Champagne Pool

{{Short description|Lake in New Zealand}} {{for|Champagne Pools|Fraser Island, Queensland}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Champagne Pool | image = ChampagnePool-Wai-O-Tapu rotated MC.jpg | alt = The orange colour originates from deposits of arsenic and antimony sulfides. | caption = The orange colour originates from deposits of arsenic and antimony sulfides. | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Waiotapu, North Island |pushpin_map=New Zealand North Island | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Champagne Pool | coords = {{coord|38.359086|S|176.368901|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = geothermal | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = New Zealand | length = {{Convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = {{Convert|62|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{Convert|50000|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = 34 days | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }}

'''Champagne Pool''' is a prominent geothermal feature within the Waiotapu geothermal area in the North Island of New Zealand. The terrestrial hot spring is located about {{Convert|30|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} southeast of Rotorua and about {{Convert|50|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} northeast of Taupō. The name Champagne Pool is derived from the abundant efflux of carbon dioxide (CO₂), similar to a glass of bubbling champagne. The hot spring was formed 900 years ago by a hydrothermal eruption,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=E. F. |year=1959 |title=The hot springs and hydrothermal eruptions of Waiotapu |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=141–76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 |doi=10.1080/00288306.1959.10431319|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which makes it in geological terms a relatively young system. Its crater is about {{Convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter with a maximum depth around {{Convert|62|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is filled with an estimated volume of {{Convert|50000|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} of geothermal fluid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hedenquist |first1=J. W. |year=1986 |title=Geothermal systems in the Taupo Volcanic Zone: Their characteristics and relation to volcanism and mineralisation |journal=Bulletin of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=23 |pages=134–68}}</ref>

==Hydrochemistry== thumb|left|200px|Location of Champagne Pool thumb|View of Champagne Pool The deep geothermal water below Champagne Pool is of the order of {{Convert|260|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0375-6505(94)90022-1 |title=Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand |year=1994 |last1=Giggenbach |first1=W |last2=Sheppard |first2=D |last3=Robinson |first3=B |last4=Stewart |first4=M |last5=Lyon |first5=G |journal=Geothermics |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |pages=599}}</ref> but water temperature within the pool is maintained at {{Convert|73|°C|°F|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|75|°C|°F|abbr=on}} by losing heat to the atmosphere. The pH of 5.5 is relatively constant due to buffering by the flux of CO₂. Gases are mainly CO₂, but to lesser extent nitrogen (N₂), methane (CH₄), hydrogen (H₂), hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), and traces of oxygen (O₂).<ref name="Jones, B. 2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1144/0016-764900-131 |title=Biogenicity of gold- and silver-bearing siliceous sinters forming in hot (75 C) anaerobic spring-waters of Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, North Island, New Zealand |year=2001 |last1=Jones |first1=B. |last2=Renaut |first2=R. W. |last3=Rosen |first3=M. R. |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=895|bibcode=2001JGSoc.158..895J }}</ref> The siliceous geothermal fluid is oversaturated with metalloid compounds such as orpiment (As₂S₃) and stibnite (Sb₂S₃), which precipitate and form orange subaqueous deposits.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. G. |last1=Pope |first2=K. L. |last2=Brown |first3=D. M. |last3=McConchie |year=2005 |title=Gold Concentrations in Springs at Waiotapu, New Zealand: Implications for Precious Metal Deposition in Geothermal Systems |journal=Economic Geology |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=677–87 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.677 |url=http://www.segweb.org/eg/papers/Abs100-4_files/04Pope.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131026/http://www.segweb.org/eg/papers/Abs100-4_files/04Pope.pdf |archivedate=27 September 2011 }}</ref> The colourful deposits are in sharp contrast to the grey-white silica sinter surrounding Champagne Pool.

==Biology== [[Image:Champagne pool edge wai-o-tapu nz.jpg|250px|thumb|right|High-resolution image of the edge of the pool detailing the orpiment and stibnite deposits]] Although Champagne Pool is geochemically well characterised, few studies have addressed its role as a potential habitat for microbial life forms. H₂ and either CO₂ or O₂ would be available as metabolic energy sources for autotrophic growth of methanogenic or hydrogen-oxidising microorganisms. Culture-independent methods provided evidence for filamentous, coccoid, and rod-shaped cell morphologies in the hot spring.<ref name="Jones, B. 2001" /><ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2003CaJES..40.1643M |title=Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: Rates of growth and textural development |author1=Mountain |first1=B. W. |last2=Benning |first2=L. G. |last3=Boerema |first3=J. A. |volume=40 |year=2003 |pages=1643 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |doi=10.1139/e03-068 |issue=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1144/0016-764903-058 |title=Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2005 |last1=Phoenix |first1=V. R. |last2=Renaut |first2=R. W. |last3=Jones |first3=B. |last4=Ferris |first4=F. G. |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=323}}</ref> Two novel bacteria and a novel archaeon have been successfully isolated from Champagne Pool.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=605–14 |doi=10.1007/s00792-007-0073-2 |title=Microbial life in Champagne Pool, a geothermal spring in Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2007 |last1=Hetzer |first1=Adrian |last2=Morgan |first2=Hugh W. |last3=McDonald |first3=Ian R. |last4=Daughney |first4=Christopher J. |journal=Extremophiles |volume=11 |issue=4 |pmid=17426919}}</ref> Bacterial isolate CP.B2 named ''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' tolerates relatively high concentrations of arsenic and antimony compounds and represents a novel genus and species within the order Aquificales.<ref>{{cite journal |pages=398–403 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64842-0 |title=''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium isolated from Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand |year=2008 |last1=Hetzer |first1=A. |last2=McDonald |first2=I. R. |last3=Morgan |first3=H. W. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pmid=18218938|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also== *Hot springs in New Zealand

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Champagne Pool}}

Category:Hot springs of New Zealand Category:Okataina Volcanic Centre Category:Lakes of Waikato