Crepidotus

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Wit oorzwammetje s.l. (Crepidotus variabilis s.l.) 12-01-2022. (d.j.b).jpg | image_caption = ''Crepidotus variabilis'' | taxon = Crepidotus | authority = (Fr.) Staude | type_species = ''Crepidotus mollis'' | type_species_authority = (Schaeff.) Staude | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Crepidotus">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=17403 |title=''Crepidotus'' (Fr.) Staude 1857 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |access-date=2010-12-17}}</ref> | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} * ''Phialocybe'' P.Karst. (1879) * ''Calathinus'' Quél. (1886) * ''Dochmiopus'' Pat. (1887) * ''Octojuga'' Fayod (1889) * ''Pleurotellus'' Fayod (1889) * ''Tremellopsis'' Pat. (1903) * ''Tremellastrum'' Clem. (1909) * ''Pellidiscus'' Donk (1959)<ref name=Petersen2010>{{cite journal |title=Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics—Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited |journal=Cladistics |year=2010 |vauthors=Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=62–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00279.x|pmid=34875756 }}</ref> {{hidden end}} }}

'''''Crepidotus''''' is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. Species of ''Crepidotus'' all have small, convex to fan-shaped sessile caps and grow on wood or plant debris. The genus has been studied extensively, and monographs of the North American,<ref>Hesler LR, Smith AH. (1965). ''North American Species of ''Crepidotus. Hafner Publishing Company, NY. 168 pp.</ref> European,<ref>Nordstein S. (1990). ''The Genus'' Crepidotus ''(Basidiomycotina, Agaricales) in Norway''. Synopsis Fungorum, Norway. 115 pp.</ref><ref>Senn-Irlet B. 1994. ''Systematisch-taxonomische Studien in der Mykologie: Die Gattung'' Crepidotus ''(Agaricales, Basidiomycetes)''. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universität Lausanne, Switzerland. 267 pp.</ref> and Neotropical<ref>Singer R. (1973). Monograph of the neotropical species of ''Crepidotus''. ''Beihefte Nova Hedwigia'' '''44''': 241–484.</ref> species have been published.

==Taxonomy== Elias Magnus Fries first circumscribed ''Crepidotus'' in 1821 as a tribe in the genus ''Agaricus'',<ref>Fries E. (1821). ''Systema Mycologicum''. Vol. 1. Reprint 1952, Johnson Reprint Corp. 520 pp.</ref> although he later (1836–1838) revised his concept.<ref>Fries E. (1836-1838). ''Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, Synopsis Hymenomycetum''. Reprint 1989, Shiva Offset Press, India. 610 pp.</ref> In 1857, Staude elevated Tribus ''Crepidotus'' to a genus, with ''Agaricus mollis'' (Schaeff) as the type species.<ref>Staude F. (1857). ''Die Schwéamme Mitteldeutschlands, Insbesondere des Herzogthums Coburg''. Coburg, Germany.</ref> Early descriptions of the genus contained between six and forty-six species, depending on the author.<ref>Peck CH. (1886). New York species of ''Pleurotus'', ''Claudopus'', and ''Crepidotus''. ''Annual Report of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History'' '''39''': 58-73.</ref><ref>Quélet L. (1888). ''Flore Mycologique de la France''. Reprint 1962, A. Asher and Co., Amsterdam. 492 pp.</ref><ref>Murrill WA. (1913). The Agaricaceae of tropical North America—VI. ''Mycologia'' '''5''': 18-36.</ref><ref>Murrill WA. (1917). ''Crepidotus'' (Fries) Quél. ''North American Flora'' '''10''': 148-158.</ref><ref>Kauffman CH. (1918). ''The Agaricaceae of Michigan, Vol. I''. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, Lansing, MI. 924 pp.</ref><ref>Imai S. (1938). Studies on the Agaricaceae of Hokkaido II. ''Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido Imperial University'' '''43''': 238-243.</ref><ref>Lange JE. (1938). Studies in the agarics of Denmark XII. ''Dansk Botanisk Arkiv''. '''9''': 50-53.</ref>

In 1947, Rolf Singer wrote a monograph about the genus, and unlike prior treatments, used microscopic characters to help delineate infrageneric (i.e., below genus-level classification) relationships.<ref>Singer R. (1947). Contributions toward a monograph of the genus “''Crepidotus''”. ''Lilloa'' '''13''': 59- 95.</ref> Based on his revisions, the genus included 30 species. Soon after, Pilát (1950) extended Singer's monograph, including additional species to bring the total species to 75.<ref>Pilát, A. (1950). Revision of the types of some extra-European species of the genus ''Crepidotus'' Fr. ''Transactions of the British Mycological Society'' '''33''': 215–249.</ref> However, many of his ''Crepidotus'' taxa would later be transferred to other genera. Currently, over 320 species are accepted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Index Fungorum search results "crepidotus" |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Index Fungorum}}</ref>

=== Phylogeny === Modern phylogenetic analysis using sequencing data from the 28S rRNA gene region shows that ''Crepidotus'' is monophyletic, and that Singer's original concept for the genus may be too narrowly defined.<ref>Aime C. (2001). ''Biosystematic studies in ''Crepidotus'' and the Crepidotaceae (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales)''. Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 194 pp.</ref> This research showed that a natural evolutionary lineage results if some ''Pleurotellus'' species and several taxa formerly aligned with ''Melanomphalia'' are included in the generic description.

