Yŏngŭijŏng
PostYŏngŭijŏng
Native name領議政
MemberofState Council of Joseon
AppointerKing of Joseon
TermlengthUndefined; served until death or an approved retirement
Formation1401
Abolished1894
Superseded byPrime Minister of the Korean Empire
FirstYi Sŏ
LastKim Hong-jip
Unofficial namesYŏngsang, Sangsang, Sugyu or Wŏnbo
Yŏngŭijŏng
Hangul영의정; 영상; 상상; 수규; 원보
Hanja領議政; 領相; 上相; 首揆; 元輔

The Yŏngŭijŏng () or Chief State Councilor was a member of the State Council of Joseon and the highest government position in the Joseon period of Korean history.[1][2] The Yŏngŭijŏng held roles similar to a modern-day prime minister of a presidential system.[3] As the senior member of the Chief State Council, the Yŏngŭijŏng participated in the administration of general government affairs alongside the Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng.

The title was created in 1400 with the creation of the State Council. Existing for over 500 years, the function was handed over in 1895 during the Kabo Reform to the newly-formed position of the Prime Minister of the Korean Empire.[4][3] Only one official, usually an elder who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng, was allowed to assume the position of Yŏngŭijŏng. The Yŏngŭijŏng was also referred to as Yŏngsang (Korean: 영상; Hanja: 領相; lit. 'leading minister of state'), Sangsang (Korean: 상상; Hanja: 上相; lit. 'upper minister of state'), Sugyu (Korean: 수규; Hanja: 首揆; lit. 'head premier') or Wŏnbo (Korean: 원보; Hanja: 元輔; lit. 'primary assistant').[3]

Although the title of Yŏngŭijŏng was legally defined as the highest post in charge of all state affairs, its practical roles and powers shifted drastically throughout history as the roles of the State Council were not clearly defined in the Kyŏngguk taejŏn. During the early years of Joseon, the Yŏngŭijŏng saw limited roles in government as the Six Ministries reported directly to the king.

History

Establishment

Upon its founding in 1392, the state of Joseon initially inherited the state structure of its predecessor Goryeo (918–1392). In 1400, the second year of his reign, King Jeongjong reformed the Top'yŏngŭisasa ("Privy Council"[5]), which was previously the supreme administrative body of the Goryeo dynasty, to the State Council. The head of the State Council was given the title "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" (Korean: 영의정부사; Hanja: 領議政府事). As both functions of State Council got stronger, and its system was further revised, "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" was renamed to "Yŏngŭijŏng" in a firm establishment of the office.[3]

In 1466, the position was officially put in statutory form with the finalization of the Kyŏngguk taejŏn.[6][7] The Yŏngŭijŏng title was generally conferred on a senior minister who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng (Left State Councilor),[8] a post immediately below that of Yŏngŭijŏng, but higher than that of Uŭijŏng (Right State Councillor).[9] The three councilors were collectively known as the "Chŏngsŭng" (Korean: 정승; Hanja: 政丞),[10] or "Samŭijŏng" (Korean: 삼의정; Hanja: 三議政; lit. 'Three High Councillors').[3]

Changes in the role

Until April 1436, the 18th year of Sejong the Great's reign, Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng concurrently served as Panijosa (判吏曹事) and Panbyeongjosa (判兵曹事) respectively, so that they governed personnel affairs of yangban (the literary and military nobility).

Yŏngŭijŏng continued to exist as an honorary post, and so only managed to contemplate and adjust diplomatic documents or re-examine the cases of condemned people.

