjZTYtNTYwOC00NzcxLThhYTItOTU5NGNkMzIzYjVlIiwidCI6IjJiOWY1N2ViLTc4ZDEtNDZmYi1iZTgzLWEyYWZkZDdjNjA0MyJ9&pageName=ReportSection|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the official CompStat database, the NYPD responded to nearly 500,000 reports of crime and made more than 200,000 arrests during 2019.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=NYPD Complaint Data Historic|url=https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/NYPD-Complaint-Data-Historic/qgea-i56i/data|access-date=2020-07-31|website=NYC Open Data|language=en|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121319/https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/NYPD-Complaint-Data-Historic/qgea-i56i/data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parascandola|first=Rocco|title=Cops used more force in 2019 even as arrests fell last year: report|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-nypd-use-of-force-report-20200311-2vwo4wq5mfg3dkcm2bgi6dr4ai-story.html|access-date=2020-07-31|website=New York Daily News|date=March 11, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814165139/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-nypd-use-of-force-report-20200311-2vwo4wq5mfg3dkcm2bgi6dr4ai-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, it had a budget of {{US$|6 billion}}.<ref name="budget">{{cite web |title=Report of the Finance Division on the Fiscal 2022 Preliminary Budget and the Fiscal 2021 Preliminary Mayor's Management Report for the New York Police Department |url=https://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2021/03/056-NYPD.pdf |website=council.nyc.gov |date=March 16, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007223255/https://council.nyc.gov/budget/wp-content/uploads/sites/54/2021/03/056-NYPD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the NYPD's actual spending often exceeds its budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-nyc-police-overtime-pay/ |title=NYC Cops Log Millions of Overtime Hours. New Yorkers Don't Feel Safer. |last1=Akinnibi |first1=Fola |last2=Holder |first2=Sarah |last3=Cannon |first3=Christopher |date=13 October 2021 |department=CityLab |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=13 October 2021 |quote=The NYPD has blown past annual budgets every year for at least two decades, almost entirely due to overtime costs. |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014092024/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-nyc-police-overtime-pay/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
The NYPD's history has been colored by police brutality, corruption, and misconduct, which critics argue persists till the present day.<ref name="Kane 2012">{{Cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Robert J. |title=Jammed Up: Bad Cops, Police Misconduct, and the New York City Police Department |date=2012 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4841-1 |last2=White |first2=Michael D. |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814748411.003.0001}}</ref><ref name="McArdle">{{Cite book |last=McArdle |first=Andrea |title=Zero tolerance: quality of life and the new police brutality in New York City |date=2001 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=0-8147-5631-X |oclc=45094047}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hennelly |first1=Bob |title=New York City's cycle of police corruption: Do reforms stick, and does it matter? |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2016/07/new-york-citys-cycle-of-police-corruption-do-reforms-stick-and-does-it-matter/180032/ |access-date=July 31, 2020 |work=City & State NY |date=July 17, 2016 |language=en |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217072621/https://www.cityandstateny.com/politics/2016/07/new-york-citys-cycle-of-police-corruption-do-reforms-stick-and-does-it-matter/180032/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to its high-profile location in New York City, the largest city and media center in the U.S., fictionalized versions of the NYPD and its officers have frequently been portrayed in novels, radio, television, motion pictures, and video games.[[File:NYPD Police officer (48529090452).jpg|300px|thumb|NYPD Police officer in uniform at the US Women's Soccer Team ticker-tape parade in 2019]]
==History== {{Main|History of the New York City Police Department}}
The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system. Mayor William Havemeyer shepherded the NYPD together.<ref>''The Wall Street Journal'', May 13, 2017, p. C6</ref> The NYPD appointed its first Black officer in 1911<ref>{{cite web|last=Browne|first=Arthur|title=BOOK EXCERPT: First African-American to join NYPD suffered the silent hatred of his fellow officers|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brought-black-blue-article-1.2273796 |date=June 28, 2015 |access-date=2020-08-03|website=New York Daily News|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918235312/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brought-black-blue-article-1.2273796|url-status=live}}</ref> and the first female officer in 1918.<ref name="Brenwall 2023">{{cite web |last1=Brenwall |first1=Cynthia |title=Policewomen |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2023/3/17/policewomen |website=archives.nyc |date=March 17, 2023 |publisher=NYC Department of Records and Information Services }}</ref>
[[File:Rescue worker reaching into a New York Police car covered with debris (28802606564).jpg|thumb|NYPD sergeant searching a cruiser covered in debris during the September 11 attacks]] During Richard Enright's tenure as commissioner, the country's first Shomrim Society, a fraternal organization of Jewish police officers, was founded in the NYPD in 1924. At the time, the NYPD had 700 Jewish officers on the force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/1924/11/14/archive/shomrim-society-formed-by-jewish-members-of-new-york-p-d|title=Shomrim Society Formed by Jewish Members of New York P. D|date=1924-11-14|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
In 1961, highly decorated NYPD officer Mario Biaggi, later a US Congressman, became the first police officer in New York State to be made a member of the National Police Officers Hall of Fame.<ref>{{citation |title=Foreign Assistance for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland |chapter=Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4329, March 5 and 6, 1986 |date=1986 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbWVFCD-JksC&dq=%22mario+biaggi%22++%22high+school%22+haaren&pg=PA100 |language=en |access-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034415/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Foreign_Assistance_for_Northern_Ireland/LbWVFCD-JksC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mario+biaggi%22++%22high+school%22+haaren&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=B000432|title=Biaggi, Mario (1917-2015)|work=Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205830/https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=B000432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/03/Mario-Biaggi-congressman-under-the-gun/3886549691200/|title=Mario Biaggi, congressman under the gun|website=UPI|date=June 3, 1987|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210230159/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/03/Mario-Biaggi-congressman-under-the-gun/3886549691200/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the mid-1980s, the NYPD began to police street-level drug markets much more intensively, leading to a sharp increase in incarceration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Mason B.|date=2021|title=How the Rockefeller Laws Hit the Streets: Drug Policing and the Politics of State Competence in New York City, 1973–1989|journal=Modern American History|volume=4|language=en|pages=67–90|doi=10.1017/mah.2020.23|issn=2515-0456|doi-access=free}}</ref>
In 1992, Mayor David Dinkins created an independent Civilian Complaint Review Board for the NYPD. In response to this, some NYPD officers violently protested<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Shielded from Justice: New York: Civilian Complaint Review Board|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/uspo1015.htm|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020515/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/uspo1015.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2014-12-22|title=Police Unions Haven't Only Battled Bill de Blasio's City Hall|url=https://observer.com/2014/12/for-police-unions-a-history-of-warring-with-city-hall/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Observer|language=en-US |first1=Ross |last1=Barkan |archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202045240/https://observer.com/2014/12/for-police-unions-a-history-of-warring-with-city-hall/|url-status=live}}</ref> and rioted.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Oliver|first=Pamela|title=When the NYPD Rioted |website=Race, Politics, Justice |publisher=Department of Sociology – University of Wisconsin-Madison |url=https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2020/07/18/when-the-nypd-rioted/|access-date=2021-01-15|language=en-US |date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228154120/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2020/07/18/when-the-nypd-rioted/|url-status=live}}</ref> They blocked traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, demonstrated at City Hall and shouted racial epithets.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> The protests were sponsored by the NYPD union.<ref name=":02" />
In 1994, the NYPD developed the CompStat computer system for tracking crime geographically, which is now in use by other police departments in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies |website=National Criminal Justice Reference Service|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265292|access-date=2020-08-29 |date=August 2013 |language=en|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032359/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265292|url-status=live}}</ref> Research is mixed on whether CompStat had an impact on crime rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Didier|first=Emmanuel|date=2018-07-30|title=Globalization of Quantitative Policing: Between Management and Statactivism |doi-access=free |s2cid-access=free |journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=515–534|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053308|s2cid=150164073|issn=0360-0572}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What Caused the Crime Decline?|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-caused-crime-decline|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Brennan Center for Justice |date=February 12, 2015 |first1=Oliver |last1=Roeder |first2=Lauren-Brooke |last2=Eisen |first3=Julia |last3=Bowling |language=en|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119223557/https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-caused-crime-decline|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the mid to late 1990s, several mergers took place which changed the landscape of policing in New York City. The New York City Transit Police and the New York City Housing Authority Police Department merged into the NYPD in 1995, becoming the Transit Bureau and Housing Bureau respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last=Myers |first=Steven Lee |date=April 1995 |title=Giuliani Wins Police Merger in M.T.A. Vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/01/nyregion/giuliani-wins-police-merger-in-mta-vote.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523175915/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/01/nyregion/giuliani-wins-police-merger-in-mta-vote.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=May 23, 2018 |access-date=June 19, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> In 1996, the New York City Department of Transportation's Traffic Operations Bureau was merged into the NYPD, becoming the Transportation Bureau. In 1998, the New York City Department of Education's School Safety Division became part of the NYPD's Community Affairs Bureau.