=== Species === {{Main|List of Crepidotus species}}

Historically, many species of the genus ''Crepidotus'' have been described due to differences in single morphological character traits. Phylogenetic analysis is showing that these morphological differences are often due to phenotypic plasticity—species may adapt to different environments by assuming variations in growth forms. Recent taxonomic revisions have shown that several species formerly considered unique are conspecific.<ref>Bandala VM, Montoya L. (2000). A taxonomic revision of some American ''Crepidotus''. ''Mycologia'' '''92'''(2): 341-353.</ref><ref>Ripkova S, Aime MC. (2005). ''Crepidotus crocophyllus'' includes ''C. nephrodes''. ''Mycotaxon'' '''91''': 397-403.</ref><ref>Bandala VM, Montoya L. (2008). Type studies in the genus ''Crepidotus''. ''Mycotaxon'' '''103''': 235-254.</ref> Further study is required to more accurately delineate infrageneric relationships in this taxa.

==== Selected species ==== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} {{Linked species list |abbreviated=yes |Crepidotus affinis| |Crepidotus albescens| |Crepidotus albolanatus| |Crepidotus applanatus| – "flat crep" |Crepidotus brunnescens| |Crepidotus carpaticus| |Crepidotus cesatii| |Crepidotus cinnabarinus| |Crepidotus epibryus| |Crepidotus mollis| – "soft crepidotus", "soft slipper toadstool" |Crepidotus praecipuus| |Crepidotus variabilis| |Crepidotus versutus| – "evasive agaric" }} {{div col end}}

=== Etymology === ''Crepidotus'' means 'cracked ear' in Latin.<ref>[http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jul2007.html Crepidotus crocophyllus, the orange crep]</ref>

== Description == Members of this genus are small, convex to fan-shaped, and sessile. Species have cheilocystidia<ref name="isbn3-87429-254-1">{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=The Agaricales in modern taxonomy |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |year=1986 |isbn=3-87429-254-1 |location=Koenigstein}}</ref> Spore prints are yellow-brown to brown. All species of ''Crepidotus'' are known to be secondary decomposers of plant matter; most are saprobic on wood. Little is known about the edibility of various species; the usually small and insubstantial specimens discourage mycophagy.

== Distribution == ''Crepidotus'' species are cosmopolitan in distribution, and are well-documented from the northern temperate<ref>Watling R, Gregory NM. (1989). ''British Fungus Flora: Agarics and Boleti 6/Crepidotaceae, Pleurotaceae and other Pleurotoid agarics''. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 157 pp.</ref><ref>Senn-Irlet B. (1995). The genus ''Crepidotus'' in Europe. ''Persoonia'' ''16'': 1-80.</ref><ref>Stangl J, Krieglsteiner GJ, Enderle M. (1991). Die gattung ''Crepidotus'' (Fries) Staude 1987 in Deutschland unter besonderer berücksichtigung augsburger funde. ''Zeitschrift für Mykologie'' '''57''': 117-148.</ref> and South American regions.<ref>Singer R, Moser M. (1965). Forest mycology and forest communities in South America. I. The early fall aspect of the mycoflora of the Cordillera Pelada (Chile), with a mycogeographic analysis and conclusions regarding the heterogeneity of the Valdivian Floral district. ''Mycopathology et Mycologia Applicata'' '''26''':129-191.</ref><ref>Senn-Irlet B, and de Meijer AAR. (1998). The genus ''Crepidotus'' from the state of Paraná, Brazil. ''Mycotaxon'' '''66''': 165-199.</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> White Mushroom, Crepidotus applanatus (556317385).jpg|''C. applanatus'' Crepidotus calolepis 313277.jpg|''C. calolepis'' Crepidotus caspari- Björn Bråvander01.jpg|''C. caspari'' Crepidotus spec. - Lindsey 2.jpg|''C. cesatii'' Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck 551094.jpg|''C. cinnabarinus'' Crepidotus crocophyllus 58074986.jpg|''C. crocophyllus'' Crepidotus epibryus (Cortinariaceae), Culemborg, the Netherlands.jpg|''C. epibryus'' Crepidotus luteolus a1 (1).JPG|''C. luteolus'' Crepidotus malachius - Guelph, Ontario 2020-07-26 (02).jpg|''C. malachius'' Crepidotus mollis 15063103.jpg|''C. mollis'' Crepidotus novae-zelandiae-Jerry Cooper IWS specimen.png|''C. novae-zelandiae'' Crepidotus nyssicola (Murrill) Singer 950845.jpg|''C. nyssicola'' Crepidotus spec. Praecipuus 1.jpg|''C. praecipuus'' Crepidotus roseus Singer 579861.jpg|''C. roseus'' Crepidotus subverrucisporus Pilát 3380797325.jpg|''C. subverrucisporus'' Crepidotus spec. - Lindsey 4b.jpg|''C. variabilis'' Crepidotus versutus.JPG|''C. versutus'' </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Crepidotus}} {{Wikispecies|Crepidotus}} {{Portal|Fungi}}

* ''[http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=17403 Crepidotus]'' at Index Fungorum

Category:Crepidotaceae Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries