{{Short description|Species of tree in the cypress family}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Speciesbox | image = Jeneverbes.jpg | image_caption = ''Juniperus communis'' subsp. ''communis''<br />in the Netherlands | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Juniperus communis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T42229A2963096 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = {{TNCStatus}} | status2_system = TNC | status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web |last1=NatureServe |title=''Juniperus communis'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1275555/Juniperus_communis |access-date=5 September 2024 |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=2024}}</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = Juniperus | parent = Juniperus subsect. Juniperus | species = communis | authority = L. | range_map = Juniperus communis range map.png | range_map_caption = Natural range worldwide | range_map2 = Juniperus communis North American range map 1.png | range_map2_caption = Natural range in North America }} '''''Juniperus communis''''', the '''common juniper''', is a species of small tree or shrub in the cypress family Cupressaceae. An evergreen conifer, it has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a Holarctic distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.
==Description== thumb|Common juniper, Arctic Norway ''Juniperus communis'' is highly variable in form, ranging from {{convert|10|m|abbr=off}}—rarely {{convert|16|m|abbr=on}}—tall to a low, often prostrate spreading shrub in exposed locations. It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, with a single white stomatal band on the inner surface. It never attains the scale-like adult foliage of other members of the genus.<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}}</ref>{{rp|55}} It is dioecious, with male and female cones on separate plants so requiring wind pollination to transfer pollen from male to female cones. Male trees or shrubs naturally live longer than female trees or shrubs; a male tree or shrub can live more than 2000 years.<ref name="lena">Lena K. Ward, The Conservation of Juniper: Longevity and Old Age, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Dec. 1982), pp. 917–928.</ref><ref name="lloyd">Lloyd, D. G. and C. J. Webb. 1977. Secondary sex characters in plants. The Botanical Review, 43: 177–216.</ref><ref name="forsberg">Forsberg, G. E. 1888. Ueber die Geschlechterverteilung bei Juniperus communis. Bot. Zentralbl. 33, 91–92.</ref><ref name="molisch">Molisch, H., ed. (1929). Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen.Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena.</ref>
The male cones are yellow, {{convert|2|-|3|mm|frac=32}} long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in March–April. The fruit are berry-like cones known as juniper berries. They are initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, {{convert|4|-|12|mm|abbr=on|frac=32}} diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard, unwinged seeds in their droppings.<ref name=rushforthc>Rushforth, K. (1987). ''Conifers''. Helm {{ISBN|0-7470-2801-X}}.</ref><ref name=adams>Adams, R. P. (2004). ''Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus''. Victoria: Trafford. {{ISBN|1-4120-4250-X}}.</ref><ref name=adv>Arboretum de Villardebelle: [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/JUcones.htm ''Juniperus'']</ref>
{{gallery|mode=packed |Juniperus communis MF.JPG|Young shoots, Malá Fatra |Juniperus communis pollen cones TK 2021-05-01 1.jpg|Male cones |Juniperus communis at Valjala on 2005-08-11.jpg|Ripe and unripe juniper berries in Saaremaa, Estonia |Juniperus communis fruits - Keila.jpg|Close-up of foliage and cones |Lüneburger Heide 006.jpg|''J. communis'' subsp. ''communis'' on Lüneburg Heath, Germany }}
=== Longevity === Dendrochronological studies made on shrubs from the tundra have found some particularly old specimens, which are among the oldest trees (or shrubs) ever recorded in Europe. They have found a 1647-year-old specimen in Finland (Lapland) within the Arctic Circle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carrer |first1=M|title=Common juniper, the oldest nonclonal woody species across the tundra biome and the European continent |journal=Ecology |date=2025 |volume=106 |issue=1|article-number=e4514|doi=10.1002/ecy.4514 |pmid=39838703 |pmc=11751590 |bibcode=2025Ecol..106E4514C}}</ref>
