Calostoma

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Calostoma cinnabarina.jpg | image_caption = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' | taxon = Calostoma | authority = Desv. (1809) | type_species = ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' | type_species_authority = Corda (1809) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Calostoma"/> | synonyms = *''Mitremyces'' Nees (1817) *''Gyropodium'' E.Hitchc. (1825) *''Husseia'' Berk. (1847) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = }}

'''''Calostoma''''' is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, ''Calostoma'' do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round puffballs with raised, brightly colored spore openings (ostioles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and Australasia. The common name given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the brightly colored raised openings (ostioles) that may somewhat resemble lips. Other common names include "hotlips" and "puffball in aspic".

The unusual fruit body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other puffball or "stomach mushrooms". Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the Bolete mushrooms. ''Calostoma'' species are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The type species, ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'', is ectomycorrhizal with oak.

==Taxonomy== The original genus description, based on the type species ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (synonymous with ''cinnabarina''),<ref name="urlCalostoma cinnabarina">{{cite web |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/calostoma_cinnabarina.html |title=''Calostoma cinnabarina'' (MushroomExpert.Com)|author=Kuo M|publisher=MushroomExpert.Com|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> was published by French botanist Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1809.<ref name="Desvaux 1809"/> Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the ''Calostoma'' was considered to be part of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the order of stalked puffballs,<ref name="Sussman 1973"/> although some mycologists have suggested that the genus ''Calostoma'' should be merged with ''Tulostoma''<ref name="Burnap 1897"/> (xerophilic stalked puffballs), ''Scleroderma''<ref name="Fischer 1884"/> (hard puffballs), ''Geastrum''<ref name="Massee 1888"/> (earthstars), or ''Pseudocolus''<ref name="de Bary 1887"/> (stinkhorns). Some authors have placed ''Calostoma'' in its own family, the Calostomataceae.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/><ref name="Li 1994"/><ref name="Coker 1926"/>

In the 2000s, a phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny of ''Calostoma''. Using the species ''C. cinnabarinum'' and ''C. ravenelli'' as representative examples, the research showed the genus to be evolutionarily part of the monophyletic Boletales clade, and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> ''Calostoma'' belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae within the Boletales. The suborder comprises the following genera: ''Boletinellus'', ''Calostoma'', ''Gyroporus'', ''Phlebopus'', ''Pisolithus'', ''Scleroderma'', and ''Veligaster''.<ref name="Binder 2002"/> ''Calostoma'' is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from other Boletales taxa between 52 and 115 million years ago.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> The most recent age estimates suggest ''Calostoma'' diverged from the most recent common ancestor in the "Core Sclerodermatineae" at a median age of 66.02 million years ago (highest posterior density range 49.27-90.28 million years ago). The median age of the most recent common ancestor for extant ''Calostoma'' is 42.73 million years ago (highest posterior density range 28.76-57.15 million years ago).<ref name=Wilson2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson AW, Binder M, Hibbett DS |title=Diversity and evolution of ectomycorrhizal host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota) |journal=New Phytologist |volume=194 |pages=1079–1095 |doi= 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04109.x |pmid=22471405 |year=2012 |issue=4|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The genus name ''Calostoma'' is derived from the Greek ''{{lang|grc-Latn|kallos}}'' or "beauty", and ''{{lang|grc-Latn|stoma}}'' ({{lang|grc|στóμα}}) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in the vernacular as "prettymouths". In Korea, it is called ''Yongi'', or "red cheeks".<ref name="Kim 2007"/>

==Description== thumb|right|The outer tissue layer of ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' (shown) is gelatinous.

Fruit bodies, technically known as ''gasterocarps'', form spherical spore-bearing heads with a peridium (outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly colored peristome that has a star-shaped pore through which spores may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the apex of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruit bodies may either have no stalk (sessile), or be atop a stalk. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of hyphae, is hygroscopic, and will expand upon absorbing moisture.<ref name="Hughey 2000"/> The spore mass in the head, the gleba, is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal hyphae called ''capillitia''. Clamp connections are present in the fungal hyphae.<ref name="Sussman 1973"/>

===Spores=== The spores are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are reticulate (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/> The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the nanometer scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various ''Calostoma'' species.<ref name="Kim 2007"/> The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with nurse cells and scaly hyphae, the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.<ref name="Ing 1989"/>

==Development== When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a temperate deciduous forest, ''Calostoma'' species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidium and a raised peristome—the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the common name, "prettymouth".<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/> The exoperidium may help to protect the maturing gleba of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/>

==Habitat and distribution== The species in ''Calostoma'' have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests, containing tree species from the families Fagaceae, Nothofagaceae, Myrtaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae. The type species ''C. cinnabarinum'' was shown to form ectomycorrhizae with ''Quercus'' species, using isotopic labeling, molecular and morphological analyses.<ref name="Wilson 2007"/> Southeast Asian ''Calostoma'' have also been described as ectomycorrhizal. ''Calostoma sarasinii'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species of ''Lithocarpus'' (Fagaceae) while ''Calostoma retisporum'' forms ectomycorrhizae with species from the Myrtaceae.<ref name="Wilson2012"/> The ectomycorrhizal mode of nutrition is predominant in the Sclerodermatineae suborder. Historically, it had been assumed to be saprobic, due to its taxonomic uncertainty, and presumed relatedness to other saprobic fungi like the stalked puffballs and the earthstars.<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988"/><ref name="Bougher98"/>

The distribution of the genus is limited to Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Southeast Asia, Asia, and North and Central America. Species have been described from Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea), Sri Lanka, Himalaya, Nepal, China, New Zealand, North America, and Latin America.<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/> Australian species include ''C. fuhreri'', ''C. fuscum'', ''C. insigne'', ''C. rodwayi'', and ''C. viride''.<ref name="Orchard 1996"/> David Arora mentions a preference for humid forests in eastern North America, particularly in the southern Appalachian Mountains.<ref name="Arora 1986"/>

==Uses==

===Edibility=== In general, ''Calostoma'' species are not considered edible; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of Tenango de Doria (Hidalgo state, Mexico), ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas"or “little yolks”.<ref name="Bautista-Nava 2009"/>

===Biochemistry=== ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' contains a pigment named calostomal that is responsible for its red color. The IUPAC name of this molecule is all-''trans''-16-oxohexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenoic acid.<ref name="Gruber 2007"/>

==Species list== The following species list is compiled from Index Fungorum<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Search Page">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/names.asp?strGenus=Calostoma |title=''Calostoma'' at Index Fungorum|publisher=CABI Bioscience|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> as well as species published in the literature, but missing in Fungorum, specifically ''C. formosanum'', ''C. junghuhnii'', and ''C. sarasinii''. The name listed under the species binomial is the authority—the author of the original description of that species, followed by the year of publication. thumb|right|''Calostoma fuscum'' [[Image:Calostoma cinnabarina3.jpg|thumb|right|''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' showing peristome and exposed gleba]] thumb|right|''Calostoma'' species tentatively identified as ''C. rodwayi'' thumb|right|''Calostoma japonica''

