Carditidae

{{Short description|Family of bivalves}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = PZSL1852PlateMollusca17 clean.png | image_caption = Shells of several Carditidae species | taxon = Carditidae | authority = Férussac, 1822 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = See text }}

'''Carditidae''' is a family of marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the type taxon of the superfamily Carditoidea.

Carditidae is a neglected and poorly classified family.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Perna|first1=Rafael La|last2=Brunetti|first2=Mauro M.|last3=Bella|first3=Giano Della|date=2018-02-13|title=Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae)|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4379.2.4|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4379|issue=2|pages=223|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.4|pmid=29689985|issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has six subfamilies recognised by the World Register of Marine Species, but the WoRMS has refrained from assigning contents to any family due to ambiguity and overlap in their definitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22997|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditidae Férussac, 1822|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Additionally, several genera have been or are still considered subgenera of other genera by some authors.

==Genera== The genera of Carditidae recognised by the World Register of Marine Species {{As of|2019|April|df=|lc=y}} are: *''Akardita'' La Perna, Brunetti & Della Bella, 2018 *''Arcturellina'' Chavan, 1951 * ''Bathycardita'' Iredale, 1924 * ''Beguina'' Röding, 1798 *''Cardiocardita'' Anton, 1838 * ''Cardita'' Bruguière, 1792 * ''Carditamera'' * ''Carditellopsis'' Iredale, 1936 * ''Cardites'' Link, 1807 * ''Centrocardita'' Sacco, 1899 *†''Choniocardia'' Cossmann, 1904 *†''Claibornicardia'' Stenzel & Krause, 1957 * ''Coripia'' de Gregorio, 1885 * ''Cuna'' Hedley, 1902 ** ''Cuna aupouri'' Powell, 1937 ** ''Cuna carditelloides'' Suter, 1911 ** ''Cuna compressidens'' Powell, 1933 ** ''Cuna gibbosa'' Powell, 1937 ** ''Cuna laqueus'' Finlay, 1927 ** ''Cuna manawatawhia'' Powell, 1937 ** ''Cuna mayi'' Powell, 1930 ** ''Cuna mendica'' Dell, 1952 ** ''Cuna mayi'' Powell, 1930 ** ''Cuna otagoensis'' Powell, 1927 * ''Cyclocardia'' * ''Glans'' Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811 * ''Glyptoactis'' Stewart, 1930 * †''Goosensia'' Cossmann, 1885 *''Hamacuna'' Cotton, 1931 * ''Lazariella'' Sacco, 1899 * ''Megacardita'' Sacco, 1899 * ''Milneria'' Dall, 1881 * †''Miodomeris'' Chavan, 1936 * ''Miodontiscus'' Dall, 1903 * †''Paraglans'' Chavan, 1941 * ''Pleuromeris'' * ''Powellina'' Huber, 2010 * ''Pteromeris'' * ''Purpurocardia'' Maxwell, 1969 * ''Strophocardia'' Olsson, 1961 * ''Thecalia'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857 *†''Tutcheria'' Cox, 1946 * †''Venericardia'' * †''Venericor'' Stewart, 1930 * ''Vimentum'' Iredale, 1925

Synonyms:

* ''Arcturella'' Chavan, 1941 is a junior synonym of ''Arcturellina''. It is not to be confused with ''Arcturella'' Sars, 1879, which is a junior synonym of the isopod genus ''Astacilla''. * ''Azarella'' is a junior synonym of ''Beguina''. * ''Agaria, Cardiocardites'' [sic] and ''Divergidens'' are junior synonyms of ''Cardiocardita''. * ''Actinobolus'' Mörch, 1853 is a junior synonym of ''Cardites''. It is not to be confused with the rhinoceros beetle genus ''Actinobolus'' Westwood, 1842. * ''Ceropsis'' Dall, 1871 is a junior synonym of ''Milneria''. It should not be confused with the true weevil genus ''Ceropsis''. * ''Miodon'' Carpenter, 1863 is a junior synonym of ''Miodontiscus''. It should not be confused with ''Miodon'' Duméril, 1859, which is a junior synonym of the mole viper genus ''Polemon''.

Notes:

* In some classifications, ''Bathycardita'' is a subgenus of ''Cardiocardita''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=59338|title=Fossilworks: Cardiocardita (Bathycardita)|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> * In some classifications, ''Centrocardita'' is a subgenus of ''Glans''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=93504|title=Fossilworks: Glans (Centrocardita)|website=fossilworks.org|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> *In some classifications, ''Claibornicardia'' is a subgenus of either ''Glyptoactis'' or ''Venericardia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=17480&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=Paleobiology Database|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> * In some classifications, ''Vimentum'' is a subgenus of ''Cyclocardia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=101587&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=www.paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> *In some classifications prior to the 2000s, ''Carditella'' was included in Carditidae,<ref name=":2" /> but it has since been moved to Condylocardiidae,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196904|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditella E. A. Smith, 1881|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> along with its former junior synonym/subgenus (now independent genus) ''Carditellona''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=492206|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carditellona Iredale, 1936|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> *Increasingly in several 2010s classifications, the subgenus ''Venericardia'' (†''Baluchicardia'') Rutsch and Schenck 1943<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=17391&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=www.paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> is considered an independent genus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pérez|first=Damián Eduardo|date=2019-01-15|title=Phylogenetic relationships of the family Carditidae (Bivalvia: Archiheterodonta)|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=17|issue=16|pages=1139–1175|doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1532463|s2cid=92392950|issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019JSPal..17.1359P |hdl=11336/120441|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lockwood|first1=Rowan|last2=McClure|first2=Kate J.|date=May 2015|title=Relationships among Venericardia (Bivalvia: Carditidae) on the U.S. Coastal Plain during the Paleogene|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=89|issue=3|pages=2|doi=10.1017/jpa.2015.23|bibcode=2015JPal...89..522M |s2cid=4483535|issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez|first1=Damián E.|last2=del Río|first2=Claudia J.|date=November 2017|title=The family Carditidae (Bivalvia) in the early Danian of Patagonia (Argentina)|journal=Journal of Paleontology|language=en|volume=91|issue=6|pages=1148–1165|doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.69|issn=0022-3360|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017JPal...91.1148P |hdl=11336/48035|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Subfamilies ==

