{{Redirect|28S|the isotope of sulfur (<sup>28</sup>S)|Sulfur-28}} {{Short description|RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome}} {{Infobox rfam | Name = Eukaryotic large subunit ribosomal RNA | image = | width = | caption = | RNA_type = Gene; rRNA | Symbol = LSU_rRNA_eukarya | AltSymbols = | Rfam = RF02543 | Rfam_clan = | Tax_domain = Eukarya | GO = | SO = {{SO|0000653}} {{SO|0001002}} }}

'''28S ribosomal RNA''' is the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (LSU) of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. It has a size of 25S in plants and 28S in mammals, hence the alias of '''25S&ndash;28S rRNA'''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Molecular cell biology|last1=Lodish|first1=Harvey F.|last2=Darnell|first2=James E.|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Scientific American Books|isbn=978-0-7167-2380-6|oclc=30783343|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbiol00lodi}}</ref>

Combined with 5.8S rRNA to the 5' side, it is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNAs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eperon|first1=I. C.|last2=Anderson|first2=S.|last3=Nierlich|first3=D. P.|date=1980-07-31|title=Distinctive sequence of human mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=286|issue=5772|pages=460–467|doi=10.1038/286460a0|pmid=6157106|bibcode=1980Natur.286..460E|s2cid=4262269}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doris |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Smith |first2=Deborah R. |last3=Beamesderfer |first3=Julia N. |last4=Raphael |first4=Benjamin J. |last5=Nathanson |first5=Judith A. |last6=Gerbi |first6=Susan A. |title=Universal and domain-specific sequences in 23S–28S ribosomal RNA identified by computational phylogenetics |journal=RNA |date=October 2015 |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1719–1730 |doi=10.1261/rna.051144.115|pmid=26283689 |pmc=4574749 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/35080045| pmid = 11433365| title = The function and synthesis of ribosomes| journal = Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology| volume = 2| issue = 7| pages = 514–520| year = 2001| last1 = Lafontaine | first1 = D. L. J. | last2 = Tollervey | first2 = D. | hdl = 1842/729| s2cid = 2637106| hdl-access = free}}</ref>

==Use in phylogeny== [[File:16S and 28S phylogenies of three Waldo species - ZooKeys-316-067-g003.jpeg|thumb|Mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA phylogenies of three species of mollusks belonging to the genus ''Waldo''.]] The genes coding for 28S rRNA are referred to as 28S rDNA. The comparison of the sequences from these genes are sometimes used in molecular analysis to construct phylogenetic trees, for example in protists,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baroin|first1=A.|last2=Perasso|first2=R.|last3=Qu|first3=L. H.|last4=Brugerolle|first4=G.|last5=Bachellerie|first5=J. P.|last6=Adoutte|first6=A.|date=1988-05-01|title=Partial phylogeny of the unicellular eukaryotes based on rapid sequencing of a portion of 28S ribosomal RNA|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=85|issue=10|pages=3474–3478|issn=0027-8424|pmc=280234|pmid=3368456|doi=10.1073/pnas.85.10.3474|bibcode=1988PNAS...85.3474B|doi-access=free}}</ref> fungi,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=James|first1=Timothy Y.|last2=Kauff|first2=Frank|last3=Schoch|first3=Conrad L.|last4=Matheny|first4=P. Brandon|last5=Hofstetter|first5=Valérie|last6=Cox|first6=Cymon J.|last7=Celio|first7=Gail|last8=Gueidan|first8=Cécile|last9=Fraker|first9=Emily|title=Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny|journal=Nature|volume=443|issue=7113|pages=818–822|doi=10.1038/nature05110|pmid=17051209|year=2006|bibcode=2006Natur.443..818J|s2cid=4302864}}</ref> insects,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Whiting|first1=Michael F.|last2=Carpenter|first2=James C.|last3=Wheeler|first3=Quentin D.|last4=Wheeler|first4=Ward C.|date=1997-03-01|title=The Strepsiptera Problem: Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insect Orders Inferred from 18S and 28S Ribosomal DNA Sequences and Morphology|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=46|issue=1|pages=1–68|doi=10.1093/sysbio/46.1.1|issn=1063-5157|pmid=11975347|doi-access=free}}</ref> arachnids,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hedin |first1=Marshal C. |last2=Maddison |first2=Wayne P. |title=A Combined Molecular Approach to Phylogeny of the Jumping Spider Subfamily Dendryphantinae (Araneae: Salticidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=March 2001 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=386–403 |doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0883|pmid=11277632 |bibcode=2001MolPE..18..386H }}</ref> tardigrades,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jørgensen|first1=Aslak|last2=Faurby|first2=Søren|last3=Hansen|first3=Jesper G.|last4=Møbjerg|first4=Nadja|last5=Kristensen|first5=Reinhardt M.|date=2010-03-01|title=Molecular phylogeny of Arthrotardigrada (Tardigrada)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=54|issue=3|pages=1006–1015|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.006|pmid=19822216}}</ref> and vertebrates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Hoc Lanh Vân|last2=Lecointre|first2=Guillaume|last3=Perasso|first3=Roland|date=1993-03-01|title=A 28S rRNA-Based Phylogeny of the Gnathostomes: First Steps in the Analysis of Conflict and Congruence with Morphologically Based Cladograms|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–51|doi=10.1006/mpev.1993.1005|pmid=8081546 |bibcode=1993MolPE...2...31L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mallatt|first=Jon|author2=Sullivan, Jack |title=28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=December 1998|volume=15|issue=12|pages=1706–1718|pmid=9866205|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025897|doi-access=}}</ref>