{| class="wikitable" border="1" !Binomial Authority !Year !Distribution !Notes |- | ''C. aeruginosum'' Massee | 1891 | | |- | ''C. berkeleyi'' Massee | 1888 | On the islands south of Sri Lanka<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. brookei'' L. Fan & B. Liu | 1995 | In a Malaysian forest<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma brookei"/> | |- | ''C. cinnabarinum'' Corda | 1809 | China,<ref name="Liu 1984"/> Colombia,<ref name="Dumont 1978"/> Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Calonge FD, Mata M, Carranza J |year=2005 |title= Contribución al catálogo de los Gasteromycetes (Basidiomycotina, Fungi) de Costa Rica |journal=Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=23–45 |doi=10.3989/ajbm.2005.v62.i1.26|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/27754 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> India,<ref name="Boedijn 1938"/> Mexico,<ref name="Castro-Mendozo 1983"/><ref name="Guzmán 1973"/> Taiwan,<ref name="Chen 1975"/> and the United States<ref name="Burnap 1897"/><ref name="Coker 1926"/> | |- | ''C. formosanum'' Sawada | 1931 | Asia | This is a form of ''C. junghuhnii'' with a very short rooting stem.<ref name="Kobayasi 1962"/> |- | ''C. fuhreri'' Crichton & J.H. Willis<ref name="Crichton 1986"/> | 1986 | In damp depressions on sand ridges in Victoria, Australia |It has dark grey to brown fruit bodies made of a short gelatinous stalk, up to {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} long, and a spherical head up to {{convert|0.8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide. The outer layer of the peridium does not fall off in one piece (as in ''C. fuscum'') but persists as small black granules. The spores are elliptical, white, and smooth-walled, with dimensions of 22–25 by 10–11.5 μm.<ref name="urlCalostoma fuhreri">{{cite web |url=http://fungimap.rbg.vic.gov.au/fsp/sp058.html|author=McBain M |title=''Calostoma fuhreri'' |publisher=Fungimap|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830175124/http://fungimap.rbg.vic.gov.au/fsp/sp058.html |archive-date = August 30, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | ''C. fuscum'' (Berk.) Massee | 1888 | Tasmania and south Australia<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. guizhouense'' B. Liu & S.Z. Jiang |1985 | In a montane forest in Guizhou, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma guizhouense"/> | |- | ''C. hunanense'' B. Liu & Y.B. Peng | 1979 | In the soil in the woods of Hunan, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> | |- | ''C. insigne'' (Berk.) Massee | 1888 | Sri Lanka<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. japonica'' Henn. | 1902 | Japan<ref name="Otani 1976"/> | |- | ''C. jiangii'' B. Liu & Yin H. Liu | 1985 | In a montane forest, in Guizhou, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> | |- | ''C. junghuhnii'' (Schlect. & Müll.) Massee | | Collected in the Himalayas,<ref name="Massee 1888"/> southeast Tibet and Bhutan,<ref name="Balfour-Browne 1955"/> several times in Nepal,<ref name="Berkeley 1854"/><ref name="Kobayasi 1965"/><ref name="Singh 1976"/> Japan,<ref name="Otani 1976"/> and Taiwan.<ref name="Chen 1975"/> |Originally described as ''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' by Schlechtendal and Müller in 1844, this species was discovered in 1842 on an expedition to collect biota in the forest of Batta-Lauder, near Tapoilang, Java.<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844"/> It has bright orange to red fruit bodies made of a stalk {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|to|2.0|cm|1|abbr=on}} thick. The spores are spherical, covered with rounded to pyramid-shaped warts 1–2 μm long, with diameters of 12.5–15 μm; the spore surface ornamentation appears to be unique in the genus.