=== Chemistry === The juniper berry oil is composed largely of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, limonene and β-pinene.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis L.) Essential Oil. Action of the Essential Oil on the Antioxidant Protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model Organism | year = 2014 | journal = Antioxidants | pages = 81–98 | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.3390/antiox3010081 | pmid = 26784665 | pmc = 4665443 | last1 = Höferl | first1 = Martina | last2 = Stoilova | first2 = Ivanka | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = Erich | last4 = Wanner | first4 = Jürgen | last5 = Jirovetz | first5 = Leopold | last6 = Trifonova | first6 = Dora | last7 = Krastev | first7 = Lutsian | last8 = Krastanov | first8 = Albert| doi-access = free }}<!--| access-date = 2017-06-26--></ref>
==Subspecies== [[File:JuniperusCommunisAlpina.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prostrate specimens of ''J. communis'' subsp. ''alpina'', in Vitosha, Bulgaria]]
As to be expected from its wide range, ''J. communis'' is highly variable, with several infraspecific taxa; delimitation between the taxa is still uncertain, with genetic data not matching morphological data well.<ref name=rushforthc/><ref name=adams/><ref name=adv/><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Juniperus&SPECIES_XREF=communis&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Juniperus communis'']</ref><ref name="adams1">Adams, R. P., Pandey, R. N., Leverenz, J. W., Dignard, N., Hoegh, K., & Thorfinnsson, T. (2003). Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis: Historical Biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting. ''Biochem. Syst. Ecol''. 31: 181–192 [http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/168-2003BSE31181.pdf pdf file]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217195648/http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/168-2003BSE31181.pdf|date=17 December 2008}}.</ref><ref name=adams2>Adams, R. P., & Pandey, R. N. (2003). Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting. ''Biochem. Syst. Ecol''. 31: 1271-1278. [http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/173-2003BSE311271.pdf pdf file] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217195651/http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/173-2003BSE311271.pdf |date=17 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="adams3">Adams, R. P., & Nguyen, S. (2007). Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America. ''Phytologia'' 89 (1): 43–57. [http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/194-2007Phytologia89(1)43-57CommunisNAm.pdf pdf file]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217195642/http://www.juniperus.org/AdamsPapersPDFFiles/194-2007Phytologia89(1)43-57CommunisNAm.pdf|date=17 December 2008}}.</ref> *subsp. ''communis'' – Common juniper. Usually an erect shrub or small tree; leaves {{convert|8–27|mm|abbr=on|frac=16}} long; cones small, 5–8 mm, usually shorter than the leaves; found at low to moderate altitude in temperate climates **subsp. ''communis'' var. ''communis'' – Europe, most of northern Asia **subsp. ''communis'' var. ''depressa'' {{small|Pursh}} – North America, Sierra Nevada in California **subsp. ''communis'' var. ''hemisphaerica'' {{small|(J.Presl & C.Presl) Parl.}} – Mediterranean mountains **subsp. ''communis'' var. ''nipponica'' {{small|(Maxim.) E.H.Wilson}} – Japan (status uncertain, often treated as ''J. rigida'' var. ''nipponica'') *subsp. ''alpina'' {{small|(Suter) Čelak.}} – '''alpine juniper''' (syn. ''J. c.'' subsp. ''nana'', ''J. c.'' var. ''saxatilis'' Pallas, ''J. sibirica'' Burgsd.). Usually a prostrate ground-hugging shrub; leaves short, 3–8 mm; cones often larger, 7–12 mm, usually longer than the leaves; found in subarctic areas and high altitude alpine zones in temperate areas **subsp. ''alpina'' var. ''alpina'' – Greenland, Europe and Asia **subsp. ''alpina'' var. ''megistocarpa'' {{small|Fernald & H.St.John}} – Eastern Canada (doubtfully distinct from var. ''alpina'') **subsp. ''alpina'' var. ''jackii'' {{small|Rehder}} – Western North America (doubtfully distinct from var. ''alpina'')
Some botanists treat subsp. ''alpina'' at the lower rank of variety, in which case the correct name is ''J. communis'' var. ''saxatilis'' Pallas,<ref name=adams/> though the name ''J. communis'' var. ''montana'' is also occasionally cited; others, primarily in eastern Europe and Russia, sometimes treat it as a distinct species ''J. sibirica'' Burgsd. (syn. ''J. nana'' Willd., ''J. alpina'' S.F.Gray).<ref>Association Ecosystem (Russia): [http://www.ecosystema.ru/08nature/photo/eng/pages/03006182A.htm ''Juniperus sibirica'']</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== The species has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Nordens flora |date=2020 |publisher=Gyldendal |author=Bo Mossberg |author2=Lennart Stenberg |isbn=978-87-02-28916-9 |edition=Nye, udvidede og omarbejdede udgave |location=Copenhagen |oclc=1158895781 |language=da}}</ref> Relict populations can be found in the Atlas Mountains of Africa.<ref name=":0" />