=== Chavan, 1969 === The original six-subfamily system was first proposed by Chavan in 1969, contain the following genera (some of which are now synonyms or classified in other families):<ref name=":1"/>

{{col-float|width=95%}} {{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Carditamerinae''' Chavan, 1969

{{Columns-list|colwidth=8em| * ''Arcturellina'' * ''Bathycardita'' * ''Cardiocardita'' * ''Carditamera'' * ''Carditella'' * ''Carditellona'' * ''Carditellopsis'' * ''Centrocardita'' * ''Choniocardia'' * ''Cossmannella'' * ''Cretocardia'' * ''Cyclocardia'' * ''Fenestricardita'' * ''Glans'' * ''Goosensia'' * ''Izumicardia'' * ''Lazariella'' * ''Miodontiscus'' * ''Pleuromeris'' * ''Plionema'' * ''Scalaricardita'' * ''Tutcheria'' * ''Vetericardiella'' * ''Vimentum'' }}

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Carditesinae''' Chavan, 1969

* ''Baluchicardia'' * ''Cardites'' * ''Claibornicardia'' * ''Glyptoactis'' * ''Ludbrookia'' * ''Paraglans'' * ''Xenocardita''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Carditinae''' Férussac, 1822

* ''Beguina'' * ''Cardita'' * ''Jesonia''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Miodomeridinae''' Chavan, 1969

* ''Chavanella'' * ''Coripia'' * ''Miodomeris'' * ''Pteromeris''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Thecaliinae''' Dall, 1903

* ''Milneria'' * ''Thecalia''

{{Col-float-break|width=16%}} '''Venericardiinae''' Chavan, 1969

* ''Leuroactis'' * ''Megacardita'' * ''Pacificor'' * ''Trapezicardita'' * ''Venericardia'' * ''Venericor''

=== Perez, 2019 === In 2019, D. E. Pérez proposed a seven-subfamily system for Carditidae.<ref name=":1"/>

{{col-float|width=95%}} {{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Carditamerinae'''

* ''Carditamera'' * ''Centrocardita'' * ''Glans''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Carditinae'''

* ''Beguina'' * *''Birkelundita'' * ''Cardita''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Miodomeridinae'''

* *''Kolmeris'' * ''Miodomeris'' * ''Pteromeris''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Palaeocarditinae''' Chavan, 1969

* *''Palaeocardita'' * *''Schizocardita''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Scalaricarditinae''' Pérez, 2019

* ''Coripia'' * *''Scalaricardita'' * ''Vimentum''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Thecaliinae'''

* ''Powellina'' * ''Thecalia''

{{Col-float-break|width=14%}} '''Venericardiinae'''

{{Columns-list|colwidth=8em| * ''Arcturellina'' * *''Baluchicardia'' * ''Bathycardita'' * ''Cardiocardita'' * ''Cardites'' * ''Claibornicardia'' * *''Darwinicardia'' * *''Fasciculicardia'' * ''Glyptoactis'' * *''Kalelia'' * *''Leuroactis'' * ''Megacardita'' * *''Neovenericor'' * *''Pacificor'' * ''Paraglans'' * ''Purpurocardia'' * *''Rotundicardia'' * ''Venericardia'' * ''Venericor'' }}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> = not yet recognised by the World Register of Marine Species.

In addition, Pérez proposed possible affiliations for the genera not included in his subfamilies:<ref name=":1" />

* Carditidae: ''Carditomantea''? * Carditinae: ''Goosensia''? * Cyclocardida: ''Ainicardita'', ''Crassicardia'', ''Lunulicardita'' * Eucarditidae: ''Pseudocardia''? (some species) * Miodomeridinae: ''Miodontiscus'' * Scalaricarditinae: ''Malarossia'', ''Akardita''?, ''Choniocardia ''(could be Cyclocardida) * Stem-Carditidae: ''Fenestricardita''?, ''Trapezicardita''?, ''Gujocardita''? (could be Permophoridae), ''Septocardia''? (could be Cardiidae) * Stem-Eucarditidae or Stem-Carditida: Izumicardia * Venericardiini: ''Cossmannella'', ''Cretocardia'', ''Lazariella'' * Venericardiinae: ''Cycloglans'', ''Strophocardia'', ''Maghrebella''?, ''Subvenericardia''? * Uncertain: ''Milneria'', ''Xenocardita''

In some classifications prior to the 2000s, Carditidae used to contain a seventh subfamily Carditellinae, until it was reallocated to Condylocardiidae.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSrxAQAAQBAJ&q=Carditellinae&pg=PA12|title=A Catalogue of the Living Marine Bivalve Molluscs of China|last1=Bernard|first1=F. R.|last2=Cai|first2=Ying-Ya|last3=Morton|first3=Brian|date=1993-06-01|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789622093249|pages=12|language=en}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}} * {{aut|Powell A. W. B.}} (1979): ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. {{ISBN|0-00-216906-1}} * {{aut|World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)}} (2008): [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=322552 Psamathini]. Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23.

Category:Carditidae Category:Bivalve families Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Category:Taxa described in 1822