{{Short description|Paramount chiefs of Maroon nations in Suriname}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Use British English|date=May 2026}}
thumb|Granman Atudendu of the Saramaka Maroons (1934–1949).
'''Granman''' (Ndyuka language: ''gaanman'') is the title of the paramount chief of a Maroon nation in Suriname and French Guiana. The Ndyuka, Saramaka, Matawai, Aluku, Paramaka and Kwinti nations all have a granman. The paramount chiefs of Amerindian peoples in Suriname are nowadays also often called “''granman”.''
The word comes from the Sranan Tongo language, a creole spoken in Suriname, and is derived from ''grand'' + ''man'' meaning "most important man." Granman was also used for the governors of Suriname.<ref name="sil">{{cite web|url=http://www.suriname-languages.sil.org/Sranan/STEng.pdf|title=Sranan Tongo – English Dictionary|website=SIL International|access-date=28 July 2020|page=63}}</ref> The word can be used in combination with other words: ''granman-oso'' (big man house) is the Presidential Palace.<ref name="sil"/>
==Government== The paramount chief of a tribe is the granman. Below the granman are the ''kabitens'' (captains) followed by the ''basiyas'' (aldermen). The ''stam lanti'' consists of all the ''kabitens'' and ''basiyas'' who meet at least once a year under the authority of the granman and decide the policy for the entire tribe.{{sfn|Pakosie|1990|p=876}}
A village has a ''lo lanti'' (council) consisting of the ''kabitens'' and ''basiyas'' of the village who are advised by a council of elders. The ''lo lanti'' acts as the local government. In case of important decisions, the whole village participates (''krutu'') and a decision is taken on the basis of consensus.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=20}}
thumb|right|Granman Amakiti with his ''kabitens'' in Paramaribo ({{circa}} 1923)
Government is based on unwritten rules and regulations called ''gwenti'' which are not all powerful. If decision cannot be reached, a ''lanti krutu'' (general meeting) is called consisting of the village elite and the priests.{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=150}} The meeting is chaired by the granman who does not speak directly to the people, but always via a ''momboor'' who speaks on his behalf.{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=151}} The ''granman'' may not be addressed directly either.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ellendevries.nl/upload/gazon.pdf|title=Nergens ligt vast wat de Granman mag|website=Trouw via Ellen de Vries|author=Ellen de Vries|date=23 November 2005|access-date=28 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> All villagers are allowed to participate regardless of age or gender, however the elderly carry the highest weight.{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=151}}
Once a year, the granman and his ''kabitens'' have to present themselves at the Government in Paramaribo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/i/image/image-idx?type=boolean;view=reslist;c=surinamica;;rgn1=surinamica_key;q1=Bosnegers |title=Suriname 1599-1975|website=University of Amsterdam|access-date=28 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
==Succession== The granman is normally chosen from the same ''lo'' (maternal group) and therefore a son can never succeed his father. The successor is chosen from the cousins on the maternal side.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dagbladdewest.com/2015/03/17/bono-velantie-nieuwe-gaanman-der-ndjukas/|title=Bono Velantie nieuwe gaanman der Ndjuka's|website=Dagblad the West|access-date=26 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> The succession is a lengthy process. More than a year must pass before the rituals and ceremonies are performed, and a successor is chosen by the people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nieuws-suriname.nl/installatie-opvolging-granman-gazon-inzicht/ |title=INSTALLATIE OPVOLGING GRANMAN GAZON INZICHT|website=Radio Boskopu via Nieuws-Suriname|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
''Basiyas'' and ''kabitens'' were normally chosen by the tribe,{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=152}} however political appointments have increased in frequency.{{sfn|Pakosie|1990|p=875}} The issue has caused diplomatic rifts in the past. In Augustus 1965, before the independence of Suriname, Prime-minister Pengel travelled to Diitabiki to install Gazon Matodya as the new granman, because Gazon was the most likely candidate, and Akontu Velanti had died one year ago. The visit was not appreciated, because the Ndyuka had to choose their own leader, and it was still too early to make a decision. Gazon was also of the opinion that the inauguration ought to be performed by Governor de Vries on behalf of Queen Juliana.<ref>{{cite journal|title=André R.M. Pakosie, Gazon Matodja; Surinaams stamhoofd aan het einde van een tijdperk|url=https://dbnl.nl/tekst/_oso001200101_01/_oso001200101_01_0014.php|series=OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis. Jaargang 20|year=2001|author=Wim Hoogbergen|website=Digital Library for Dutch Literature|access-date=30 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
==The six Maroon granman== ===Ndyuka granman=== {{anchor|Ndyuka}}
The Ndyuka granman is elected from the ''Otoo'' matriclan or ''lo'' and resides in Diitabiki.{{sfn|Van Wetering|Thoden van Velzen|2013|pp=1, 28-31}} The current granman is Bono Velantie, who was installed on 17 March 2015.
