{{Short description|International plant breeding organization}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox organization | name = International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center <br /><small>''Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo''</small><br />(CIMMYT) | image = The front gate of CIMMYT in El Batan, Mexico.jpg | caption = CIMMYT in El Batan, Mexico | image_border = | image_size = | formation = 1943,<ref name="cimmyt" /> 1966 and officially established in 1971 | type = Non-profit research-for-development organization<ref name="cimmyt" /> | purpose = To develop improved varieties and sustainable farming methods of wheat and maize for improving livelihoods of the world's poor<ref name="cimmyt" /> | headquarters = El Batán, near Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico | location = | leader_title = Director General | leader_name = Bram Govaerts | affiliations = CGIAR | num_staff = 1,600 staff members working throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America, and projects in over 40 countries<ref name="cimmyt" /> | budget = | website = {{URL|https://www.cimmyt.org}} | remarks = }}
The '''International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center''' (known – even in English – by its Spanish acronym '''CIMMYT''' for '''''Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo''''') is a non-profit research-for-development organization that develops improved varieties of wheat and maize with the aim of contributing to food security, and innovates agricultural practices to help boost production, prevent crop disease and improve smallholder farmers' livelihoods.<ref name="cimmyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.cimmyt.org/about/|title=About us|publisher=CIMMYT|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-lecture.html|title=Norman Borlaug - Nobel Lecture: The Green Revolution, Peace, and Humanity}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y4011E/y4011e00.htm |title=Bread Wheat - Improvement and Production }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/410236/icode/|title=FAO - News Article: FAO and partners ramp up efforts to track and prevent spread of damaging wheat rusts|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522001238/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/410236/icode/|url-status=dead}}</ref> CIMMYT is one of the 15 CGIAR centers.<ref name="CGIAR">{{cite web | title = Research Centers | url = http://www.cgiar.org/centers/index.html | publisher = CGIAR | access-date = 2010-05-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100512143603/http://www.cgiar.org/centers/index.html | archive-date = 2010-05-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref> CIMMYT is known for hosting the world's largest maize and wheat genebank at its headquarters in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Estevez|first=Dolia|title=Bill Gates And Carlos Slim To Partner On Reducing Hunger|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2013/02/13/bill-gates-and-carlos-slim-to-partner-on-reducing-hunger/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>
CIMMYT's ninth director general, Bram Govaerts,<ref>{{cite web |title=Director General CIMMYT |url=https://www.cimmyt.org/about/governance/director-general/ |access-date=2017-03-04 |website=cimmyt.org}}</ref> replaced Martin Kropff in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgiar.org/about-us/our-governance/center-director-generals/profile/kropff-martin/ |title=Martin Kropff / CGIAR / About Us / Our Governance / Center Directors General |website=Cgiar.org |access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> Other notable scientists like Thomas Lumpkin have served as director general of CIMMYT.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Thomas Lumpkin Receives the 2014 Outstanding Alumnus Award from the University of Hawaii |url=http://wsm.wsu.edu/mystory/?p=4235 |access-date=2017-03-04 |website=Wsm.wsu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Lumpkin of AVRDC new CIMMYT DG | CIMMYT. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center |url=http://www.cimmyt.org/thomas-lumpkin-of-avrdc-new-cimmyt-df/ |access-date=2017-03-04 |website=Cimmyt.org |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302114700/http://www.cimmyt.org/thomas-lumpkin-of-avrdc-new-cimmyt-df/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Origins ==
CIMMYT emerged from cooperative efforts of the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation that led in 1943 to the founding of the Office of Special Studies, an organization within the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture. The goal of the office was to ensure food security in Mexico and abroad through selective plant breeding and crop improvement.
The project developed into a collaboration between Mexican and international researchers. It established global networks to test experimental crop varieties. One of its researchers, wheat breeder Norman Borlaug, developed dwarf wheat varieties that put more energy into grain production and responded better to fertilizer than older varieties. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-facts.html |title=Norman Borlaug - Facts |website=Nobelprize.org |access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> The program was renamed and morphed into CIMMYT in 1963, though it was still under the Secretariat of Agriculture's jurisdiction. As international demand grew and it became apparent CIMMYT required internal organization and increased funding, the center was reorganized and established as a non-profit scientific and educational institution in its own right in 1966.
In the early 1970s, a small cadre of development organizations, national sponsors, and private foundations organized CGIAR to further spread the impact of agricultural research to more nations. CIMMYT became one of the first international research centers to be supported through CGIAR. Today, CGIAR comprises 15 such centers, all dedicated to sustainable food security through scientific research.<ref name="cimmyt" />
== Activities ==
CIMMYT scientists support national research systems and work through small- to medium-scale seed enterprises to offer affordable, improved seed and sustainable farming methods to smallholder farmers. Though its headquarters are in Mexico, the center operates through 12 regional offices (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, and Zimbabwe), as well as number of experimental stations.