However, when Hwang Hŭi was appointed as "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" in that same year, Sejong modified the government system to strengthen the power of Chŏngsŭng from the Six Ministries centered system. With the reform, Sejong noted that a situation in which three highest senior advisors could not participate in the state affairs contravened the original intention to have them as the high state councillors.[3]

During the reform, Six Ministries conferred with State Council regarding the responsibilities of each minister. State Council discussed legitimacy of the issues, and then reported to the king. After receiving an approval from the king, State Council returned to Yujo to enact the assigned affairs. As a result, Yŏngŭijŏng came to participate more actively in the representative work as the head of State Council. However, other ministerial duities, such as those of the ministries Ijo (Ministry of Personnel[11]) and Pyongjo (Ministry of Military Affairs[12]) to implement personnel management, Pyongjo's mobilization of soldiers, Hyŏngjo (Ministry of Punishments[13])'s right to handle all criminals other than condemned people, were still directly operated by the related ministers.[3]

When Prince Suyang usurped the place of his nephew, King Danjong, the function of Yŏngŭijŏng was relegated to its previous powerless position. This was because when the King Sejo was still a prince, his actions were greatly restricted by his political rivals, Yŏngŭijŏng, Hwangbo In and Chwaŭijŏng, Kim Chongsŏ. So during the reigns of King Seongjong and Jungjong, there were several proposals to restore the former powers of State Council, but those suggestions were not implemented.[3]

Major affairs of the state were discussed when Bibyeonsa was established in 1558 (during the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign). The three High Councillors attended meetings only as "Tojejo" (Supreme Commissioner[14][15]). So the power of Yŏngŭijŏng tended to be increased or decreased, depending on the political atmosphere of the times, such as the degree of the king's power, the relationship between State Council and Six Ministries, the establishment of the Border Defense Council, the later administration of Kyujanggak (the Royal Library), the conflicts between political parties, and the advancement of "in-law government" (Korean: 세도정치; Hanja: 勢道政治[16]), among others. Regardless, the title "Yŏngŭijŏng" continued as the apex in the bureaucratic system throughout the entire Joseon period.[3]

List of Joseon Yŏngŭijŏng

MonarchPortraitNameTerm of Office[a]Political FactionNotesRef.
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Taejong
(1400–1418)		Yi Sŏ
이서
李舒		31 August 140128 May 1402[17][18]
Yi Kŏi
이거이
李居易		28 May 140220 December 1402[18][19]
Sŏng Sŏngnin
성석린
成石璘		20 December 14023 May 1403[19][20]
Cho Chun
조준
趙浚		12 August 140321 July 1404Cho Chun served as Left State Councilor from 21 July 1404 to 23 February 1405; he then served a second term as Yeonguijeong until his death on August 1 of the same year.[21][22]
23 February 14051 August 1405[23][24]
Sŏng Sŏngnin
성석린
成石璘		6 August 140515 August 1407[25][26]
Yi Hwa
이화
李和		15 August 14078 February 1408Voluntarily retired on 8 February 1408[26][27]
Ha Ryun
하륜
河崙		March 17 140827 September 1409[28][29]
Yi Sŏ
이서
李舒		27 September 140926 November 1409[29][30]
Ha Ryun
하륜
河崙		26 November 14095 October 1412[30][31]
Sŏng Sŏngnin
성석린
成石璘		5 October 141215 May 1414[31][32]
Ha Ryun
하륜
河崙		15 May 14142 July 1415[32][33]
Sŏng Sŏngnin
성석린
成石璘		8 December 141529 June 1416[34][35]
Nam Chae
남재
南在		29 June 141629 November 1416[35][36]
Ryu Chŏnghyŏn
류정현
柳廷顯		29 November 141617 July 1418[36][37]
Han Sanggyŏng
한상경
韓尙敬		17 July 141811 October 1418Taejong of Joseon abdicated from the throne on 18 September 1418.[37][38]
Sejong
(1418–1450)		-
Sim On
심온
沈溫		11 October 141811 January 1419[38][39]
Ryu Chŏnghyŏn
류정현
柳廷顯		11 January 14198 October 1424[39][40]
Yi Chik
이직
李稷		8 October 142427 June 1426While Yi Chik's position was transferred to Left State Councilor on 27 June 1426, the Veritable Records provide no mentions of his successor.[40][41]
Ku Chonggil (?)
구종길
仇宗吉		1426?1431?While Ku Chonggil is recorded to have served as Chief State Councilor from 1426 to 1431 in genealogy records, there are no mentions of him in any official annals of the Joseon dynasty.[42][citation needed]
Hwang Hui
황희
黃喜		17 October 143130 October 1449Longest-serving Chief State Councilor.[43][44][45]
Ha Yŏn
하연
河演		30 October 144918 August 1451Sejong died on 8 April 1450.[45][46]
Munjong
(1450–1452)		-
Hwangbo In
황보인
皇甫仁		29 November 145119 November 1453Munjong died on 10 June 1452.[47][48]
Danjong
(1452–1455)		Hwangbo In was murdered on 19 November 1453 during Yi Yu, Grand Prince Suyang's coup against his nephew Danjong.
Yi Yu
이유
李瑈		20 November 14534 July 1455On 4 July 1455, Yi Yu and his associates exiled Danjong's last supporters and forced the young king to abdicate. He would assume the throne the same day.[49][50]