In 2021, the NYPD ceased enforcement of marijuana crimes other than driving under the influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/policy/marijuana-law.page|title=Marijuana Enforcement|publisher=New York Police Department|access-date=April 10, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410213340/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/policy/marijuana-law.page|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2024, the NYPD changed its motto from "Courtesy, Professionalism, Respect" to "Fighting Crime, Protecting the Public".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/nypd-phases-out-courtesy-professionalism-respect-motto-on-patrol-cars/|title=NYPD phases out ‘Courtesy, Professionalism, Respect’ motto on patrol cars|date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>
==Organization and structure== {{Main|Organization of the New York City Police Department}}
The department is administered and governed by the police commissioner, who is appointed by the mayor. Technically, the commissioner serves a five-year term; as a practical matter, they serve at the mayor's pleasure. The commissioner in turn appoints the first deputy commissioner, numerous deputy commissioners, and the chief of department (the most senior uniformed officer). By default, the commissioner and their subordinate deputies are civilians under an oath of office and are not sworn officers. However, a commissioner who comes up from the sworn ranks retains the status and statutory powers of a police officer while serving as commissioner. This affects their police pensions, and their ability to carry a firearm without a pistol permit. Some police commissioners carry a personal firearm but also have a full-time security detail. Commissioners and deputy commissioners are administrators who specialize in areas of great importance to the Department, such as counterterrorism, support services, public information, legal matters, intelligence, and information technology. However, as civilian administrators, deputy commissioners are prohibited from taking operational control of a police situation (the commissioner and the first deputy commissioner may take control of these situations, however). Within the rank structure, there are also designations, known as "grades", that connote differences in duties, experience, and pay. However, supervisory functions are generally reserved for the rank of sergeant and above.
===Office of the Chief of Department=== The chief of department serves as the senior sworn member of the NYPD. Before 1987, the rank was known as the chief of operations; before that title, as chief inspector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/administration/department_co.shtml|title=NYPD - Administration - Chief of Department |work=The City of New York|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920220513/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/administration/department_co.shtml|archive-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> Michael LiPetri currently serves as chief of department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/leadership/leadership-landing.page |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=NYC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cramer |first=Maria |date=2025-10-08 |title=A Top N.Y.P.D. Chief and Adams Ally Retires |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/08/nyregion/nypd-john-chell-retires.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Previous chiefs of department===
* John Timoney, 1994–1995 * Louis R. Anemone, 1995–1999 (Originally instituted weekly CompStat meetings, which started in the Chief of Patrol's office; Anemone was Chief of Patrol from 1994 to 1995; CompStat moved to the Chief of Department's office when William Bratton promoted Anemone to Chief of Department where it remains today in the Crime Control Strategies Unit office under the Chief's command.) * Joseph Dunne, 1999–2000 * Joseph Esposito, 2000–2013 (Longest-serving chief of department in history) * Philip Banks, 2013–2014 * James O'Neill, 2014–2016 * Carlos M. Gomez, 2016–2017 * Terence Monahan, 2018–2021 * Rodney Harrison, 2021 * Kenneth Corey, 2022 * Jeffrey Maddrey, 2022–2024 * John Chell, 2025 * Michael LiPetri, 2025–present
===Chief of department's Crime Control Strategies Bureau chiefs=== *Jack Maple, First person to be created Deputy Commissioner of Operations and Crime Control Strategies (1994–1996), worked under Anemone and Timoney *Edward Norris, Deputy Commissioner (1996–2000) *Garry McCarthy, Deputy Commissioner (2000–2006) * Phil Pulaski, Deputy Commissioner (2006–2009) * Patrick Timlin, Deputy Commissioner (2010–2012) * John Bilich, Deputy Commissioner (2012–2014) * Dermot Shea, Deputy Commissioner and Chief of Crime Control Strategies (2014–2018) * Lori Pollack, Chief of Crime Control Strategies (2018–2019) * Francis Giordano, Chief of Crime Control Strategies (2025–present)
===Bureaus=== {{convert to prose|date=January 2019}} The department is divided into 20 bureaus<ref>{{cite web|title=Bureaus|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/bureaus.page|website=New York Police Department|access-date=May 18, 2017|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520161825/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/bureaus.page|url-status=live}}</ref> which are typically commanded by a uniformed bureau chief (such as the chief of patrol and the chief of housing) or a civilian deputy commissioner (such as the Deputy Commissioner of Information Technology). The bureaus fit under four umbrellas: Patrol, Transit & Housing, Investigative, and Administrative. Bureaus are often subdivided into smaller divisions and units. All deputy commissioners report directly to the commissioner and bureau chiefs report to the commissioner through the chief of department.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File: New York Police Department officers.jpg|Officers from the Emergency Service Unit File: NYPD police boat, Brooklyn Bridge and Downtown Brooklyn at sunset.JPG|Police boat patrolling the East River File:NYPD police motorcycle.png|A Highway Patrol officer speaks with a passerby File:NYPD One Police Plaza.JPG|1 Police Plaza, NYPD headquarters {{Not a typo|File:13a.BeforeCentralPark.NYC.29June2019 (48237667871).jpg}}<!-- Do not change the spelling of the file! -->|NYPD's Critical Response Command protects high-profile terrorist targets including the NYC residence of former President Donald Trump. </gallery>
{| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Bureau !! Commanding officer !! Description !! Subdivisions |- | '''Patrol Services Bureau''' || Chief of Patrol || The Patrol Services Bureau oversees most of the NYPD's uniformed patrol officers. This is the largest bureau. It is under the command of the Chief of Patrol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrol - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/patrol-landing.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| There are eight borough commands (Manhattan North & South, Brooklyn North & South, Queens North & South, Staten Island, and The Bronx), with each command headed by an assistant chief. These are further divided into 78 police precincts, which are commanded by a captain, deputy inspector, or inspector; depending on size. |- | '''Special Operations Bureau''' || Chief of Special Operations || The Special Operations Bureau Manages NYPD responses to major events and incidents that require specifically trained and equipped personnel. It is under the command of the Chief of Special Operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Operations - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/citywide-operations.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| The Special Operations Bureau is responsible for the Emergency Service Unit, Aviation Unit, Harbor Unit, Mounted Unit, Strategic Response Group, Crisis Outreach and Support Unit. |- | '''Transit Bureau''' || Chief of Transit || The Transit Bureau Oversees NYPD transit officers in the New York City Subway. It is under the command of the Chief of Transit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/transit-housing/transit.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| This Bureau is responsible for 12 transit districts, each located within or adjacent to the subway system, and overseen by three borough commands: Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Bronx/Queens. Specialized units within the Transit Bureau include Borough Task Forces, Anti-Terrorism Unit, Citywide Vandals Task Force, Canine Unit, Special Projects Unit, and MetroCard Fraud Task Force. |- | '''Housing Bureau''' || Chief of Housing || The Housing Bureau Oversees law enforcement within New York City public housing. It is under the command of the Chief of Housing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/transit-housing/housing.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| There are nine police service areas, each covering a collection of housing developments. |- | '''Transportation Bureau''' || Chief of Transportation || The Transportation Bureau Manages highway patrol and traffic management in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Transportation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transportation - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/transit-housing/transportation.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| Traffic Management Center, Highway District, Traffic Operations District, Traffic Enforcement District |- | '''Counterterrorism Bureau''' || Deputy Chief of Counterterrorism || The Counterterrorism Bureau counters, investigates, analyzes, and prevents terrorism in New York City. It is under the command of the Deputy Chief of Counterterrorism, who is subordinate to the Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence & Counterterrorism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Counterterrorism |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/investigative/counterterrorism.page |website=www.nyc.gov |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> || Critical Response Command, Counterterrorism Division, Terrorism Threat Analysis Group, Lower Manhattan Security Initiative, World Trade Center Command |- | '''Crime Control Strategies Bureau''' || Chief of Crime Control Strategies || The Crime Control Strategies Bureau oversees the analysis and monitoring of trends across New York City, develops strategies targeted to reduce crime, and applies strategies to the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Crime Control Strategies || CompStat Unit, Crime Analysis Unit |- | '''Detective Bureau''' || Chief of Detectives || The Detectives Bureau oversees NYPD detectives. The Detectives are in charge of preventing, detecting, and investigating crime in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Detectives. || Borough Investigative Commands, Special Victims Division, Forensic Investigations Division, Special Investigations Division, Criminal Enterprise Division, Fugitive Enforcement Division, Real Time Crime Center, District Attorneys Squad, Grand Larceny Division, Gun Violence Suppression Division, Vice Enforcement Division |- | '''Intelligence Bureau''' || Assistant Chief of Intelligence || The Intelligence Bureau oversees the collection and analysis of data to detect and disrupt criminal and terrorist activity in New York City. It is under the command of the Assistant Chief of Intelligence, who is subordinate to the Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence & Counterterrorism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intelligence |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/investigative/intelligence.page |website=www.nyc.gov |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> || Intelligence Operations and Analysis Section, Criminal Intelligence Section |- | '''Internal Affairs Bureau''' || Chief of Internal Affairs || The Internal Affairs Bureau investigates police misconduct within the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Internal Affairs. || N/A |- | '''Employee Relations''' || Deputy Commissioner of Employee Relations || Employee Relations oversees the fraternal, religious, and line organizations of the NYPD, as well as ceremonial customs. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Employee Relations. || Employee Relations Section, Chaplains Unit, Ceremonial Unit, Sports Unit |- | '''Operations''' || Deputy Commissioner of Operations || The Operations Bureau oversees the Operations Division and the NYPD Joint Operations Center which monitors all police-related incidents citywide. They coordinate combined-operations with various City, State, and Federal agencies to during large-scale or catastrophic events. They plan exercises with inter-agency partners to assess responses to potential threats like terror attacks, active shooter situations, and natural disasters. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=operations |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/operations.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| Operations Division, NYPD Joint Operations Center |- | '''Community Affairs Bureau''' || Deputy Commissioner of Community Affairs || The Community Affairs Bureau works with community leaders, civic organizations, block associations, and the public to educate on police policies and practices; it is also responsible for NYPD officers in schools and investigates juvenile delinquency. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Community Affairs.|| Community Outreach Division, Crime Prevention Division, Juvenile Justice Division, School Safety Division |- | '''Information Technology Bureau''' || Chief of Information Technology || The Information Technology Bureau oversees the maintenance, research, development, and implementation of technology to support strategies, programs, and procedures within the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Information Technology. || Administration, Fiscal Affairs, Strategic Technology, IT Services Division, Life-Safety Systems, Communications Division |- | '''Legal Matters''' || Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters || The Legal Matters Bureau assists NYPD personnel regarding department legal matters; controversially, it has a memorandum of understanding with the Manhattan District Attorney to selectively prosecute New York City Criminal Court summons and court cases. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters.|| Civil Enforcement Unit, Criminal Section, Civil Section, Legislative Affairs Unit, Document Production/FOIL, Police Action Litigation Section |- | '''Personnel''' || Chief of Personnel || The Personnel Bureau oversees the recruitment and selection of personnel, as well as managing the human resource functions of the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personnel - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/administrative/personnel.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| Candidate Assessment Division, Career Enhancement Division, Employee Management Division, Personnel Orders Section, Staff Services Section |- | '''Public Information''' || Deputy Commissioner of Public Information || Public Information works with media organizations to provide information to the public. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Public Information.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Information - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/administrative/public-information.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>|| Digital Communications Section, Public Information Section |- | '''Professional Standards'''|| Chief of Professional Standards || Professional Standards oversees the performance of police officers and identifies officers who may require enhanced training or supervision. It is under the command of the Chief of Professional Standards. || Enterprise Risk Management Section, Enterprise Risk Management Civilian Complaint Stat Unit, Enterprise Risk Management Early Intervention Unit |- | '''Strategic Initiatives'''|| Deputy Commissioner of Strategic Initiatives || Strategic Initiatives oversees data analysis, department policies, strategic development and the publishing of the department manual which is composed of the Patrol, Administrative, Organization, and Detective Guides. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Strategic Initiatives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Strategic Initiatives - NYPD |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/administrative/strategic-initiatives.page |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>||Office of Management Analysis and Planning (OMAP), Management Orders and Directives Section (MODS), Management Analysis Section (MAS), Office of Research and Evaluation (ORE), Project Management Office (PMO)<ref name=":0" /> |- | '''Training''' || Chief of Training || The Training Bureau oversees the training of recruits, officers, staff, and civilians. It is under the command of the Chief of Training. || Recruit Training Section, Physical Training and Tactics Department, Tactical Training Unit, Firearms and Tactics Section, COBRA Training, In-Service Tactical Training Unit, Driver Education and Training Unit, Computer Training Unit, Civilian Training Program, School Safety Training Unit, Instructor Development Unit, Criminal Investigation Course, Leadership Development Section, Citizens Police Academy |}
==Rank structure== {{See also|Organization of the New York City Police Department}}{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2019}} Officers graduate from the Police Academy after 26 weeks (or sometimes more) of training in various academic, physical, and tactical fields. For the first 18 months of their careers, they are designated as "Probationary Police Officers" or, more informally, "rookies". There are three career "tracks" in the NYPD: supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of nine ranks; promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. After reaching the rank of captain, promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector, inspector, deputy chief, assistant chief, (bureau) chief, and chief of department is always at the discretion of the NYPD commissioner. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is discretionary by the police commissioner or required by law when the officer has performed outstanding investigative duty for eighteen months or more.
===Badges=== Badges in the New York City Police Department are referred to as "shields" (the traditional term), though not all badge designs are strictly shield-shaped.
Every rank has a different badge design (except "police officer" and "probationary police officer") and, upon change in rank, officers receive a new badge. Lower-ranked police officers are identified by their shield numbers. Lieutenants and above do not have shield numbers and are identified by tax registry numbers.
Some officers carry replica badges, called "dupes", when on patrol as officers are punished for losing their shield by losing up to ten days' pay.<ref>{{cite news| last= Rivera| first= Ray| date= November 30, 2009| title= The Officer Is Real; The Badge May Be an Impostor| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/nyregion/01badge.html| url-access= limited| work= The New York Times| access-date= June 28, 2020| quote= [S]ome officers don't wear their badges on patrol...Instead, they wear fakes...[c]alled 'dupes,' these phony badges are often just a trifle smaller than real ones but otherwise completely authentic. Officers use them because losing a real badge can mean paperwork and a heavy penalty, as much as 10 days' pay...Though fake badges violate department policy, they are a quirk deeply embedded in the culture and history of the New York Police Department. Estimates of how many of the city’s 35,000 officers use fake badges vary from several thousand to several hundred[,] roughly 25 officers are disciplined each year for using them...'lots of people have dupe shields,' said Eric Sanders, a lawyer and former police officer who now represents officers in disciplinary actions...Years ago...officers referred to a fake badge as a Pottsy, after the Jay Irving comic strip about a New York City police officer. They later took on the name dupes, for duplicates.| archive-date= June 30, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200630084917/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/nyregion/01badge.html| url-status= live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" |- !Rank !Insignia !Badge design !Badge color !Badge number !Uniform |- |Police Commissioner |center|135px | rowspan="6" |center|frameless|155x155px With requisite number of stars and rank | rowspan="7" |Gold, with silver star(s) | rowspan="11" |No | rowspan="2" |No uniform |- |First Deputy Commissioner |center|108px |- |Chief of Department |center|108px | rowspan="5" |White shirt,<br />dark blue peaked cap, velvet cap band,<br />gold hat badge, five gold leaves each side of the cap visor |- | Deputy Commissioner (has no operational command; however, has a rank equivalent to a bureau chief) |center|81px |- |Bureau Chief &<br />Bureau Chief Chaplain † |center|81px |- |Assistant Chief &<br />Assistant Chief Chaplain † |center|54px |- |Deputy Chief &<br />Deputy Chief Chaplain †<br /> |center|27px |center|151x151px|framelessChaplain and Surgeon badges differ |- |Inspector &<br />Chaplain †<br /> |center|50px |center|151x151px|framelessChaplain and Surgeon badges differ | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|Gold | rowspan="2" |White shirt,<br />dark blue peaked cap, velvet cap band,<br />gold hat badge, |- |Deputy Inspector |center|30px |center|185x185px|frameless |- |Captain |center|25px |center|186x186px|frameless | rowspan="2" |White shirt,<br />peaked cap, striped black cap band,<br />gold hat badge |- |Lieutenant |center|10px(shoulder & collar) |130px |- |Sergeant |center|35px (sleeve) |135px | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Yes | rowspan="2" |Navy blue shirt,<br />peaked cap,<br />gold hat badge |- |Detective | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|None |100px |- |Officer |rowspan=3|100px | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Silver | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Yes,<br />matching hat badge | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Navy blue shirt,<br />peaked cap,<br />silver hat badge with matching number |- |Probationary Officer ("probie") |- |Recruit | style="text-align:center;"|Yes |style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|Slate grey,<br />black garrison cap |- |Cadet | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|None |} {{cnote|†|Rank that has no police powers}}
== Department composition == As of October 2023, the NYPD's current authorized uniformed strength is 33,536.<ref>{{cite web|title=About NYPD - NYPD (Demographics)|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/department-ethnic-gender-rank-recap-report.pdf|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www1.nyc.gov|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701185052/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/department-ethnic-gender-rank-recap-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also 19,454 civilian employees, including approximately 3,500 traffic enforcement agents, 4,500 auxiliary police officers, and 5,500 school safety agents, are presently employed by the department as well as being deployed on the streets. The Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York (NYC PBA), the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents more than 50,000 active and retired police officers.