CIMMYT's researchers promote the sustainable intensification of farming systems, for example, through the use of machinery that allows for resource-poor female farmers in Africa<ref>{{cite web |title=Two wheel tractors assist Zimbabwe and Ethiopia farmers grow yields and income |date=July 2020 |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/farming-enviroment/two-wheel-tractors-assist-zimbabwe-and-ethiopia-farmers-grow-yields-and-income/ |publisher=The Zimbabwe Mail |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> and South Asia<ref>{{cite web |title=Innovative approaches to including gender within agricultural mechanization |date=5 November 2019 |url=https://www.agrilinks.org/post/innovative-approaches-including-gender-within-agricultural-mechanization |publisher=Feed the Future USAID |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> to reduce labor costs and conservation agriculture practices such as no-till farming,<ref>{{cite web |title=Alternatives to burning can increase Indian farmers' profits and cut pollution |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-08/imaw-atb080719.php |publisher=EurekAlert |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> which allows direct planting without plowing or preparing the soil.
CIMMYT hosts the largest collection of maize and wheat in the world:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-14|title=Inside the world's largest wheat and maize bank|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2014-04-15/largest-wheat-and-seed-collection-in-world/5384518|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> 28,000 unique kinds of maize and 140,000 types of wheat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=Pandemics aren't limited to people: How the world's most famous seed vault defends plants against their next big outbreak|url=https://thecounter.org/international-biodiversity-day-idb-svalbard-plant-pandemics/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=The Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> Materials are made available under the terms and conditions of the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing, using the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noriega|first1=Isabel López|last2=Halewood|first2=Michael|last3=Abberton|first3=Michael|last4=Amri|first4=Ahmed|last5=Angarawai|first5=Ijantiku Ignatius|last6=Anglin|first6=Noelle|last7=Blümmel|first7=Michael|last8=Bouman|first8=Bas|last9=Campos|first9=Hugo|last10=Costich|first10=Denise|last11=Ellis|first11=David|date=2019|title=CGIAR Operations under the Plant Treaty Framework|journal=Crop Science|language=en|volume=59|issue=3|pages=819–832|doi=10.2135/cropsci2018.08.0526|s2cid=132137010 |issn=1435-0653|doi-access=free|hdl=10568/100733|hdl-access=free}}</ref>). A duplicate of these wheat varieties<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=Pandemics aren't limited to people: How the world's most famous seed vault defends plants against their next big outbreak|url=https://thecounter.org/international-biodiversity-day-idb-svalbard-plant-pandemics/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> is stored at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Svalbard, Norway. Through CIMMYT's global breeding system and partner network, this genetic diversity is used to develop maize and wheat varieties that have higher yields,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-07-01|title=Two wheel tractors assist Zimbabwe and Ethiopia farmers grow yields and income|url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/farming-enviroment/two-wheel-tractors-assist-zimbabwe-and-ethiopia-farmers-grow-yields-and-income/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Zimbabwe Mail|language=en-GB}}</ref> and can survive climate stress and diseases.
Last year, CIMMYT scientists have developed 70% of wheat varieties presently planted globally and about half of the world's corn, or maize, varieties.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Reuters|date=2021-04-15|title=New zinc-fortified wheat set for global expansion to combat malnutrition|url=https://nypost.com/2021/04/15/new-zinc-fortified-wheat-set-for-global-expansion-to-combat-malnutrition/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=New York Post|language=en-US}}</ref> By CIMMYT's own accounts, the pedigrees of about half of the maize and wheat varieties sown in low- and middle-income countries carry contributions from its breeding research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.cimmyt.org/about/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=CIMMYT |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Criticisms ==
Despite its noble goals of sustainability and self-sufficiency, one of the organization's founders and researchers, Nobel Prize recipient Norman Borlaug, has faced criticism. Borlaug's obituarist, Christopher Reed argued in an interview with ''The Guardian'' from 2014 that although his Green Revolution and high-yielding agricultural techniques averted poverty in the short term, in the long time they might have added to it.<ref name="Vidal">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/apr/01/norman-borlaug-humanitarian-hero-menace-society|title=Norman Borlaug: humanitarian hero or menace to society? {{!}} John Vidal|last=Vidal|first=John|date=2014-04-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-03-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Critics of CIMMYT argue that it is important to consider the social and ecological changes that the Green Revolution, and subsequently CIMMYT, create for local farmers. According to critics, dependency on expensive 'high-yielding' seeds that demand expensive fertilizers has pushed local farmers who cannot afford them out of the market, causing further social inequalities and, in some cases, cropping intensification has degraded soils and depleted aquifers.<ref name="Vidal"/> At the time Norman Borlaug began the Green Revolution, the US agricultural science establishment and agribusiness industries supported him because it allowed their industries to grow around the world as dependency on their patented seeds and herbicides increased.