Sejo
(1455–1468)		Chŏng Inji
정인지
鄭麟趾		3 August 14557 March 1458Hungu[50][51]
Chŏng Ch'angson
정창손
鄭昌孫		20 January 145931 January 1459HunguChŏng Ch'angson voluntarily resigned from Chief State Councilor, insisting that he complete his late mother's funeral rituals.[52][53]
Kang Maenggyŏng
강맹경
姜孟卿		9 December 14594 June 1461HunguKang Maenggyong died on 4 June 1461.[54][55]
Chŏng Ch'angson
정창손
鄭昌孫		16 June 146116 June 1462Hungu[56][57]
Sin Sukchu
신숙주
申叔舟		26 June 14629 June 1466HunguThe title Yeonguijeong-busa was renamed to Yeonguijeong during Sin Sukchu's first term as Chief State Councilor.[58][59][citation needed]
Ku Ch'igwan
구치관
具致寬		9 June 14665 December 1466Hungu[59][60]
Han Myŏnghoe
한명회
韓明澮		5 December 146618 May 1467Hungu[60][61]
Hwang Susin
황수신
黃守身		18 May 146730 June 1467Hungu[61][62]
Sim Hoe
심회
沈澮		30 June 146716 October 1467Hungu[62][63]
Ch'oe Hang
최항
崔恒		16 October 146716 January 1468Hungu[63][64]
Cho Sŏngmun
조석문
曺錫文		16 January 146813 August 1468Hungu[64][65]
Yi Chun
이준
李浚		13 August 146812 January 1469Sejo died on 2 October 1468[65][66]
Yejong
(1468–1470)		-
Pak Wŏnhyŏng
박원형
朴元亨		12 January 146912 February 1469HunguDied in office[66][67]
Han Myŏnghoe
한명회
韓明澮		13 February 14696 October 1469Hungu[68][69]
Hong Yunsŏng
홍윤성
洪允成		6 October 146915 May 1470HunguYejong died on 9 January 1470.[69][70]
Seongjong
(1470–1495)		-
Yun Chaun
윤자운
尹子雲		15 May 147013 December 1471Hungu[70][71]
Sin Sukchu
신숙주
申叔舟		13 December 14711 August 1475HunguDied in office[71][72]
Chŏng Ch'angson
정창손
鄭昌孫		11 August 147520 April 1485HunguVoluntarily resigned from office.[73][74]
Yun P'ilsang
윤필상
尹弼商		21 April 148516 December 1493HunguVoluntarily resigned from office.[75][76]
Yi Kŭkpae
이극배
李克培		23 December 149323 April 1495HunguSeongjong died on 29 January 1495.[77][78]
Yeonsangun
(1495–1506)		-
No Sasin
노사신
盧思愼		23 April 149512 or 13 October 1495HunguImpeached and removed from office[79][80]
Sin Sŭngsŏn
신승선
愼承善		30 October 149510 May 1497Hungu[81][82]
Han Ch'ihyŏng
한치형
韓致亨		18 May 150012 November 1502HunguDied in office.[83][84]