''J. communis'' is one of Ireland's longest established plants.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Preston | first1 = S. J. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = C. | last3 = Jennings | first3 = S. | last4 = Provan | first4 = J. | last5 = McDonald | first5 = R. A. | year = 2007 | title = The status of ''Juniperus communis'' L. in Northern Ireland in 2005 | journal = Ir. Nat. J. | volume = 28 | pages = 372–378 }}</ref>
==Cultivation== [[File:Einebusk Juniperus communis.jpg|thumb|Teardrop-shaped ''J. communis'' in Hvaler, Norway]]
''Juniperus communis'' is cultivated in the horticulture trade and used as an evergreen ornamental shrub in gardens. The following cultivars gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993:<ref name="RHS_AGM">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=AGM ornamentals |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals-(1) |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, England}}</ref> * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Compressa'<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Juniperus communis Compressa |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97581/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Compressa/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, England}}</ref> * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Green Carpet'<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Juniperus communis Green Carpet |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/60301/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Green-Carpet/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, England}}</ref> (prostrate shrub) * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Hibernica' (Irish juniper)<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Juniperus communis Hibernica |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95006/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Hibernica/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, England}}</ref> * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Repanda'<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Juniperus communis Repanda |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99993/i-Juniperus-communis-i-Repanda/Details |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, England}}</ref> (prostrate shrub)
Other cultivars in use include: * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Fontän' * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Green Carpet' * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Hornibrookii' * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Kantarell' * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Repanda' <ref>{{cite web | title= Juniperus communis Repanda| url=https://sveplantinfo.se/?action=detailview&page_id=95&plant_id=3941 | publisher=Sveplant AB | location=Heberg | date=2024 }}</ref> * ''Juniperus communis'' 'Vemboö' <ref>{{cite web | title=Juniperus communis Vemboö| url=https://eplanta.com/vaxter_yrkesanvandar/juniperus-communis-vemboo-e/ | publisher=E-planta ekonomisk förening | location=Alnarp | date=2024 }}</ref>
==Uses==
===Crafts=== {{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}} [[File:Juniper wood pieces and 1 cent coin.jpg|thumb|''J. communis'' wood pieces, with a U.S. penny for scale, showing the narrow growth rings of the species]]
It is too small to have any general lumber usage. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers for storing small quantities of dairy products such as butter and cheese, and also for making wooden butter knives. It was also frequently used for trenails in wooden shipbuilding by shipwrights for its tough properties.
In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma, very decorative natural structure of wood (growth rings) as well as good physical properties of wood due to slow growth rate of juniper and resulting dense and strong wood. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.
According to the old tradition, on Easter Monday Kashubian (Northern Poland) boys chase girls whipping their legs gently with juniper twigs. This is to bring good fortune in love to the chased girls.
Juniper wood, especially burl wood, is frequently used to make knife handles for French pocketknives such as the Laguiole.
===Culinary=== {{further|Juniper berry}} Its astringent blue-black seed cones, commonly known as juniper berries, are too bitter to eat raw and are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. Since juniper berries have a strong taste, they should be used sparingly. They are generally used to enhance meat with a strong flavour, such as game, including game birds, or tongue.