<ref name="Vidal"/> Nonetheless, in contrast to the preceding observations, which are sourced from the popular press, a widely cited 2003 article in the peer-reviewed journal ''Science'' notes that "...it is unclear what alternative scenario would have allowed developing countries to meet, with lower environmental impact, the human needs posed by the massive population expansion of the 20th century."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evenson |first1=R. E. |last2=Gollin |first2=D. |date=2003-05-02 |title=Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1078710 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=300 |issue=5620 |pages=758–762 |doi=10.1126/science.1078710 |pmid=12730592 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..758E |s2cid=10578438 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Today, CIMMYT still works closely with both public and private partners, including seed companies, to foster farmers' access to seed of improved varieties and agro-chemicals of their choice. One example is "StrigAway," a herbicide-coated maize seed variety that combats Striga, a parasitic weed that infests up to 50 million hectares of Sub-Saharan African land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feedthefuture.gov/article/a-new-twist-on-seed-technology/|title=A New Twist on Seed Technology|date=2015-01-28|website=Feed the Future|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Much of the wheat seed in the South is produced by the public sector; in the case of maize, seed companies play a key role in seed production and marketing. CIMMYT maize and wheat breeding are available free of charge to public and private partners, as international public goods.<ref>See "CIMMYT germplasm policy," https://www.cimmyt.org/content/uploads/2019/10/CIMMYT-Germplasm-policy-2019-10.pdf</ref>
== Partners and funders == Main funders include Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gatesfoundation.org/search |title=Search - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |date=18 October 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018111306/http://gatesfoundation.org/search |archive-date=18 October 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/How-We-Work/Quick-Links/Grants-Database/Grants/2016/03/OPP1134248|title=OPP1134248}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2012/02/Helping-Poor-Farmers-Changes-Needed-to-Feed-1-Billion-Hungry|title=Helping Poor Farmers, Changes Needed to Feed 1 Billion Hungry - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtma.cimmyt.org/index.php/component/content/article/113-news-release/154-climate-ready-maize-gets-a-boost-phase-iii-of-the-drought-tolerant-maize-in-africa-project-to-reach-more-farmers|title=Climate-ready maize gets a boost: Phase III of the drought tolerant maize in Africa project to reach more farmers|last=Administrator|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113918/http://dtma.cimmyt.org/index.php/component/content/article/113-news-release/154-climate-ready-maize-gets-a-boost-phase-iii-of-the-drought-tolerant-maize-in-africa-project-to-reach-more-farmers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalrust.org/blog/cornell-receives-uk-support-aid-scientists-fighting-threats-global-wheat-supply|title=Cornell receives UK support to aid scientists fighting threats to global wheat supply|last=jb755|date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2016/03/24m-grant-aims-combat-global-wheat-crop-threats|title=$24M grant aims to combat global wheat crop threats - Cornell Chronicle}}</ref> CGIAR, Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (FFAR), OCP Group and the national governments of Australia, Britain, Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2014/06/international-agreement-focus-improved-durum-wheat-disease-resistance.html?=undefined&wbdisable=true&_ga=1.82435283.455391987.1488664329|title=International agreement to focus on improved durum wheat disease resistance - Canada.ca|first=Employment and Social Development|last=Canada|date=2014-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and-innovation/international-engagement/scientific-cooperation-with-international-organizations/?id=1180131840314|title=Scientific Cooperation with International Organizations|first=Research Branch;Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;Government of|last=Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://open.canada.ca/search/grants/reference/c24dbf0f500fcf4940af1db3baf868a5|title=Government Grants and Contributions|first=Open|last=Government|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225557/http://open.canada.ca/search/grants/reference/c24dbf0f500fcf4940af1db3baf868a5|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/about-us/publications/discover-agriculture/the-making-of-wheat-warriors-canadian-wheat-stands-out/?id=1412083175501|title=The Making of Wheat Warriors: Canadian Wheat Stands Out|first=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;Government of|last=Canada}}</ref> China, Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/projektdaten/projects.action?request_locale=en_EN&pn=201401561|title=Project data|first=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)|last=GmbH}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/projektdaten/projects.action?request_locale=en_EN&pn=201409713|title=Project data|first=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)|last=GmbH}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/5842.html|title=Expertise. Projects|first=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)|last=GmbH|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305115744/https://www.giz.de/expertise/html/5842.