Sŏng Chun
성준
成俊		10 February 150327 May 1504Hungu[85][86]
Ryu Sun
류순
柳洵		5 June 1504 (?)19 November 1509HunguRyu Sun was likely appointed Chief State Councilor on 5 June 1504, when Right State Councilor Hŏ Ch'im was replaced with Pak Sungchil. Ryu is first mentioned as Chief State Councilor on 18 June.[87][88][89]
Jungjong
(1506–1544)		Yeonsangun abdicated on 28 September 1506.
Pak Wŏnjong
박원종
朴元宗		19 November 150923 April 1510Hungu[89][90]
Kim Sudong
김수동
金壽童		23 April 151027 August 1512HunguDied in office[90][91]
Ryu Sunjŏng
류순정
柳順汀		24 November 15125 February 1513SarimDied in office[92][93]
Sŏng Hŭian
성희안
成希顔		16 May 15136 September 1513HunguDied in office[94][95]
Song Chil
송질
宋軼		3 December 151316 August 1514Hungu[96][97]
Ryu Sun
류순
柳洵		28 October 151417 May 1516Hungu[98][99]
Chŏng Kwangp'il
정광필
鄭光弼		20 May 151617 January 1520Hungu[100][101]
Kim Chŏn
김전
金詮		13 March 15209 March 1523SarimDied in office[102][103]
Nam Kon
남곤
南袞		13 May 152320 April 1527SarimDied in office[104][105]
Chŏng Kwangp'il
정광필
鄭光弼		24 November 152730 June 1533Hungu[106][107]
Chang Sunson
장순손
張順孫		30 June 153327 October 1534HunguDied in office[107][108]
Han Hyowŏn
한효원
韓效元		3 January 153511 February 1535Hungu[109][110]
Kim Kŭnsa
김근사
金謹思		7 May 153511 December 1537HunguImpeached and removed from office[111][112]
Yun Ŭnbo
윤은보
尹殷輔		13 December 15373 August 1544HunguDied in office[113][114]
Injong
(1544–1545)		Hong Ŏnp'il
홍언필
洪彦弼		4 February 1545 (?)before 22 February 1545 (?)Ambiguous records.[b][115][116]
Yun In'gyŏng
윤인경
尹仁鏡		26 February 15452 July 1548Injong died on 17 August 1545.[117][118]
Myeongjong
(1545–1567)		-
Hong Ŏnp'il
홍언필
洪彦弼		2 July 15487 March 1549Died in office[118][119]
Yi Ki
이기
李芑		26 June 154928 September 1551[120][121]
Sim Yŏnwŏn
심연원
沈連源		2 October 155114 June 1558[122][123]
Sang Chin
상진
尙震		25 June 155819 February 1563[124][125]
Yun Wŏnhyŏng
윤원형
尹元衡		19 February 156319 September 1565[125][126]
Yi Chun'gyŏng
이준경
李浚慶		19 September 156530 June 1571SarimMyeongjong died on 12 August 1567.[126][127]