<ref name="Miller 1988"/> |- | ''C. luridum'' (Berk.) Massee | 1888 | Near the Swan river in western Australia<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. lutescens'' (Schw.) Burnap | |North America |This species is commonly known as the "lattice puffball".<ref name="McKnight 1987" /> |- | ''C. miniata'' M. Zang | 1987 | Growing with moss in Sichuan, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> | |- |''C. naaxtututs''Deloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno |2023 |Southern Mexico<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Deloya-Olvera |first1=Miriam |last2=Xoconostle-Cazares |first2=Beatriz |last3=Vasquez |first3=SofíA Virgen |last4=PéRez-Moreno |first4=JesúS |last5=MartíNez-GonzáLez |first5=CéSar Ramiro |last6=Almaraz |first6=Juan J. |last7=Jimenez |first7=Mario |last8=SáNchez-GarcíA |first8=MartíN E. |date=2023-09-05 |title=Two new neotropical species of the ectomycorrhizal gasteroid genus Calostoma (Sclerodermatineae, Boletales) used as a food source by the Ayuuk jä'äy ethnic group from Southern Mexico |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.612.2.3 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=612 |issue=2 |pages=148–158 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.612.2.3 |issn=1179-3163|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |- | ''C. oriruber'' Massee | 1888 | Larut, Perak, and the Malay Peninsula<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. pengii'' B. Liu & Yin H. Liu | 1984 | In a forest in Hunan, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense"/> | |- | ''C. ravenelii'' (Berk.) Massee | 1888 | In the mountains of South Carolina,<ref name="Massee 1888"/> and Japan<ref name="Minakata 1903"/><ref name="Massee 1903"/> | |- | ''C. ravenelii'' var. ''microsporum'' (G.F. Atk.) Castro-Mend. & O.K. Mill. (1983) | | |This variant was first described by George Atkinson in 1903, who noticed a close resemblance to ''C. ravenelii'', but believed that an often longer stalk and smaller, oblong spores (measuring 6–9 by 3.5–4.5 μm) were sufficient to warrant naming it a new species.<ref name="Atkinson 1903"/> |- | ''C. ravenelii'' var. ''ravenelii'' (Berk.) Massee |1988 | | |- | ''C. retisporum'' Boedijn | 1938 | | |- | ''C. rodwayi'' Lloyd<ref name="Lloyd 1925"/> | 1925 | | |- | ''C. sarasinii'' |1969 | Singapore<ref name="Lim 1969"/> | |- | ''C. singaporense'' L. Fan & B. Liu | 1995 | Singapore<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense"/> | |- |''C. tooteic''Deloya-Olvera, Virgen-Vasquez, Xoconostle-Cázares & J. Pérez-Moreno |2023 |Southern Mexico<ref name=":0" /> | |- | ''C. variispora'' B. Liu, Z.Y. Li & Du | 1975 | China |Characterized by its variable sized elliptical spores, which range from 9–18.9 by 5.7–8.6 μm.<ref name="Po 1975"/> |- | ''C. viride'' (Berk.) Massee | 1988 | Tonglu and Sinchal, in the Sikkim Himalayas at an elevation of {{convert|7000|–|9000|ft|m|sp=us}}<ref name="Massee 1888"/> | |- | ''C. yunnanense'' L.J. Li & B. Liu | 1984 | Yunnan, China<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma yunnanense"/> | |- | ''C. zanchianum'' (Rick) Baseia & Calonge | 2006 | |First studied by Brazilian mycologist Johann Rick, the species was published posthumously, 15 years after his death in 1946.<ref name="Rick 1961"/> Initially named ''Myremyces zanchianus'', only a single specimen is known.<ref name="Baseia 2006"/> The species has an egg-shaped head, {{convert|1.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} wide, atop a stalk. The "mouth" is star-shaped and made of 4 long slits that open at maturity. The spores are 30–35 by 15–20 μm, spindle-shaped to elliptical, smooth, and have a prominent longitudinal groove.<ref name="Baseia 2006"/> |}