The entire police force in 2023: 47% are white and 53% are members of minority groups. {{More detail needed}}
Of 21,603 officers on patrol: *43% are non-Hispanic white *57% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.{{More detail needed}} Of 5,164 detectives: *52% are non-Hispanic white *48% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.{{More detail needed}} Of 4,376 sergeants: *52% are non-Hispanic white *48% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.{{More detail needed}} Of 1,635 lieutenants: *59% are non-Hispanic white *41% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.{{More detail needed}} Of 360 captains: *62% are non-Hispanic white *38% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.{{More detail needed}} Of 101 police chiefs: *57% are non-Hispanic white and *43% are non-white.{{More detail needed}}
===Place of residence===
As a rule, NYPD officers can reside in New York City as well as Westchester, Rockland, Orange, Putnam, Suffolk and Nassau counties; approximately half of the sworn force lives outside the city (51% in 2020, up from 42% in 2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=A Majority Of NYPD Officers Don't Live In New York City, New Figures Show|url=https://gothamist.com/news/majority-nypd-officers-dont-live-new-york-city-new-figures-show|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Gothamist|date=August 8, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207171211/https://gothamist.com/news/majority-nypd-officers-dont-live-new-york-city-new-figures-show|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=This Interactive Map Shows You Where NYPD Officers Live|url=https://gothamist.com/news/this-interactive-map-shows-you-where-nypd-officers-live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Gothamist|date=October 22, 2016|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207171211/https://gothamist.com/news/this-interactive-map-shows-you-where-nypd-officers-live|url-status=live}}</ref> Notably, NYPD officers cannot have their permanent place of residence in neighbouring Northern New Jersey, despite many of the region's residents commuting to NYC for jobs.
===Women in the NYPD===
{{see also|Women in policing in the United States}}
On January 1, 2022, Keechant Sewell became the first woman to serve as the NYPD Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keechant Sewell sworn in as NYPD's first female police commissioner|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/keechant-sewell-sworn-nypds-first-female-police-commissioner-rcna10572|access-date=2022-01-01|website=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=January 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101153817/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/keechant-sewell-sworn-nypds-first-female-police-commissioner-rcna10572|url-status=live}}</ref> Juanita N. Holmes, appointed Chief of the Patrol Bureau in 2020, was the first black woman to hold this command and at the time of her appointment, was the highest-ranked uniformed woman in the NYPD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juanita Holmes Named 1st Female NYPD Chief of Patrol|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/juanita-holmes-named-1st-female-nypd-chief-of-patrol/2694027/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=NBC New York|date=October 29, 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101192850/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/juanita-holmes-named-1st-female-nypd-chief-of-patrol/2694027/|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 12, 2023, Sewell announced that she was stepping down as commissioner. No reason was given for her departure.
On November 25, 2024, Mayor Eric Adams appointed Jessica Tisch as the NYPD commissioner. She is the second woman to serve in the job.
==Line of duty deaths== The NYPD has lost 932 officers in the line of duty since 1849. This figure includes officers from agencies that were later absorbed by or became a part of the modern NYPD, in addition to the NYPD itself. This number also includes 28 officers killed on and off duty by gunfire of other officers on duty. Gunfire from adversaries has resulted in the deaths of 286 officers.<ref name="odmp.org">{{cite web|title=The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)|url=https://www.odmp.org/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.odmp.org|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321115943/https://www.odmp.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYPD lost 23 officers in the September 11, 2001, attacks, not including another 247 who later died of 9/11-related illnesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.odmp.org/agency/2758-new-york-city-police-department-new-york|title=New York City Police Department, NY|website=The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)|access-date=March 19, 2021|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316041940/https://www.odmp.org/agency/2758-new-york-city-police-department-new-york|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYPD has had more line-of-duty deaths than any other American law enforcement agency.<ref name="odmp.org"/>
== Services == The NYPD has a broad array of specialized services, including the Emergency Service Unit, K9, harbor patrol, air support, bomb squad, counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-gang, anti-organized crime, narcotics, public transportation, and public housing units. The NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in eleven cities internationally.<ref>{{cite news|title=Document shows NYPD eyed Shiites based on religion|url=http://www.ap.org/Content/AP-In-The-News/2012/Document-shows-NYPD-eyed-Shiites-based-on-religion|access-date=September 27, 2013|agency=Associated Press|archive-date=September 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929150713/http://www.ap.org/Content/AP-In-The-News/2012/Document-shows-NYPD-eyed-Shiites-based-on-religion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hartmann|first=Margaret|date=January 27, 2012|title=NYPD Now Has an Israel Branch|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/09/nypd-now-has-an-israel-branch.html|access-date=September 27, 2013|work=New York|archive-date=September 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928221806/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/09/nypd-now-has-an-israel-branch.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2019, the NYPD responded to 482,337 reports of crime and made 214,617 arrests.<ref name=":1" /> There were 95,606 major felonies reported in 2019, compared to more than half a million per year when crime in New York City peaked during the crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime Stats - Historical - NYPD|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/stats/crime-statistics/historical.page|access-date=2020-08-29|website=www1.nyc.gov|archive-date=August 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818194407/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/stats/crime-statistics/historical.page|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Reported number of major felony offenses !Crime !1990 !2000 !2010 !2019 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Murder |2,262 |673 |536 |319 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Rape |3,126 |2,068 |1,373 |1,755{{efn|group=rape|The definition of rape was widened at the federal level in 2013<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-01-06|title=An Updated Definition of Rape|url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/updated-definition-rape|access-date=2021-01-23|website=U.S. Department of Justice |language=en|archive-date=December 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203195658/https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/updated-definition-rape|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Robbery |100,280 |32,562 |19,486 |13,371 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Assault |44,122 |25,924 |16,956 |20,696 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Burglary |122,055 |38,352 |18,600 |10,783 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Larceny |108,487 |49,631 |37,835 |43,250 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |Auto theft |146,925 |35,442 |10,329 |5,430 |- style="text-align: right" ! style="text-align: left" |'''Total''' !'''527,257''' !'''184,652''' !'''105,115''' !'''95,606''' |} {{notelist|group=rape}}
==Public opinion== thumb|Public approval of the NYPD over time The Quinnipiac University Polling Institute has been regularly measuring public opinion of the NYPD since 1997 when just under 50% of the public approved of the job the NYPD was doing. Approval peaked at 78% in 2002 following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 2001, and has ranged between 52 and 72% since.<ref name="qu15">{{cite web |title=QU Poll Release Detail |url=https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=2226 |website=Quinnipiac University |access-date=October 18, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020051812/https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=2226 |url-status=live }}</ref> Approval varies by race/ethnicity, with black and Hispanic respondents consistently less likely to say they approve of the job the NYPD is doing than whites.<ref name="qu15" />
In 2017, the Quinnipiac poll found that New York City voters approve of the way NYPD, in general, does its job by a margin of 67–25%. Approval was 79–15 percent among white voters, 52–37 percent among black voters, and 73–24 percent among Hispanic voters. 86% of voters said crime is a serious problem, 71% said police brutality is a serious problem and 61% said police corruption is a serious problem.<ref>{{cite web|title=QU Poll Release Detail|url=https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=2419|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Quinnipiac University|language=en|archive-date=June 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606200440/https://poll.qu.edu/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=2419|url-status=live}}</ref>
A 2020 poll commissioned by Manhattan Institute for Policy Research reported that the public approved of the NYPD 53% to 40% against, again with strong racial differences: 59% of whites and Asians approved, as did 51% of Hispanics, whereas 51% of black residents disapproved.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hendrix |first=Michael |date=2020-08-27|title=Taking the City's Temperature: What New Yorkers Say About Crime, the Cost of Living, Schools, and Reform|url=https://manhattan.institute/article/taking-the-citys-temperature-what-new-yorkers-say-about-crime-the-cost-of-living-schools-and-reform|access-date=July 22, 2023|website=Manhattan Institute|language=en|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021032944/https://www.manhattan-institute.org/new-yorkers-views-crime-living-cost-schools|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Brutality, corruption, and misconduct cases== {{Main|New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct}}
