Brooskampers

{{Short description|Maroon ethnic group of Suriname}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use British English|date=May 2026}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Brooskampers |native_name = Bakabusi Nengre |image = |caption = |total_year = |total_source = |total = n/a |total_ref = |region1 = |pop1 = |rels = Roman Catholic & Winti |langs = Sranan Tongo, Dutch <br> formerly: undefined English based creole |related = Saramaka, Aluku }} The '''Brooskampers''' (also: '''Bakabusi Nengre''') were a Maroon people, descendants of runaway African slaves, living in the forested interior of Suriname. The tribe is related to the Saramaka, and originated from Loango-Angola.<ref name="suriname_nu"/> The Brooskampers gained autonomy in 1863, but sold their land in 1917.

==History== In the 1740s, the tribe lived in the swamps near Surnau Creek<ref name="naks"/> in a camp founded by Tata Kukudabi.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Tweede gedeelte: de boschnegers|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?coll=dts&identifier=dts:62503:mpeg21:0556|website=Delpher.nl|date=1903|series=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië|access-date=30 July 2020|page=530}}</ref> In 1772, part of the tribe left and joined the Aluku.<ref name="naks">{{cite web|url=http://nakssuriname.com/de-brooskampers/|title=De Brooskampers|website=NAKS Suriname|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl|author=Edwin Marshall|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023632/http://nakssuriname.com/de-brooskampers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1862, escaped slaves from plantation ''Rac à Rac'' joined the Brooskampers. This was during the preparations of the planned emancipation of the slaves, and therefore the existence of another tribe worried the government.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=33}} The population of Brooskampers was estimated at 200 people.<ref name="naks"/> At first, the government tried to attack them; however, the troops got bogged down in the swamp and had to retreat.<ref name="naks"/>

{{anchor|Rorac}} {{Infobox settlement   |official_name = Rorac |other_name = |native_name =  |nickname = |settlement_type = Former village & plantation |motto =  |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Suriname  |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Suriname  |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = 25px Suriname |subdivision_type1 = District |subdivision_name1 = Commewijne District |subdivision_type2 = Resort |subdivision_name2 = Meerzorg |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 =  |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Captain |leader_name1 = Broos |leader_title2 = Captain |leader_name2 = Kaliko |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title =  |established_date = |established_title2 =  |established_date2 = |established_title3 =  |established_date3 =  |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = metric |area_footnotes = <ref name="rorac"/><ref name="klaverblad">{{cite web|url=https://www.surinameplantages.com/archief/c/claverblad|title=Plantage Claverblad|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl|quote=1,130 Surinamese acres for Klaverblad + 1,000 for Rorac = 2,130 x 0.43 (hectares/sr acre) ÷ 100 (hectares->km) = 9.16 km2}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 9.16 |area_land_km2 =  |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi =  |population_as_of = 1862 |population_footnotes = <ref name="naks"/> |population_note = |population_total = ca.200 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone = |utc_offset = -3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|5.6527|-55.0485|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = }}

thumb|left|Church in Rorac (1900)

On 2 September 1863, a peace treaty was signed offering the tribe the abandoned plantations Klaverblad and Rorac.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}}<ref name="rorac">{{cite web|url=https://www.surinameplantages.com/archief/r/rorac |title=Plantage Rorac|website=Suriname Plantages|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> No ''granman'' (paramount chief) was appointed instead, Broos and his brother Kaliko were installed as ''kabitens'' (captains).<ref name="rorac"/>

At first, they didn't trust the colonists and hid in the forest behind Klaverblad. However, in 1874, the Brooskampers settled at the plantations.<ref name="nu_rorac"/> In 1891, a temporary church was opened by the Catholic priests, who were in Bethesda on the other side of the Suriname River. In 1898, a school was opened, and in 1900, a real church was finished.<ref name="nu_rorac">{{cite web|url=https://www.suriname.nu/surinamenu/knowledge-base/rorac/|title=Rorac|website=Suriname.nu|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> Klaverblad is no longer mentioned in the 20th century. The almanac of 1910 lists Klaverblad as owned by J. Braumuller. Rorac, on the other hand, is owned by Johannes Babel, the son of Broos and his successor as ''Kabiten''. The plantation produced cacao, maize, and rice.<ref name="almanak">{{cite magazine|url=https://dbnl.nl/tekst/_sur001191001_01/_sur001191001_01_0073.php?q=rorac#hl2 |title=Surinaamsche Almanak voor het Jaar 1910|website=Digital Library for Dutch Literature|access-date=31 July 2020|date=1909|language=nl}}</ref>

Road surfacing material, which was purchased from the village, contained bauxite.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canonvannederland.nl/nl/suriname/suriname/aluminium|title=Aluminium|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl|website=Canon van Nederland}}</ref> In 1917,{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}} ''kabiten'' Johannes Babel and Alcoa negotiated a deal which was accepted by the tribe,<ref name="dewest">{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110637430:mpeg21:a0031&resultsidentifier=ddd:110637430:mpeg21:a0031|title=Twee Amerikanen onderhandelen met de eigenaren van Onoribo en De Vrijheid|website=De West via Delpher|date=26 June 1950|language=nl|access-date=30 July 2020|quote=Referred to both as captain and granman in the newspaper article}}</ref> the lands were sold, and the people settled in Tout-Lui-Faut near Paramaribo.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}} In 1920, the last 20 inhabitants were asked to leave and given a ƒ500,- (€2,800 in 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate-nl.php|website=Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis|title=De waarde van de gulden / euro|access-date=31 May 2020|language=nl}}</ref>) moving premium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&page=2&identifier=ddd:011217061:mpeg21:a0056&resultsidentifier=ddd:011217061:mpeg21:a0056|title=Rorac|website=De Surinamer via Delpher|access-date=31 July 2020|date=12 February 1920|language=nl}}</ref>

In 2011, Alcoa ceased bauxite production at the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rorac.simpsite.nl/Notulen|title=Notulen|website=Rorac Association|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003413/http://www.rorac.simpsite.nl/Notulen|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ronald Babel, one of the descendants, and other family members had restored the damaged graves at the plantation,<ref name="suriname_nu">{{cite web|url=https://www.suriname.nu/surinamenu/knowledge-base/rorac-een-surinaams-volksliedje-nader-belicht/ |title=Rorac; een Surinaams volksliedje nader belicht|website=Suriname.nu|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> and erected a Winti shrine at the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rorac.simpsite.nl/album-9663193721369160553.65|title=Fotoalbum|website=Rorac Association|access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

==Notable people== * Ryan Babel (1986), football player<ref name="nu_rorac"/>

==References== <references/>

==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last1=Hoogbergen|first1=Wim|title=Het kamp van Broos en Kaliko|publisher=Vaco Publisher|location=Paramaribo|year=2009|language=nl|isbn=9789991400853}} * {{cite book|last1=Hoogbergen|first1=Wim|title=Out of slavery : a Surinamese roots history|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin|year=2008|language=en|isbn=9783825881122}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/145783|title=Bosneger en overheid in Suriname|last1=Scholtens| first1=Ben|language=nl| date=1994|publisher=Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov|website=Radboud University Nijmegen |location=Paramaribo| isbn=9991410155}}

==External links== {{commons category}} * [http://www.rorac.simpsite.nl/ Association of Rorac Interests Broos & Kaliko] (in Dutch)

Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname Category:Former populated places in Suriname Category:Meerzorg Category:Surinamese Maroons Category:Bauxite mining in Suriname