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mexico,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masagro.mx/index.php/en/|title=Sustainable Modernization of Traditional Agriculture, MasAgro|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192006/http://masagro.mx/index.php/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gob.mx/sagarpa/articulos/cimmyt-50-anos-de-impulsar-el-maiz-y-el-trigo|title=CIMMYT: 50 años de impulsar el maíz y el trigo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gob.mx/sagarpa/galerias/50-aniversario-del-cimmyt|title=50 Aniversario del CIMMYT}}</ref> Norway and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/world/usaid-ofda-agriculture-and-food-security-sector-update-fiscal-year-2016|title=USAID-OFDA Agriculture and Food Security Sector Update, Fiscal Year 2016|date=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/speeches/international-maize-and-wheat-improvement-center-cimmyt-50-year|title=International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) 50 Year Celebration - Opening Remarks by USAID Kenya and East Africa Mission Director Karen Freeman - Speeches & Testimony - Kenya - U.S. Agency for International Development|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192109/https://www.usaid.gov/kenya/speeches/international-maize-and-wheat-improvement-center-cimmyt-50-year|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/pakistan/press-releases/us-launches-agricultural-innovation-program|title=U.S. Launches 'Agricultural Innovation Program'|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305191735/https://www.usaid.gov/pakistan/press-releases/us-launches-agricultural-innovation-program|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/global-waters/march-2015/seeds-of-change|title=Seeds of Change: Growing Hill Maize Sustainably in Nepal|date=2015-03-11|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305115110/https://www.usaid.gov/global-waters/march-2015/seeds-of-change|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="usaid.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/ethiopia/fy16/fs05|title=Ethiopia Complex Emergency Fact Sheet #5 - March 3, 2016 - U.S. Agency for International Development|date=2016-08-19|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326134107/https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/ethiopia/fy16/fs05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Center Analysis|url=https://www.cgiar.org/impact/finance-reports/dashboard/center-analysis/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=CGIAR|language=en-US}}</ref>
Historically, CIMMYT received funding from the European Commission and the Rockefeller Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/2752/ |title=100 Years: The Rockefeller Foundation - International maize and wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) |date=29 September 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092043/http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/2752/ |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-history |title=Our History - A Powerful Legacy :: The Rockefeller Foundation |date=1 January 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101193141/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-history |archive-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual report for 1966 | url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150423201716/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/Annual-Report-1966.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030173415/https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150423201716/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/Annual-Report-1966.pdf | archive-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>
== Notable scientists ==
* Norman Borlaug (1914–2009) – Wheat breeder. Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-bio.html|title=Norman Borlaug - Biographical|website=Nobelprize.org|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> Established the World Food Prize in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/dr_norman_e_borlaug/dr_borlaug__the_world_food_prize/|title=Dr. Borlaug & The World Food Prize - The World Food Prize - Improving the Quality, Quantity and Availability of Food in the World|publisher=The World Food Prize|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> * Sanjaya Rajaram (1943–2021) – Recipient of the World Food Prize in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/2010__2015_laureates/2014__rajaram/|title=2014 - Rajaram - The World Food Prize - Improving the Quality, Quantity and Availability of Food in the World|publisher=The World Food Prize|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006140354/https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/2010__2015_laureates/2014__rajaram/|archive-date=2016-10-06|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> * Surinder Vasal (born 1938) – Recipient of the World Food Prize in 2000.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/index.cfm?nodeID=87467&audienceID=1 |title=2000: Vasal and Villegas - The World Food Prize - Improving the Quality, Quantity and Availability of Food in the World |publisher=The World Food Prize |access-date=2017-03-04 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Evangelina Villegas (1924–2017) – Biochemist whose work with maize led to the development of quality protein maize (QPM). Recipient of the World Food Prize in 2000.<ref name=":0" />
== See also == *CGIAR *Green Revolution
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Further reading == * {{cite book | last1=Byerlee | first1=Derek | last2=Edmeades | first2=Greg O. | title=Fifty Years of Maize Research in the CGIAR: Diversity, Change, and Ultimate Success | publisher=CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) | date=2021-08-31 | hdl=10883/21633 | location=CDMX}}
== External links == * {{Official website|http://www.cimmyt.org}}
{{CGIAR Centers}}
{{coord missing|State of Mexico}}
{{authority control}}
Category:Agricultural research institutes Category:International research institutes Category:Research institutes in Mexico Category:Rural community development Category:UNESCO Science Prize laureates Category:Maize Category:Wheat organizations Category:Maize production Category:1943 establishments in Mexico Category:Texcoco, State of Mexico Category:Agricultural organizations based in Mexico Category:Culture of the State of Mexico