The Ndyuka and Saramaka distinguish not only the ''lo'' of a person, but also the ''bee''.{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=157}} Every ''lo'' consists of multiple ''bees'', who have arrived from the same plantation or ancestral mother.{{sfn|Pakosie|1990|p=876}} The ''bee'' forms a segment of 50 to 100 people who are joined together with common practices and rules, but who are often spread out over multiple villages.{{sfn|Helman|1977|p=157}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Ndyuka nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=155}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Lo !scope="col"|Term in office |- style="height:2em;" |1 !scope="row"|Fabi Labi Beyman |Dikan |{{dts|1759}} – 1764 |- style="height:2em;" |2 !scope="row"|Kwamina Adyubi |Dikan |{{dts|1764}} – 1765 |- style="height:2em;" |3 !scope="row"|Agbato Langaofangi Agaamu |Nyanfai |{{dts|1765}} – 1767 |- style="height:2em;" |4 !scope="row"|Pamu Langabaiba |Otoo |{{dts|1767}} – 1790 |- style="height:2em;" |5 !scope="row"|Toni |Otoo (Lebi bee) |{{dts|1790}} – 1808 |- style="height:2em;" |6 !scope="row"|Bambi Kukudyaku Bonponubontanafe |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1808}} – 1819 |- style="height:2em;" |7 !scope="row"|Kwau Toobi |Otoo (Lebi bee) |{{dts|1820}} – 1832 |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"|''Pikin Pangaboko {{abbr|a.i.|ad interim}}'' |Misidyan |{{dts|1832}} – 1833 |- style="height:2em;" |8 !scope="row"|Manyan Beeyman |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1833}} – 1866 |- style="height:2em;" |9 !scope="row"|Abaan Beeymofu |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1867}} – 1882 |- style="height:2em;" |10 !scope="row"|Oseyse |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1884}} – 1915 |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"|''Yensa Kanape {{abbr|a.i.|ad interim}}'' |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1915}} – 1916 |- style="height:2em;" |11 !scope="row"|Papa Amakiti |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1916}} – 1929 |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"|''Yensa Kanape {{abbr|a.i.|ad interim}}'' |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1929}} – 1937 |- style="height:2em;" |12 !scope="row"|Pai Amatodya |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1937}} – 1947 |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"|''Apianai {{abbr|a.i.|ad interim}}'' |Misidyan (Maasaa bee) |{{dts|1947}} – 1950 |- style="height:2em;" |13 !scope="row"|Akontu Velanti |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1950}} – 1964 |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"|''Adan Pankuku {{abbr|a.i.|ad interim}}'' |Otoo (Lebi bee) |{{dts|1964}} – 1966 |- style="height:2em;" |14 !scope="row"|Gazon Sokoton Matodya |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|1966}} – 2011 |- style="height:2em;" |15 !scope="row"|Bono Velanti |Otoo (Baaka bee) |{{dts|2015}} – present |}
===Saramaka granman=== {{anchor|Saramaka}}
The Saramaka granman resides in Asidonhopo. The succession of granman Belfon Aboikoni, who died in June 2014, has not been decided as of 2020. There are three candidates, but no agreement between the clans. The decision was forwarded to President Dési Bouterse in 2018, however he decided that the clans have to reach a compromise themselves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2018/02/15/saramaccaners-hebben-nog-geen-granman/|title=Saramaccaners hebben nog geen granman|website=Suriname Herald|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> On 12 August 2018, {{ill|Albert Aboikoni|nl}} was appointed Granman, however the appointment is considered controversial.