The cones are used to flavour certain beers and gin (the word "gin" derives from an Old French word meaning "juniper").<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|pages=3804}}</ref> In Finland, juniper is used as a key ingredient in making sahti, a traditional Finnish ale. Also the Slovak alcoholic beverage Borovička and Dutch Jenever are flavoured with juniper berry or its extract.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the use of juniper in brewing may date back to at least the early medieval period. Juniper remains have been found at migration period and early Merovingian sites in southwestern Germany, indicating it may have been used to flavor beverages like beer as early as the 3rd to 6th centuries AD.<ref>Rösch, M. (2008). New aspects of agriculture and diet of the early medieval period in central Europe: waterlogged plant material from sites in south-western Germany. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 17(1), 225–238.</ref>
Juniper is used in the traditional farmhouse ales of Norway,<ref>Brewing and beer traditions in Norway: The social anthropological background of the brewing industry, Odd Nordland, Universitetsforlaget, 1969.</ref> Sweden,<ref>Gotlandsdricka: Traditionell kultur som regional identitetssymbol, Anders Salomonsson, Skrifter utg. av Etnologiska sallskapet i Lund, 1979, {{ISBN|917400106X}} .</ref> Finland,<ref>Vom Halm zum Fass: Die volkstumlichen Alkoholarmen : Getreidegetranke in Finnland, Matti Räsänen, Kansatieteellinen arkisto, 1975.</ref> Estonia, and Latvia. In Norway, the beer is brewed with juniper infusion instead of water, while in the other countries the juniper twigs are mainly used as filters to prevent the crushed malts from clogging the outlet of the lauter tun. The use of juniper in farmhouse brewing has been common in much of northern Europe, seemingly for a very long time.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.garshol.priv.no/blog/368.html |title = The juniper mystery}}</ref>
In Sweden its name is ''enbuske'' and it is used for making the traditional gin known as ''brännvin''.
===Traditional medicine=== Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures including the Navajo people.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Among Navajo Indians | year = 2005 | journal = Diabetes Care | pages = 1534–1535 | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.28.6.1534-a | pmid = 15920089 | last1 = McCabe | first1 = Melvina | last2 = Gohdes | first2 = Dorothy | last3 = Morgan | first3 = Frank | last4 = Eakin | first4 = Joanne | last5 = Sanders | first5 = Margaret | last6 = Schmitt | first6 = Cheryl | doi-access =free }}</ref> Western American tribes combined the berries of ''J. communis'' with ''Berberis'' root bark in a herbal tea. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West |first=Gregory L. |last=Tilford |isbn=978-0-87842-359-0 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company |year=1997}}</ref>
===Medicine=== Juniper leaves were found to harbor fungi with potent anti-fungal compounds,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The discovery of enfumafungin, a novel antifungal compound produced by an endophytic Hormonema species biological activity and taxonomy of the producing organisms | year = 2010 | journal = Syst Appl Microbiol | pages = 333–343 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1016/s0723-2020(00)80062-4 | pmid = 11108011 |vauthors=Peláez F, Cabello A, Platas G, Díez MT, González del Val A, Basilio A, Martán I, Vicente F, Bills GE, Giacobbe RA, Schwartz RE, Onish JC, Meinz MS, Abruzzo GK, Flattery AM, Kong L, Kurtz MB}}</ref> including ibrexafungerp, which is now FDA approved to treat fungal infections.
==References== {{Reflist|25em}}
==Further reading== * {{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Juniperus communis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T42229A2963096 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
==External links== {{Commons category}} *[https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile/JUCO6 USDA: ''Juniperus communis''] *[https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn?JUCO6 Jepson Manual Treatment – ''Juniperus communis''] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=ucjeps&where-genre=Plant&where-taxon=Juniperus+communis&title_tag=Juniperus+communis ''Juniperus communis'' – Photo Gallery] * ''[https://www.euforgen.org/species/juniperus-communis/ Juniperus communis]'' – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26325}} {{Authority control}}
communis Category:Alpine flora Category:Flora of Northern America Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of temperate Asia Category:Flora of Algeria Category:Flora of Morocco Category:Flora of Nepal Category:Flora of Pakistan Category:Flora of West Himalaya Category:Dioecious plants Category:Least concern flora of Africa Category:Least concern flora of Asia Category:Least concern flora of Europe Category:Least concern flora of Northern America Category:Edible plants Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Garden plants of Asia Category:Garden plants of Europe Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Trees of Europe Category:Trees of temperate climates