Seonjo
(1567–1608)		-
Kwŏn Ch'ŏl
권철
權轍		3 May 157320 October 1573Sarim[128][129]
Yi T'ak
이탁
李鐸		26 October 157311 May 1574Sarim[130][131]
Hong Sŏm
홍섬
洪暹		11 May 15744 September 1574Sarim[131][132]
Kwŏn Ch'ŏl
권철
權轍		5 October 1574August–September 1575SarimVarious records on specific dates of tenure during this period have been lost–see footnote.[c][133][134]
Hong Sŏm
홍섬
洪暹		August–September 1575September–October 1576Sarim[134][135]
Kwŏn Ch'ŏl
권철
權轍		September–October 1576September–October 1578SarimDied in office[135][136]
Hong Sŏm
홍섬
洪暹		December 1578–January 1579March–April 1579Sarim[137][138]
Pak Sun
박순
朴淳		March–April 1579January–February 1585Westerner[138][139]
No Susin
노수신
盧守愼		May–June 1585June–July 1588Easterner[140][141]
Ryu Chŏn
류전
柳琠		March–April 15895 December 1589SarimDied in office[142][143]
Yi Sanhae
이산해
李山海		Unknown11 June 1592Northerner[144]
Yi Yangwŏn
이양원
李陽元		June 1592June 1592[145]
Yu Sŏngnyong
류성룡
柳成龍		June–July 1592July–August 1592Southerner[146][147]
Ch'oe Hŭngwŏn
최흥원
崔興源		July–August 159217 November 1593Southerner[148][149]
Yu Sŏngnyong
류성룡
柳成龍		19 November 15936 November 1598Southerner[150][151]
Yi Wŏnik
이원익
李元翼		6 November 159817 July 1599Southerner[151][152]
Yun Tusu
윤두수
尹斗壽		13 September 15996 November 1599Westerner[153][154]
Yi Wŏnik
이원익
李元翼		9 November 1599before 29 February 1600Southerner[155]
Yi Sanhae
이산해
李山海		7 March 16009 June 1600Northerner
Yi Hangbok
이항복
李恒福		26 July 160024 March 1602Westerner
Yi Tŏkhyŏng
이덕형
李德馨		26 March 16027 May 1604Southerner
Yi Hangbok
이항복
李恒福		16 May 160413 June 1604Westerner
Yun Sŭnghun
윤승훈
尹承勳		19 June 160415 January 1605Southerner
Ryu Yŏnggyŏng
류영경
柳永慶		24 January 160529 March 1608Smaller Northerner-
Gwanghaegun
(1608–1623)
Yi Wŏnik
이원익
李元翼		29 March 160810 September 1609Southerner
Yi Tŏkhyŏng
이덕형
李德馨		3 October 160930 September 1611Southerner
Yi Wŏnik
이원익
李元翼		30 September 161119 July 1612Southerner
Yi Tŏkhyŏng
이덕형
李德馨		4 September 161226 September 1613Southerner
Ki Chahŏn
기자헌
奇自獻		27 February 16141 October 1617Bigger Northerner
Chŏng Inhong
정인홍
鄭仁弘		12 February 161826 April 1619Bigger Northerner
Pak Sŭngjong
박승종
朴承宗		26 April 161913 April 1623Bigger Northerner
Injo
(1623–1649)		Yi Wŏnik
이원익
李元翼		15 April 162329 March 1625Southerner
8 September 162523 January 1627
Yun Pang
윤방
尹昉		Westerner
Sin Hŭm
신흠
申欽		Westerner
O Yun'gyŏm
오윤겸
吳允謙		16 December 162822 September 1631Westerner
Yun Pang
윤방
尹昉		Westerner
Kim Ryu
김류
金瑬		Westerner
Yi Hongju
이홍주
李弘胄		Westerner
Ch'oe Myŏnggil
최명길
崔鳴吉		16386 February 1640Westerner
Hong Sŏbong
홍서봉
洪瑞鳳		Westerner
Yi Sŏnggu
이성구
李聖求		Westerner
Ch'oe Myŏnggil
최명길
崔鳴吉		27 August 16428 December 1642Westerner
Sin Kyŏngjin
신경진
申景禛		Westerner
Sim Yŏl
심열
沈悅		Westerner
Hong Sŏbong
홍서봉
洪瑞鳳		Westerner
Kim Ryu
김류
金瑬		Westerner
Hong Sŏbong
홍서봉
洪瑞鳳		Westerner
Kim Ryu
김류
金瑬		Westerner
Kim Chajŏm
김자점
金自點		164622 June 1649Westerner
Hyojong
(1649–1659)		Yi Kyŏngsŏk
이경석
李景奭		Westerner
Yi Kyŏngyŏ
이경여
李敬與		Westerner
Kim Yuk
김육
金堉		1 January 165117 January 1652Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa
정태화
鄭太和		Westerner
Yi Sibaek
이시백
李時白		Westerner
Kim Yuk
김육
金堉		15 August 165525 August 1655Westerner
Yi Sibaek
이시백
李時白		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa
정태화
鄭太和		Westerner
Sim Chiwŏn
심지원
沈之源		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa
정태화
鄭太和		Westerner
Hyeonjong
(1659–1674)		Hong Myŏngha
홍명하
洪命夏		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa
정태화
鄭太和		Westerner
Hŏ Chŏk
허적
許積		19 June 167131 May 1672Southerner
Chŏng T'aehwa
정태화
鄭太和		Westerner
Hŏ Chŏk
허적
許積		6 September 167325 April 1674Southerner
Kim Suhŭng
김수흥
金壽興		Westerner
Hŏ Chŏk
허적
許積		27 August 167430 April 1680Southerner