<ref name="albert">{{cite news|url=https://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/48463 |title=Albert Aboikoni is nu officieel granman van Saamaka |date=12 August 2018|website=Star Nieuws|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Saramaka nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=155}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office |- style="height:2em;" | 1 !scope="row"| Abini | {{dts|1762}} – 1767 |- style="height:2em;" | 2 !scope="row"| Kwaku Etja | {{dts|1775}} – 1783 |- style="height:2em;" | 3 !scope="row"| Johannes Alabi | {{dts|1783}} – 1820 |- style="height:2em;" | 4 !scope="row"| Gbagidi Gbago | 1821 (died before inauguration) |- style="height:2em;" | 5 !scope="row"| Gbosuma (Kofi Bosuman) | {{dts|1822}} – 1835 |- style="height:2em;" | 6 !scope="row"| Abraham Wetiwojo | {{dts|1835}} – 1867 |- style="height:2em;" | 7 !scope="row"| Frans Bona (Faansibona) | {{dts|1870}} – 1886 |- style="height:2em;" | 8 !scope="row"| Akoosu | {{dts|1888}} – 1897 |- style="height:2em;" | 9 !scope="row"| Djankuso | {{dts|1889}} – 1932 |- style="height:2em;" | 10 !scope="row"| Atudendu (Binootu) | {{dts|1934}} – 1949 |- style="height:2em;" | 11 !scope="row"| Agbago Aboikoni | {{dts|1951}} – 1989 |- style="height:2em;" | 12 !scope="row"| Songo | {{dts|1991}} – 2003 |- style="height:2em;" | 13 !scope="row"| Belfon Aboikoni | {{dts|2005}} – 2014 |- style="height:2eml" | 14 !scope="row" | {{ill|Albert Aboikoni|nl}}<ref name="albert"/> | {{dts|2018}} – present |}
===Matawai granman=== {{anchor|Matawai}}
The Matawai granman resides in Pusugrunu. The current granman is Lesley Valentijn.<ref name="matawai">{{cite news|url=https://www.starnieuws.com/index.php/welcome/index/nieuwsitem/6071|title=Lesley Valentijn volgens traditie al granman Matuariërs |website=Star Nieuws|access-date=26 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Matawai nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=155}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office |- style="height:2em;" | 1 !scope="row"| Musinga | {{dts|1760}} – 1778 |- style="height:2em;" | 2 !scope="row"| Beku | {{dts|1778}} – 1788 |- style="height:2em;" | 3 !scope="row"| Bojo | {{dts|1788}} – 1810 |- style="height:2em;" | 4 !scope="row"| Kojo | {{dts|1810}} – 1830 |- style="height:2em;" | 5 !scope="row"| Afiti Jongman | {{dts|1830}} – 1853 |- style="height:2em;" | 6 !scope="row"| Josua Kalkun | {{dts|1853}} – 1867 |- style="height:2em;" | 7 !scope="row"| Noah Adrai Vroomhart | {{dts|1870}} – 1893 |- style="height:2em;" | 8 !scope="row"| Johannes King | {{dts|1895}} – 1896 |- style="height:2em;" | 9 !scope="row"| Lavanti Agubaka | {{dts|1898}} – 1901 |- style="height:2em;" | 10 !scope="row"| Matili | {{dts|1905}} – 1908 |- style="height:2em;" | 11 !scope="row"| Koso | {{dts|1913}} – 1918 (not installed) |- style="height:2em;" | 12 !scope="row"| Asaf Kine | {{dts|1926}} – 1947 |- style="height:2em;" | 13 !scope="row"| Alfred Johan Aboné | {{dts|1950}} – 1980 |- style="height:2em;" | 14 !scope="row"| Oscar Charles Lafanti | {{dts|1981}} – 2009<ref name="matawai"/> |- style="height:2em;" | 15 !scope="row"| Lesley Valentijn | 2011 – present |}
===Aluku granman=== {{anchor|Aluku}}
The Aluku granman used to reside in Papaïchton. In 1992, there were two ''granman'' installed,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/com/3273|title=Les limites du modèle communal français en Guyane : le cas de Maripasoula|journal=Cahiers d'Outre-Mer|author=Denis Bassargette and Guy Di Meo|language=fr|date=2008|volume=61|issue=241–242|page=57|doi=10.4000/com.3273|doi-access=free}}</ref> Paul Doudou who was granman in Papaïchton until his death in 2014,<ref name="aluku">{{cite news|url=https://www.blada.com/boite-aux-lettres/infos-citoyennes/10810-Deces_du_Gran_Man_Paul_Doudou_les_condoleances.htm |title=Décès du Gran Man Paul Doudou : les condoléances|website=Blada |access-date=26 July 2020|language=fr}}</ref> and Joachim-Joseph Adochini who was chosen by election, and not part of maternal lineage.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=120}} Adochini resides in Maripasoula.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://festival.si.edu/articles/1992/statement-by-gaanman-joachim-joseph-adochini-paramount-chief-of-the-aluku-(boni)-people|title=Statement by Gaanman Joachim-Joseph Adochini, Paramount Chief of the Aluku (Boni) People|website=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=31 July 2020|date=1992}}</ref>