The NYPD has a long history of police brutality, corruption, and misconduct as well as discrimination based on gender, race, and religion.<ref name="McArdle"/><ref>{{cite news|date=April 17, 2012|title=AP series about NYPD's surveillance of Muslims wins Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/ap-series-about-nypds-surveillance-of-muslims-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-investigative-reporting/2012/04/16/gIQAWfsXMT_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417102353/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/ap-series-about-nypds-surveillance-of-muslims-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-investigative-reporting/2012/04/16/gIQAWfsXMT_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Belcher|first=Ellen|title=LibGuides: NYPD - Historical and Current Research: NYPD Oversight: Excessive Force, Corruption & Investigations|url=https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/nypd/oversight|access-date=2020-06-05|website=guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu|language=en|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605020405/https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/nypd/oversight|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Steven A.|date=1980|title=Police Harassment of Homosexual Women and Men in New York City 1960-1980|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fcolhr12&id=165&collection=journals&index=|journal=Columbia Human Rights Review|access-date=June 5, 2020|archive-date=June 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605020308/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fcolhr12&id=165&collection=journals&index=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kane 2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gelman|first1=Andrew|last2=Fagan|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Kiss|first3=Alex|date=2007-09-01|title=An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's "Stop-and-Frisk" Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=102|issue=479|pages=813–823|doi=10.1198/016214506000001040|s2cid=8505752|issn=0162-1459|doi-access=free}}</ref> Critics, including from within the NYPD, have accused the NYPD of manipulating crime statistics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eterno|first=John|title=The New York City Police Department: the impact of its policies and practices|date=September 20, 2017|isbn=978-1-138-45859-8|page=152|publisher=Taylor & Francis |oclc=1091191466}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Durkin |first=Erin |title=NYPD, de Blasio blame bail reform for crime spike as defenders question police stats |url=https://politi.co/38xueBX |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=Politico PRO |date=March 5, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034409/https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2020/03/05/nypd-reports-spike-in-crime-as-public-defenders-question-the-stats-1265616 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, NYPD officer Adrian Schoolcraft was arrested, abducted by his fellow officers and involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric hospital after he provided evidence of manipulation of crime statistics (intentional under reporting of crimes) and intentional wrongful arrests (to meet arrest quotas). He filed a federal suit against the department, which the city settled before trial in 2015, also giving him back pay for the period when he was suspended.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodman |first=J. David |date=2015-09-29 |title=Officer Who Disclosed Police Misconduct Settles Suit |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/nyregion/officer-who-disclosed-police-misconduct-settles-suit.html |access-date=2020-06-14 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723051415/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/nyregion/officer-who-disclosed-police-misconduct-settles-suit.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2010-09-10 |title=Right to Remain Silent |url=https://www.thisamericanlife.org/414/right-to-remain-silent |access-date=2020-06-14 |website=This American Life |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614203030/https://www.thisamericanlife.org/414/right-to-remain-silent |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Knapp Commission found in 1970 that the NYPD had systematic corruption problems.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rabe-Hemp |first=Cara |title=Police Corruption and Code of Silence |date=2011 |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/policelawenforcement/n10.xml |work=Police and Law Enforcement |page=132 |publisher=SAGE |doi=10.4135/9781412994095.n10 |isbn=9781412978590 |access-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415230931/http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/policelawenforcement/n10.xml |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Civilian Complaint Review Board is a civilian-led 13-member panel tasked with investigating misconduct or lesser abuse accusations against NYPD officers, including abuse of authority, discourtesy, excessive use-of-force, and offensive language. Complaints against officers may be filed online, by mail, by phone, or in person at any NYPD station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ccrb/about/about.page|title=About - CCRB|website=www1.nyc.gov|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=April 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423094404/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ccrb/about/about.page|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 8, 2020, both houses of the New York state assembly passed the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, which provides that any police officer in the state of New York who injures or kills somebody through the use of "a chokehold or similar restraint" can be charged with a class C felony, punishable by up to 15 years in prison.<ref name="garnerlegislation">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-lawmakers-pass-anti-chokehold-bill-named-for-eric-garner-2020-06-08/ |title=New York lawmakers pass anti-chokehold bill named for Eric Garner |first=Jordan |last=Freiman |date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 11, 2020 |work=CBS News |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210083007/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-lawmakers-pass-anti-chokehold-bill-named-for-eric-garner-2020-06-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref> New York governor Andrew Cuomo signed the police reforms into law on June 12, 2020, which he described as "long overdue".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/06/12/n-y-gov-cuomo-signs-sweeping-police-reforms-into-law-says-theyre-long-overdue/|title=N.Y. Gov. Cuomo Signs Sweeping Police Reforms Into Law, Says They're 'Long Overdue'|date=June 12, 2020|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210083102/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2020/06/12/n-y-gov-cuomo-signs-sweeping-police-reforms-into-law-says-theyre-long-overdue/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="garnerlegislation" />
In 2020, during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic, many NYPD officers refused to wear face masks while policing protests related to racial injustice, contrary to the recommendations of health experts and authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Michael|date=2020-06-11|title=Why Are So Many N.Y.P.D. Officers Refusing to Wear Masks at Protests?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/nyregion/nypd-face-masks-nyc-protests.html|access-date=2020-06-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613175525/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/nyregion/nypd-face-masks-nyc-protests.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the George Floyd protests, ''The New York Times'' reported that more than 60 videos showed NYPD police attacking protesters, many of whom were attacked without cause.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=McCann|first1=Allison|last2=Migliozzi|first2=Blacki|last3=Newman|first3=Andy|last4=Buchanan|first4=Larry|last5=Byrd|first5=Aaron|date=2020-07-15|title=N.Y.P.D. Says It Used Restraint During Protests. Here's What the Videos Show.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/14/nyregion/nypd-george-floyd-protests.html|access-date=2020-07-16|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716144904/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/14/nyregion/nypd-george-floyd-protests.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Included in these attacks were the 'kettling' of protesters,<ref>{{cite news | title='Kettling' of Peaceful Protesters Shows Aggressive Shift by N.Y. Police | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/nyregion/police-kettling-protests-nyc.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur | work=The New York Times | date=June 5, 2020 | access-date=March 8, 2021 | last1=Watkins | first1=Ali | archive-date=April 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409155726/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/05/nyregion/police-kettling-protests-nyc.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur | url-status=live }}</ref> an officer removing the mask of a protester and pepper spraying him,<ref>{{cite news |title=Protester Speaks Out After Mask Ripped Off By NYPD and Pepper-Sprayed in Brooklyn |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/protester-speaks-out-after-mask-ripped-off-by-nypd-and-pepper-sprayed-in-brooklyn/2448135/ |work=WNBC |access-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606042251/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/protester-speaks-out-after-mask-ripped-off-by-nypd-and-pepper-sprayed-in-brooklyn/2448135/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and an incident where police vehicles were driven into a crowd.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Floyd protests: Video shows NYPD vehicles driving into crowd|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7008288/nypd-protesters-george-floyd/|work=Global News|access-date=March 8, 2021|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053131/https://globalnews.ca/news/7008288/nypd-protesters-george-floyd/|url-status=live}}</ref> An investigation by New York City's Department of Investigation concluded that the NYPD had exercised excessive force during the George Floyd protests.<ref>{{cite web|title=NYPD used excessive force during George Floyd protests, city investigation finds|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-used-excessive-force-during-george-floyd-protests-city-investigation-n1251688|access-date=2020-12-18|website=NBC News|date=December 18, 2020 |language=en|archive-date=December 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218191706/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-used-excessive-force-during-george-floyd-protests-city-investigation-n1251688|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2024, the NYPD tossed out more than 400 civilian complaints about police misconduct without reviewing the evidence. All of the cases had been investigated by the Civilian Complaint Review Board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Umansky |first=Eric |date=2024-09-11 |title=The NYPD Is Tossing Out Hundreds of Misconduct Cases — Including Stop-and-Frisks — Without Even Looking at Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/nypd-tossed-out-police-misconduct-discipline-cases-edward-caban |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref> In March, NYPD commissioner Edward Caban said that the force had exceeded its overtime budget by $100 million, spending $2.5 million a week on overtime alone amid political demonstrations throughout the city and increased deployments in the subway system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=NYPD busting its budget by nearly $100 million on overtime spending |url=https://abc7ny.com/nypd-overtime-budget-100-million/14550732/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> Police overtime spending went from $4 million in 2022 to $155 million in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostadan |first=Bahar |date=2023-12-21 |title=NYPD overtime pay in the subway went from $4 million to $155 million this year |url=https://gothamist.com/news/nypd-overtime-pay-in-the-subway-went-from-4-million-to-155-million-this-year |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> In September, the NYPD was also accused of extorting a Brooklyn bar owner. The owner said that associate director Ray Martin of the mayor's Office of Entertainment and Nightlife told him that he could pay Commissioner Caban's brother for better treatment from police.