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<ref name="Liu 1984">{{cite journal |author=Liu B. |year=1984 |title=The Gasteromycetes of China |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=74 |pages=1–235 |isbn=3768254763 |publisher=J. Cramer |location=Vaduz}}</ref>

<ref name="Lloyd 1925">{{cite journal |author=Lloyd CG. |year=1925 |title=Mycological notes |journal=Mycological Writings |volume=7 |issue=75 |pages=1349–64}}</ref>

<ref name="Massee 1888">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1888|title=A monograph of the genus ''Calostoma'' Desv. (''Mitremyces'' Nees) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=2 |pages=25–46|doi=10.1093/aob/os-2.1.25|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431579}}</ref>

<ref name="Massee 1903">{{cite journal |author=Massee G. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' (reply) |journal=Nature |volume=1761 |issue=68 |page=296 |doi=10.1038/068296c0|s2cid=409784 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429419 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="McKnight 1987">{{cite book |vauthors=McKnight VB, McKnight KH |title=A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomush00mckn_960 |url-access=limited |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=1987 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomush00mckn_960/page/n361 343] |isbn=0-395-91090-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&dq=calostoma&pg=RA1-PA343 Google Books]</ref>

<ref name="Miller 1988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller OK, Van Cotter H |year=1988 |title=Observations on tissue morphology and spore ultrastructure of ''Calostoma junghuhnii'' (Gasteromycetes) |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=2470–73 |doi=10.1139/b88-335}}</ref>

<ref name="Miller & Miller 1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Miller HR, Miller OK |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |isbn=0-916422-74-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Minakata 1903">{{cite journal |author=Minakata K. |year=1903 |title=Distribution of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Nature |volume=1761 |issue=68 |pages=296 |doi=10.1038/068296b0|bibcode=1903Natur..68Q.296M |s2cid=3971793 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429416 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Orchard 1996">{{cite book |author=Orchard AE. |title=Fungi of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |location=Canberra |year=1996 |page=332 |isbn=0-643-06907-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTJsa5a3ZpcC&dq=calostoma&pg=PA332 Google Books]</ref>

<ref name="Otani 1976">{{cite journal |author=Otani Y. |year=1976 |title=On the genus ''Calostoma'' in Japan |journal=Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan (Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho) |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=358–62}}</ref>

<ref name="Po 1975">{{cite journal |vauthors=Po L, Tsung-Ying L, Fu T |year=1975 |title=A new species of ''Calostoma'' |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=130 |url=http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/FL13-1-12.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="Rick 1961">{{cite journal |author=Rick J.| year=1961 |title=Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul |journal=Iheringia, Série Botânica |volume=9 |pages=451–90}}</ref>

<ref name="Schlechtendal 1844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlechtendal V, Müller K |year=1844 |title=''Mitremyces junghuhnii'' eine neue Art, beschreiben und abgebildet |journal=Botanische Zeitung |volume=2 |issue=23 |pages=401–4}}</ref>

<ref name="Singh 1976">{{cite journal |author=Singh SC, Nisha. |year=1976 |title=Some fleshy fungi of Nepal |journal=Journal of Science (Kathmandu, Nepal) |volume=6 |pages=73–88}}</ref>

<ref name="Sussman 1973">{{cite book |author=Sussman AS. |title=Fungi: An Advanced Treatise; Part B |publisher=Academic Pr |location=London, UK |year=1973 |isbn=0-12-045644-3}}</ref>

<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma brookei">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363400 |title=''Calostoma brookei'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma guizhouense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105115 |title=''Calostoma guizhouense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma hunanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105961 |title=''Calostoma hunanense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma singaporense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=363399 |title=''Calostoma singaporense'' at Index Fungorum |publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

<ref name="urlIndex Fungorum - Calostoma yunnanense">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=105962 |title=''Calostoma yunnanense'' at Index Fungorum| publisher=CABI Bioscience |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Calostoma">{{cite web |title=''Calostoma'' Desvaux 1809 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=94039&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Wilson 2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson AW, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS |year=2007 |title=The ectomycorrhizal status of ''Calostoma cinnabarinum'' determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=385–93 |doi=10.1139/B07-026}}</ref>

}}

==External links== * {{cite web|url=http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/downloads2%20syllabi%20proposals%20etc/Wilson%20DDIG%20proposal%20text.pdf|author=Wilson A|title=Ecology and evolution of ''Calostoma''|publisher=Hibbett Lab at Clark University|access-date=2009-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529193914/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/downloads2%20syllabi%20proposals%20etc/Wilson%20DDIG%20proposal%20text.pdf|archive-date=2010-05-29|url-status=dead}} {{good article}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q4239136}}

Category:Boletales genera Category:Taxa named by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux Category:Calostoma

Calostoma

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