Sukjong
(1674–1720)		Kim Suhang
김수항
金壽恒		Westerner
Nam Kuman
남구만
南九萬		Westerner
Kim Suhŭng
김수흥
金壽興		Westerner
Yŏ Sŏngje
여성제
呂聖齊		Westerner
Kwŏn Taeun
권대운
權大運		Southerner
Nam Kuman
남구만
南九萬		Soron
Ryu Sangun
류상운
柳尙運		Soron
Sŏ Munjung
서문중
徐文重		Soron
Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng
최석정
崔錫鼎		Soron
Sŏ Munjung
서문중
徐文重		Soron
Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng
최석정
崔錫鼎		Soron
Sin Wan
신완
申琓		Noron
Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng
최석정
崔錫鼎		Soron
Yi Yŏ
이여
李畬		Noron
Sŏ Chongt'ae
서종태
徐宗泰		Noron
Yi Yu
이유
李濡		Noron
Sŏ Chongt'ae
서종태
徐宗泰		Noron
Kim Ch'angjip
김창집
金昌集		Noron
Gyeongjong
(1720–1724)		Cho T'aegu
조태구
趙泰耉		Soron
Ch'oe Kyusŏ
최규서
崔奎瑞		Soron

Yeongjo
(1724–1776)		Yi Kwangjwa
이광좌
李光佐		Soron
Chŏng Ho
정호
鄭澔		Noron
Yi Kwangjwa
이광좌
李光佐		Soron
Hong Ch'ijung
홍치중
洪致中		1 July 172913 August 1732Noron
Sim Suhyŏn
심수현
沈壽賢		Soron
Yi Ŭihyŏn
이의현
李宜顯		Noron
Kim Hŭnggyŏng
김흥경
金興慶		Noron
Yi Kwangjwa
이광좌
李光佐		Soron
Kim Chaero
김재로
金在魯		Noron
Cho Hyŏnmyŏng
조현명
趙顯命		Soron
Kim Chaero
김재로
金在魯		Noron
Yi Chongsŏng
이종성
李宗城		Soron
Kim Chaero
김재로
金在魯		Noron
Yi Ch'ŏnbo
이천보
李天輔		Noron
Yu Ch'ŏkki
유척기
兪拓基		Noron
Yi Ch'ŏnbo
이천보
李天輔		Noron
Kim Sangno
김상로
金尙魯		Noron
Yi Ch'ŏnbo
이천보
李天輔		Noron
Hong Ponghan
홍봉한
洪鳳漢		Noron
Sin Man
신만
申晩		Noron
Hong Ponghan
홍봉한
洪鳳漢		Noron
Yun Tongdo
윤동도
尹東度		Soron
Sŏ Chisu
서지수
徐志修		Soron
Kim Ch'iin
김치인
金致仁		Noron
Hong Ponghan
홍봉한
洪鳳漢		Noron
Kim Ch'iin
김치인
金致仁		Noron
Kim Sangbok
김상복
金相福		Noron
Sin Hoe
신회
申晦		Noron
Kim Sangbok
김상복
金相福		Noron
Han Ingmoe
한익모
韓翼謩		Noron
Kim Sangbok
김상복
金相福		Noron
Sin Hoe
신회
申晦		Noron
Han Ingmoe
한익모
韓翼謩		Noron
Kim Sangbok
김상복
金相福		Noron
Han Ingmoe
한익모
韓翼謩		Noron
Kim Sangbok
김상복
金相福		Noron
Han Ingmoe
한익모
韓翼謩		Noron
Sin Hoe
신회
申晦		Noron
Han Ingmoe
한익모
韓翼謩		Noron
Kim Sangch'ŏl
김상철
金尙喆		Soron
Jeongjo
(1776–1800)		Kim Yangt'aek
김양택
金陽澤		Noron
Kim Sangch'ŏl
김상철
金尙喆		Soron
Sŏ Myŏngsŏn
서명선
徐命善		Soron
Kim Sangch'ŏl
김상철
金尙喆		Soron
Sŏ Myŏngsŏn
서명선
徐命善		Soron
Chŏng Chon'gyŏm
정존겸
鄭存謙
Sŏ Myŏngsŏn
서명선
徐命善		Soron
Chŏng Chon'gyŏm
정존겸
鄭存謙
Kim Ch'iin
김치인
金致仁
Kim Ik
김익
金熤
Yi Chaehyŏp
이재협
李在協
Kim Ik
김익
金熤
Ch'ae Chegong
채제공
蔡濟恭		2 July 179311 July 1793Southerners
Hong Naksŏng
홍낙성
洪樂性
Yi Pyŏngmo
이병모
李秉模		Noron