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dienst |first1=Jonathan |last2=Russo |first2=Melissa |last3=Bognar • • |first3=Steve |date=2024-09-12 |title=Bar owner alleges he was victim of 'shakedown' amid growing federal criminal probe into City Hall, NYPD |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/brooklyn-bar-owner-alleges-shakedown-amid-nypd-nightlife-investigation-james-caban/5791217/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=NBC New York |language=en-US}}</ref> Caban resigned his commission shortly after, following a federal investigation into the NYPD's nightclub enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dienst |first1=Jonathan |last2=Santia |first2=Marc |last3=Russo |first3=Melissa |last4=Winter |first4=Tom |last5=Siff • • |first5=Andrew |date=2024-09-12 |title=NYPD Commissioner Edward Caban resigns amid federal nightclub probe |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nypd-commissioner-edward-caban-resigns/5777883/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=NBC New York |language=en-US}}</ref> Three days before resigning, Caban watered down the NYPD's misconduct rules, reducing penalties for officers "guilty of abusing authority, using offensive language, failing to take a civilian complaint, and conducting an unlawful search."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blau |first=Reuven |date=2024-09-13 |title=Caban Watered Down NYPD Misconduct Rules as Final Act |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/09/13/caban-watered-down-nypd-punishments-as-final-act/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=THE CITY - NYC News |language=en-US}}</ref> The NYPD has been persistently criticized by safe streets community advocates for endangering cyclists by parking their vehicles in bike lanes,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Offenhartz |first1=Jake |title=De Blasio Promises Answers After NYPD Personal Vehicles Take Over Brand New Bike Lane |url=https://gothamist.com/news/de-blasio-promises-answers-after-nypd-personal-vehicles-take-over-brand-new-bike-lane |access-date=September 27, 2022 |work=Gothamist |date=September 10, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927083129/https://gothamist.com/news/de-blasio-promises-answers-after-nypd-personal-vehicles-take-over-brand-new-bike-lane |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Colon |first1=David |title=Cops Find Awesome Parking Spots In Strange Green-Painted Street Lanes |url=https://gothamist.com/news/cops-find-awesome-parking-spots-in-strange-green-painted-street-lanes |access-date=September 27, 2022 |work=Gothamist |date=September 6, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034409/https://gothamist.com/news/cops-find-awesome-parking-spots-in-strange-green-painted-street-lanes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manskar |first1=Noah |title=Cops Park In Bike Lanes As NYC Cyclist Fatalities Increase |url=https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/cops-park-bike-lanes-nyc-cyclist-fatalities-increase |access-date=September 27, 2022 |work=Patch |date=July 3, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927083128/https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/cops-park-bike-lanes-nyc-cyclist-fatalities-increase |url-status=live }}</ref> and for misapplying the law when ticketing cyclists riding outside blocked bike lanes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Colon |first1=David |title=The NYPD Is Cracking Down On Cyclists Riding Outside Bike Lanes |url=https://gothamist.com/news/the-nypd-is-cracking-down-on-cyclists-riding-outside-bike-lanes |access-date=September 27, 2022 |work=Gothamist |date=April 28, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927083131/https://gothamist.com/news/the-nypd-is-cracking-down-on-cyclists-riding-outside-bike-lanes |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2021 ''FiveThirtyEight'' analysis, New York City spent at least an average of US$170 million annually in settlements related to police misconduct over ten years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomson-DeVeaux|first=Amelia|date=2021-02-22|title=Police Misconduct Costs Cities Millions Every Year. But That's Where The Accountability Ends.|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/police-misconduct-costs-cities-millions-every-year-but-thats-where-the-accountability-ends/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222151011/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/police-misconduct-costs-cities-millions-every-year-but-thats-where-the-accountability-ends/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Between 2023 and 2024, Lieutenant Thomas Fabrizi stole $64,000 in overtime compensation for shifts he spent at home and working for McCann Protective Services, a security contractor.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gothamist.com/news/nypd-lieutenant-stole-more-than-64k-in-fake-overtime-prosecutors-say | title=NYPD lieutenant stole more than $64K in fake overtime, prosecutors say | date=January 22, 2025 }}</ref> In December 2024, the Chief of Internal Affairs, Miguel Iglesias, was forced out amid criticism of his handling of sexual abuse allegations against former Chief Jeffrey Maddrey, prompting a leadership shake-up and a department-wide personnel review.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Young |first1=Anna |last2=Sedacca |first2=Matthew |date=2024-12-22 |title=Police commish Jessica Tisch forces out Internal Affairs chief Miguel Iglesias in wake of bombshell NYPD sex for overtime scandal |url=https://nypost.com/2024/12/21/us-news/police-commish-jessica-tisch-fires-internal-affairs-chief-miguel-iglesias-in-wake-of-bombshell-nypd-sex-for-overtime-scandal/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Technology == In the 1990s, the NYPD developed a ''CompStat'' system of management which has also since been established in other cities. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units that assist with computer crime investigations. In 2005, the NYPD established a "Real Time Crime Center" to assist in investigations;<ref name="Schmidt2">Michael S. Schmidt, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/nyregion/18tattoo.html Have a Tattoo or Walk With a Limp? The Police May Know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619132201/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/nyregion/18tattoo.html |date=June 19, 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (February 18, 2010).</ref> This is essentially a searchable database that pulls information from departmental records, including traffic tickets, court summonses, and previous complaints to reports,<ref>Joseph Goldstein, [https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/if-the-son-of-sam-were-on-the-loose-today/ If Son of Sam Were on the Loose Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215832/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/if-the-son-of-sam-were-on-the-loose-today/ |date=August 5, 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (March 10, 2011).</ref> as well as arrest reports.<ref name="Schmidt2" /> The database contains files to identify individuals based on tattoos, body marks, teeth, and skin conditions, based on police records.<ref name="Schmidt2"/>
The NYPD also maintains the Domain Awareness System, a network that provides information and analytics to police, drawn from a variety of sources, including a network of 9,000 publicly and privately owned license plate readers, surveillance cameras, shotspotter data, NYPD databases, radiation, and chemical sensors.<ref>Ángel Díaz, [https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-york-city-police-department-surveillance-technology New York City Police Department Surveillance Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511213753/https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-york-city-police-department-surveillance-technology |date=May 11, 2020 }}, Brennan Center for Justice (October 4, 2019).</ref> The Domain Awareness System of surveillance was developed as part of Lower Manhattan Security Initiative in a partnership between the NYPD and Microsoft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/POA/pdf/Technology.pdf|title=Developing the NYPD's Information Technology|publisher=New York Police Department|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=August 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818213813/http://home.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/POA/pdf/Technology.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It allows the NYPD to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them. It also has access to data from at least 2 billion license plate readings, 100 million summonses, 54 million 911 calls, 15 million complaints, 12 million detective reports, 11 million arrests, and 2 million warrants. The 9,000 CCTV cameras consist of data text records that will be kept for 30 days. The system is connected to 9,000 video cameras across New York City.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=E. S. |last2=Tisch |first2=Jessica |last3=Tasso |first3=Anthony |last4=Joy |first4=Michael |date=February 2017 |title=The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System |journal=Interfaces |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.1287/inte.2016.0860}}</ref>
In 2020, the NYPD deployed a robotic dog, known as Digidog, manufactured by Boston Dynamics.<ref>{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=Kemberly|date=2020-12-11|title=NY Police Department's new robot dog, 'Digidog', is already saving lives|url=https://abc7news.com/8678069/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425144740/https://abc7news.com/8678069/|url-status=live}}</ref> The robotic dog has cameras which send back real-time footage along with lights and two-way communication, and it is able to navigate on its own using artificial intelligence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cramer |first1=Maria |last2=Hauser |first2=Christine |title=Digidog, a Robotic Dog Used by the Police, Stirs Privacy Concerns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog.html |access-date=April 14, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=February 27, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414021433/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dowd |first1=Trone |title=The NYPD Sent a Creepy Robotic Dog Into a Bronx Apartment Building |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-nypd-sent-a-creepy-robotic-dog-into-a-bronx-apartment-building/ |access-date=April 14, 2021 |work=Vice News |date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022536/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3gjjw/the-nypd-sent-a-creepy-robotic-dog-into-a-bronx-apartment-building |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Richardson |first1=Kemberly |title=Exclusive: A look at the NYPD's new robot dog |url=https://abc7ny.com/nypd-robot-dog-digidog-k9-artificial-intelligence/8669769/ |access-date=April 14, 2021 |publisher=WABC-TV |date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022537/https://abc7ny.com/nypd-robot-dog-digidog-k9-artificial-intelligence/8669769/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pix11/> Reaction by locals to Digidog was mixed.<ref name=wired/> Deployment of Digidog led to condemnation from the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project and the American Civil Liberties Union due to privacy concerns.<ref name=pix11/><ref name=wired/> In response to its deployment, a city council member has proposed a law banning armed robots; this would not apply to Digidog as Digidog is not armed and Boston Dynamics prohibits arming its robots.