== Structure == The 28S rRNA is typically 4000&ndash;5000 nt long.<ref name=hb>{{cite journal |last1=Natsidis |first1=Paschalis |last2=Schiffer |first2=Philipp H. |last3=Salvador-Martínez |first3=Irepan |last4=Telford |first4=Maximilian J. |title=Computational discovery of hidden breaks in 28S ribosomal RNAs across eukaryotes and consequences for RNA Integrity Numbers |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19477 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55573-1 |pmid=31863008 |pmc=6925239 |bibcode=2019NatSR...919477N |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some eukaryotes cleave 28S rRNA into two parts before assembling both into the ribosome, a phenomenon termed the "hidden break".<ref name=hb/>

==Databases== Several databases provide alignments and annotations of LSU rRNA sequences for comparative purposes: * RDP,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/|title=Ribosomal Database Project|date=September 30, 2016|website=RDP Release 11, Update 5|access-date=2016-12-31|archive-date=2020-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819061707/http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Ribosomal Database Project;<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=G. J.|last2=Overbeek|first2=R.|last3=Larsen|first3=N.|last4=Marsh|first4=T. L.|last5=McCaughey|first5=M. J.|last6=Maciukenas|first6=M. A.|last7=Kuan|first7=W.-M.|last8=Macke|first8=T. J.|last9=Xing|first9=Y.|date=1992-05-11|title=The Ribosomal Database Project|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=20|issue=suppl|pages=2199–2200|doi=10.1093/nar/20.suppl.2199|pmid=1598241|issn=0305-1048|pmc=333993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cole|first1=James R.|last2=Wang|first2=Qiong|last3=Fish|first3=Jordan A.|last4=Chai|first4=Benli|last5=McGarrell|first5=Donna M.|last6=Sun|first6=Yanni|last7=Brown|first7=C. Titus|last8=Porras-Alfaro|first8=Andrea|last9=Kuske|first9=Cheryl R.|date=2014-01-01|title=Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=42|issue=D1|pages=D633–D642|doi=10.1093/nar/gkt1244|issn=0305-1048|pmc=3965039|pmid=24288368}}</ref> * SILVA, a ribosomal RNA gene database project.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Quast|first1=C.|last2=Pruesse|first2=E.|last3=Yilmaz|first3=P.|last4=Gerken|first4=J.|last5=Schweer|first5=T.|last6=Yarza|first6=P.|last7=Peplies|first7=J.|last8=Glockner|first8=F. O.|date=2013-01-01|title=The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=41|issue=D1|pages=D590–D596|doi=10.1093/nar/gks1219|issn=0305-1048|pmc=3531112|pmid=23193283}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

{{Ribosome subunits}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:28s Ribosomal Rna}} Category:Ribosomal RNA