Sunjo
(1800–1834)		Sim Hwanji
심환지
沈煥之
Yi Sisu
이시수
李時秀
Yi Pyŏngmo
이병모
李秉模		Noron
Sŏ Maesu
서매수
徐邁修
Yi Pyŏngmo
이병모
李秉模		Noron
Kim Chaech'an
김재찬
金載瓚
Sŏ Yongbo
서용보
徐龍輔
Han Yonggwi
한용귀
韓用龜
Kim Chaech'an
김재찬
金載瓚
Nam Kongch'ŏl
남공철
南公轍
Yi Sanghwang
이상황
李相璜
Sim Sanggyu
심상규
沈象奎
Hyeonjong
(1834–1849)		Yi Sanghwang
이상황
李相璜
Cho Inyŏng
조인영
趙寅永
Kwŏn Tonin
권돈인
權敦仁
Chŏng Wŏnyong
정원용
鄭元容

Cheoljong
(1849–1864)		Cho Inyŏng
조인영
趙寅永
Kwŏn Tonin
권돈인
權敦仁
Kim Hŭnggŭn
김흥근
金興根
Kim Chwagŭn
김좌근
金左根		3 April 185314 February 1859
Chŏng Wŏnyong
정원용
鄭元容
Kim Chwagŭn
김좌근
金左根		20 October 186323 May 1864

Gojong
(1864–1897)		Cho Tusun
조두순
趙斗淳
Yi Kyŏngjae
이경재
李景在
Kim Pyŏnghak
김병학
金炳學
Chŏng Wŏnyong
정원용
鄭元容
Kim Pyŏnghak
김병학
金炳學
Hong Sunmok
홍순목
洪淳穆
Yi Yuwŏn
이유원
李裕元		18731875Soron
Yi Ch'oeŭng
이최응
李最應
Sŏ Tangbo
서당보
徐堂輔
Hong Sunmok
홍순목
洪淳穆
Kim Pyŏngguk
김병국
金炳國		Gaehwa
Sim Sunt'aek
심순택
沈舜澤		8 December 188420 July 1894?Gaehwa
Kim Pyŏngsi
김병시
金炳始
Kim Hong-jip
김홍집
金弘集		25 June 1894?20 August 1894Gaehwa

Footnotes

  1. ^ Dates have been converted to Gregorian using the converter tool provided by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute.[156]
  2. ^ According to the Veritable Records of Injong, Hong Ŏnp'il was appointed Chief State Councilor on 4 February 1545. However, the Veritable Records do not specify his date of resignation. On an entry dated 22 February 1545, however, he is denoted as First Minister-without-Portfolio (Korean: 영중추부사), an honorary office which served as the titular head of the Military Affairs Commission (Korean: 중추원) and was often assumed by figures who had previously served as a State Councilor. Judging by these records, it may be inferred that Hong did serve as Chief State Councilor from 4 February to some point before 22 February 1545.[citation needed]
  3. ^ Various records regarding the dates of tenures of Chief State Councilors during Seonjo's reign have been lost from the Veritable Records of Seonjo due to the Imjin War (1592–1598). While entries on the Revised Veritable Records of Seonjo note the appointment and resignation of some of these Councilors, many of these entries only cite lunar months, not specific dates.[157]

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Bibliography