<ref name=wired>{{Cite news |title=A New York Lawmaker Wants to Ban Police Use of Armed Robots |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-lawmaker-wants-ban-police-armed-robots/ |first1=Sidney |last1=Fussell |date=March 18, 2021 |access-date=2021-04-25 |issn=1059-1028 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422023514/https://www.wired.com/story/new-york-lawmaker-wants-ban-police-armed-robots/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 24, 2021, U.S. Representative Ritchie Torres proposed new federal legislation requiring police departments receiving federal funds to report use of surveillance technology to the Department of Homeland Security and Congress.<ref name=pix11>{{cite web|date=2021-04-24|title=NYPD robotic dog prompts New York Rep. Torres to draft legislation|url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/nypd-robotic-dog-prompts-new-york-rep-torres-to-draft-legislation/ |first1=Allison |last1=Kaden |access-date=2021-04-25|website=PIX11|language=en-US|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425144741/https://pix11.com/news/local-news/bronx/nypd-robotic-dog-prompts-new-york-rep-torres-to-draft-legislation/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NYPD states that the robot is meant for hostage, terrorism, bomb threat, and hazardous material situations, and that it was properly disclosed to the public under current law.<ref name=pix11/> Following continued pushback against Digidog, including opposition to the system's $94,000 price tag, the NYPD announced on April 28, 2021, that its lease would be terminated.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zaveri|first=Mihir|date=2021-04-28|title=N.Y.P.D. Robot Dog's Run Is Cut Short After Fierce Backlash|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog-backlash.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-04-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429231328/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/nyregion/nypd-robot-dog-backlash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, Mayor Eric Adams announced the revival of the Digidog program in a reversal of his predecessor Bill de Blasio, saying "Digidog is out of the pound." Two robots were purchased at that time for a total of $750,000 using funds from asset forfeiture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=2023-04-11 |title=Security Robots. DigiDog. GPS Launchers. Welcome to New York. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/nyregion/nypd-digidog-robot-crime.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== Surveillance Practices == The NYPD has deployed a wide range of surveillance technologies and strategies, many of which have drawn criticism from civil liberties organizations, residents and public health experts. Scholars have traced the roots of radicalized surveillance in New York City back to the 18th century, when colonial "lantern laws" required Black, mixed-race, and Indigenous enslaved people to carry candle lanterns if they walked through the city after sunset without a white companion Any white person was authorized to stop those who did not comply.<ref>Garcia-Rojas, Claudia. "The Surveillance of Blackness: From the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to Contemporary Surveillance Technologies." ''Truthout'', March 3, 2016.</ref>Simon Brown a professor of African and African Diaspora Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued that these latter laws established a legal framework for surveillance practices that continued into the modern era, including the NYPD's policing of public housing. <ref>Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness''. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.</ref>
=== Omnipresence Program === In 2014, the NYPD launched a strategy called "Omnipresence," which deployed officers as stationary sentries and installed high-intensity floodlights powered by diesel generators across public housing developments in neighborhoods such as Brownsville, Brooklyn.<ref name="vice">Surico, John. "Omnipresence Is the Newest NYPD Tactic You've Never Heard Of." ''VICE'', October 20, 2014.</ref> Residents describe the lights shining into their apartments and the constant noise from the generators. One resident told "VICE" that "the lights shine into people's rooms making it hard for them to sleep."<ref name="vice2" /> The program received almost no public documentation at its launch, and the NYPD initially declined to explain what Omnipresence was when asked by journalists".<ref name="vice3" /> Brett Stoudt, a psychologist at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, noted the psychological toll of aggressive policing on low-income communities of color and described the lack of clarity around the program as "confounding".<ref name="vice4" />
The program was later formalized under Mayor Bill De Blasio's Mayor Action Plan for Neighborhood Safety (MAP), a $140 million dollar initiative targeting 15 NYCHA (New York City Housing Authority) developments that counted for 20 percent if all violent crime in public housing in 2014. <ref name="nyc2016">City of New York, Office of the Mayor. "Delivering for Public Housing: Mayor de Blasio Announces Completion of 358 New Safety Lights and Expanded Programs to Reduce Crime at Staten Island's Stapleton Houses." Press release, August 4, 2016.</ref> MAP included the installation of over 13,000 CCTV cameras, layered access control doors, and permanent LED lighting at NYCHA sires across the city. The city reported an 11.2 percent drop in violent crime at MAP developments between fiscal years 2014 and 2015, with shootings down 14. 7 percent. <ref name="cnn2" />
Each temporary floodlight tower deployed under the program approximately 600,000 lumens, roughly four times brighter than the brightest lights at Yankee Stadium.<ref name="newyorker">Kortava, David. "The Controversial Floodlights Illuminating New York City's Public-Housing Developments." ''The New Yorker'', June 30, 2021.</ref><ref name="cnn">Nickeas, Peter. "Nighttime Lighting Reduces Crime but It's Not a One-Size-Fits-All Solution, Study Shows." ''CNN'', April 28, 2022.</ref> A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the floodlights led to a 36 percent reduction in nighttime outdoor index crimes, including assault, robbery, and motor vehicle theft, over a six-month period. <ref name="newyorker2" />An updated study drawing on three years of data from 80 sites estimated a 45 percent reduction in nighttime index crime.<ref name="cnn3" />
However, the program has faced significant criticism. The American Medical Association issued guidelines warning against the health affect of high-intensity LED lighting in residential areas, noting associations with reduced sleep, impaired functioning, and obesity.<ref name="newyorker3" /> The executive director of the International Dark-Sky Association described the program as "weaponizing light," and the president of the National Institute of Crime Prevention stated that such lighting "would not happen in an affluent neighborhood."<ref name="cnn4" /> One resident compared the floodlit courtyard to a "concentration camp."<ref name="cnn5" /> ''The New Yorker'' noted that the city never tested gentler lighting alternatives in a single public housing development, despite using warer, lower-intensity street lightining in wealthier neighborhoods.<ref name="newyorker4" />Filmmaker Nadia Hallgren, who documented the program in her short film "Omnipresence", observed that in wealthy communities, complaints about lightning "get taken of the next day," while in NYCHA developments, "the lights beam into children's bedrooms, and the noise from the generator is really loud, and people cant sleep–and no one cares."<ref name="newyorker5" />
Researchers have connected the Omnipresence program to the city's longer history of racialized surveillance. Josh Scannell, a graduate student at the City University of New York, drew a direct link between the 18th century lantern laws and the NYPD's use of high-intensity artificial lights in public housing, describing both as forms of "violent illumination" imposed on Black communities in the same city space.<ref>Garcia-Rojas, Claudia. "The Surveillance of Blackness: From the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to Contemporary Surveillance Technologies." ''Truthout'', March 3, 2016.</ref>
=== Facial Recognition and Surveillance Infrastructure === A 2019 report by the Brennan Center for Justice catalogued 15 categories of surveillance technology acquired by the NYPD, many without public disclosure or the New York City Council's oversight.<ref name="brennan">Díaz, Ángel. "New York City Police Department Surveillance Technology." Brennan Center for Justice, October 4, 2019.</ref> These include facial recognition systems, video analytics developed in partnership with IBM that could search surveillance footage by perceived skin tone, cell site simulators which have been used in over 1,000 investigations, automatic license plate readers with access to a database of over 2.2 billion reads, a DNA database containing over 82,000 genetic profiles, predictive policing algorithms, social media monitoring tools, x-ray vans, drone, and SkyWatch surveillance towers.<ref name="brennan2" /> The report found that many of these technologies lacked standalone public policies governing their use and that they disproportionately impacted communties of color.<ref name="brennan3" />
A 2021 investigation by Amnesty International revealed that the NYPD could track individuals across the city by running images from over 15,000 surveillance cameras through facial recognition software, and that the department had used facial recognition in approximately 22,000 cases since 2017.<ref name="prism2">Toure, Matene. "In New York City, Surveillance Technology Expands the Carceral State." ''Prism'', April 5, 2023.</ref> The Brennan Center report noted that the NYPD's Facial Identification Section runs static photos against databases that include arrest photos of children as young as 11, and when that footage is blurry, investigators have used photo editing tools and even celebrity photos to generate potential matches.<ref name="brennan4" />
The NYPD has also expanded its surveillance capabilities through partnerships with private technology companies. In November 2022, "The Verge" reported on the NYPD's partnership with the Neighbors platform, an Amazon-operated surveillance network that allows police to view posts and use footage from residents home security cameras for criminal investigations.<ref name="prism" />
=== Fusus Camera Integration Program === In June 2023, the NYPD partnered with Fusus, a camera integration platform owned by Axon, to launch a proof-of-concept program in the 109th Precinct in Flushing, Queens.<ref name="fusus">City of New York, Office of the Mayor. "Mayor Adams Announces New Pilot Program to Combat Retail Theft, Create Efficiencies, Improve Police-Community Relations Using Innovative Technology." Press release, May 16, 2024.</ref> The platform allows private businesses to voluntarily share their security camera feeds with local NYPD precincts in real time. During the first 60 days, the NYPD used intelligence gathered through the program to close a citywide burglary pattern involving 15 incidents.<ref name="fusus2" />
Following the proof-of-concept, the NYPD established a one-year, $1.5 million contract with Fusus to expand the program to nine additional precincts across all five boroughs. The city also indicated that it was exploring the possibility of expanding the platform to include residential cameras.<ref name="fusus3" /> Axon has described Fusus as a "one-stop shop" for real-time crime centers, highlighting its ability to integrate camera feeds, automated license plate readers, and community-contributed footage into a single platform accessible from both command centers and mobile devices.<ref>Axon. "Real Stories, Real Impact: How Axon Fusus Is Transforming Public Safety." Axon Blog, April 17, 2025.</ref>
Civil liberties organizations have raised concerns about the growth of public-private surveillance partnerships. The Brennan Center report noted that the extent to which the NYPD shares surveillance data with federal agencies, including Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), remains unknown.<ref name="brennan5" /> Activists and privacy advocates have described the expansion of surveillance technology in New York City as part of a broader pattern in over-surveillance and under-protection in low-income communities of color.<ref name="prism3" />
== Vehicles == {{Main|List of vehicles of the New York City Police Department}} thumb|NYPD new redesigned patrol vehicles
[[File:2020 Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility NYPD RMP 5063 (FSD), front NYIAS 2022.jpg|thumb|NYPD Ford Police Interceptor Utility]] [[{{Not a typo|File:NYPD Dodge Charger in november 2022 file 03.jpg}}<!-- Do not change the spelling of the file! -->|alt=|thumb|NYPD Dodge Charger]]
==Firearms==
New NYPD officers are allowed to choose from one of two 9mm service pistols: the Glock 17 Gen4 and Glock 19 Gen4.<ref name="thefirearmblog.com">{{cite web|title=NYPD Set to Retire Last of its Revolvers |website= The Firearm Blog |first1=Matthew |last1=Moss |url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/11/30/nypd-set-retire-last-revolvers/|date=November 30, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035147/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/11/30/nypd-set-retire-last-revolvers/|archive-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref> All duty handguns were previously modified to a 12-pound (53 N) NY-2 trigger pull, though recruits were being issued handguns with a lighter trigger pull as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parascandola|first=Rocco|title=NYPD will issue easier-to-fire guns to new recruits, aiming for improved accuracy|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-nypd-trigger-pull-change-20210825-s4wbvq5rwjcwlacm5i5eyarvha-story.html |date=August 25, 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10|website=New York Daily News|archive-date=January 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110035032/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-nypd-trigger-pull-change-20210825-s4wbvq5rwjcwlacm5i5eyarvha-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Approved off-duty firearms are Springfield XD-S<ref>https://www.springfield-armory.com/intel/press-releases/nypd-approves-springfield-armory-xd-s-off-duty-use/</ref>, Glock 26<ref>https://www.campsitesportshop.com/product/glock-26-gen4-nypd-authorized-off-duty</ref>, and Sig Sauer P365.<ref> https://www.campsitesportshop.com/product/sig-sauer-nypd-authorized-off-duty</ref>
The Smith & Wesson 5946 and Sig Sauer P226 semi-automatic 9mm pistol with double action only (DAO) trigger, were issued to recruits in the past;<ref>{{cite web|title=Training Bureau | Firearms & Tactics Section|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/training_nypd/firearm_tatics.shtml|publisher=The City of New York|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312090654/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/training_nypd/firearm_tatics.shtml|archive-date=March 12, 2009}}</ref> however, those models are no longer issued, with the Smith & Wesson model being discontinued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luckygunner.com/lounge/guide-smith-wesson-semi-automatic-models/|title=Guide to Smith & Wesson Semi-Auto Pistols & Their Model Numbers|website=www.luckygunner.com|date=January 9, 2015 |access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-date=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619175130/http://www.luckygunner.com/lounge/guide-smith-wesson-semi-automatic-models/|url-status=live}}</ref> While it is no longer an option for new hires, officers who were issued the weapons may continue to use them. Shotgun-certified officers were authorized to carry Ithaca 37 shotguns, which are being phased out in favor of the newer Mossberg 590. Officers and detectives belonging to the NYPD's Emergency Service Unit, Counter-terrorism Bureau and Strategic Response Group are armed with a range of select-fire weapons and long guns, such as the Colt M4A1 carbine and similar-pattern Colt AR-15 rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the Remington Model 700 bolt-action rifle.<ref>{{cite web|title=NYPD's Elite E-Men|date=July 2009|url=http://www.tactical-life.com/magazines/tactical-weapons/nypds-elite-e-men/?scrape=true|publisher=Tactical Life|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140805121222/http://www.tactical-life.com/magazines/tactical-weapons/nypds-elite-e-men/|archive-date=August 5, 2014|access-date=July 26, 2014}}</ref> NYPD ESU Officers also use the Ruger Mini-14 chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO.
=== Discontinued handguns === From 1926 until 1986, the standard sidearms of the department were the Smith & Wesson Model 10 and the Colt Official Police .38 Special revolvers with four-inch barrels. Female officers had the option to choose to carry a three-inch barrel revolver instead of the normal four-inch model due to its lighter weight. Before 1994, the standard sidearm of the NYPD was the Smith & Wesson Model 64 DAO, a .38 Special revolver with a three- or four-inch barrel, and the Ruger Police Service-Six with a four-inch barrel. This type of revolver was called the Model NY-1 by the department. After the switch in 1994 to semi-automatic pistols, officers who privately purchased revolvers before January 1, 1994, were allowed to use them for duty use until August 31, 2018. They were grandfathered in as approved off-duty guns.<ref name="thefirearmblog.com"/> Before the issuing of the 9mm semi-automatic pistol, NYPD detectives and plainclothes officers often carried the Colt Detective Special and/or the Smith & Wesson Model 36 "Chief's Special" .38 Special caliber snub-nosed (two-inch) barrel revolvers for their ease of concealment while dressed in civilian clothes. The Kahr K9 9mm pistol was an approved off-duty/backup weapon from 1998 to 2011. It was pulled from service because it could not be modified to a 12-pound trigger pull.
==Affiliations== The NYPD is affiliated with the New York City Police Foundation and the New York City Police Museum. It also runs a Youth Police academy to provide a positive interaction with police officers and to educate young people about the challenges and responsibilities of police work. The NYPD additionally sponsors a Law Enforcement Explorer Program through Scouting America (formerly the Boy Scouts of America).<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Exploring – Discover Your Future |url=https://nyexploring.org/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417185239/https://nyexploring.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The department also operates the Citizens Police Academy, which educates the public on basic law and policing procedures.
== See also == * Detectives' Endowment Association * Law enforcement in New York City * New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings * Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York * Police surveillance in New York City * Sergeants Benevolent Association
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * Brooks, Emily M. ''Gotham's War Within a War: Policing and the Birth of Law-and-Order Liberalism in World-War II Era New York City'' (U North Carolina Press, 2023) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yoK2EAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Gotham%27s+intitle:war&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNg9iEp_KTAxXLrysGHTuDENcQ6AF6BAgJEAM online]
* Darien, Andrew T. ''Becoming New York's Finest: Race, Gender, and the Integration of the NYPD, 1935–1980''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. * {{Cite magazine |last=Elliot |first=Bryn |date=March–April 1997 |title=Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective |magazine=Air Enthusiast |issue=68 |pages=46–51 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Guariglia Matthew. ''Police and the Empire City: Race and the Origins of Modern Policing in New York'' (Duke UP, 2023) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fifcEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Police+intitle:and+intitle:the+intitle:Empire+intitle:City&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqkNOGqPKTAxXcmisGHdaQFVkQ6AF6BAgGEAM online]
* Harring, Sidney L., and Gerda W. Ray. "Policing a class society: New York City in the 1990s." ''Social justice'' 26.2 (76 (1999): 63-81. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29767138 online]
* Laniyonu, Ayobami. "The political consequences of policing: Evidence from New York City." ''Political Behavior'' 41.2 (2019): 527-558.
* Miller, Wilbur R. ''Cops, and bobbies: Police authority in New York and London, 1830–1870'' (The Ohio State University Press, 1999) * Monkkonen, Eric H. ''Police in Urban America, 1860–1920'' (2004) * Richardson, James F. ''The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901'' (Oxford University Press, 1970) [https://archive.org/details/newyorkpolicecol0000rich/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Richardson, James F. "To Control the City: The New York Police in Historical Perspective". In ''Cities in American History'', eds. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (1972) pp. 3–13. * Thale, Christopher. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0096144206290384 "The Informal World of Police Patrol: New York City in the Early Twentieth Century"], ''Journal of Urban History'' (2007) 33#2 pp. 183–216. {{doi|10.1177/0096144206290384}}.
* Vitale, Alex S. "From negotiated management to command and control: How the New York Police Department polices protests." ''Policing & Society'' 15.3 (2005): 283-304. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex-Vitale/publication/233609936_From_Negotiated_Management_to_Command_and_Control_How_the_New_York_Police_Department_Polices_Protests/links/54ee08540cf2e55866f1d4cc/From-Negotiated-Management-to-Command-and-Control-How-the-New-York-Police-Department-Polices-Protests.pdf online]
== External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/index.page}} * [http://rules.cityofnewyork.us/codified-rules?agency=NYPD Police Department] in the Rules of the City of New York * {{NYTtopic|organizations/n/new_york_city_police_department}} * {{Cite Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zI-wQr9wil8s.kNy4rI8oAU2M|title=Map of NYC Law Enforcement Line of Duty Deaths|access-date=2015-01-17}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=svEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA26 "With the Sky Police"], ''Popular Mechanics'', January 1932 article about the NY City Police Air Force and the Keystone-Loening Commuter in service at that time, photos pp. 26–30 * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=collection%3Ajohnjaycollegeofcriminaljustice%20annual%20report%20new%20york%20AND%20subject%3A%22New%20York%20%28N.Y.%29.%20Police%20Dept.%20--%20Periodicals%22 NYPD Annual Reports 1912–1923 (digitized books)] from the Lloyd Sealy Library on the Internet Archive * [https://dc.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/index.php/Detail/Collection/Show/collection_id/9 Historical images from the NYPD Annual Reports, 1923–23] from the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections
{{New York City Police Department}} {{New York City}} {{New York City Government}} {{Law enforcement in New York City}} {{Authority control}}
Category:New York City Police Department Category:1845 establishments in New York (state) Category:Law enforcement in the New York metropolitan area Category:Municipal police departments of New York (state) Category:Government agencies established in 1845