Unlike the other tribes who are located in Suriname, the Aluku are French citizens.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=65}} There is a village of located in Suriname called Cottica which is governed by a ''kabiten''{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|page=68}} who is not under the authority of the granman.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|page=11}}
The granman of the Aluku is not only a generic tribal chief, but also an arbiter who decides on issues concerning different maternal lineages. No appeal is possible, once a decision has been reached. In practice, his power is limited, because every individual has the right to make their own decisions.{{sfn|Helman|1977|pp=154-155}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Aluku nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=155-156}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office !scope="col"|Comment |- | 1 !scope="row"| Asikan Silvester | unknown – 1765 | |- | rowspan="2" | 2 !scope="row"| Aluku | {{dts|1765}} – 1792 | align="left" | Leader in charge of women and children.<ref name="isgeschiedenis">{{cite news|url=https://isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/boni-ca-1730-1793-leider-van-de-slavenrevoltes-in-suriname|title=Boni (ca. 1730 – 1793), leider van de slavenrevoltes in Suriname|website=Is Geschiedenis|access-date=21 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| Bokilifu Boni | {{dts|1765}} – 1793 | align="left" | Leader in charge of the military command.<ref name="isgeschiedenis"/> |- | 3 !scope="row"| Agosu | {{dts|1793}} – 1810 | |- | 4 !scope="row"| Gongo | {{dts|1810}} – 1841 | align="left" | Illegally installed as granman by Le Prieux who had no authority.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=29}} |- | 5 !scope="row"| Adam (Labi) | {{dts|1841}} – 1870 | |- | 6 !scope="row"| Atyaba | {{dts|1870}} – 1876 | |- | 7 !scope="row"| Anato | {{dts|1876}} – 1891 | |- | 8 !scope="row"| Ochi | {{dts|1891}} – 1915 | align="left" | First granman to be recognised by the French Government.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=65}} |- | 9 !scope="row"| Awensai | {{dts|1917}} – 1936 | |- | 10 !scope="row"| Difu | {{dts|1937}} – 1965 | |- | 11 !scope="row"| Tolinga | {{dts|1967}} – 1990 | |- | 12a !scope="row"| Paul Doudou | {{dts|1992}} – 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/2014/11/01/mort-du-gran-man-boni-202594.html|title=Mort du Gran Man Boni|website=Guyane, Le Première|access-date=31 July 2020|language=fr}}</ref> | align="left" | Residence in Papaïchton |- | 12b !scope="row"| Joachim-Joseph Adochini | {{dts|1992}} – present | align="left" | Chosen by an election and not part of the maternal lineage.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=120}} Residence in Maripasoula |}
===Paramaka granman=== {{anchor|Paramaka}}
The Paramaka granman resides in Langatabiki. The current granman is Jozef Misajere Forster.<ref name="paramaka">{{cite news|url=https://www.waterkant.net/suriname/2020/02/24/pamaka-stam-heeft-nieuwe-granman/|title=Pamaka stam in Suriname heeft nieuwe granman|website=Waterkant|language=nl}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Paramaka nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=156}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office !scope="col"|Comment |- style="height:2em;" | 1 !scope="row"|Papa Doffin | | |- style="height:2em;" | 2 !scope="row"|Tata Bigiman | | |- style="height:2em;" | 3 !scope="row"|Tata Aboma | | |- style="height:2em;" | 4 !scope="row"|Frans Kwakoe | | |- style="height:2em;" | !scope="row"| Asaisi, Akama, Amerikan and Apensa | | align="left" | Interim period with four leaders; Asaisi who was next in line refused the position, which was then given to Apensa as the oldest of the four |- style="height:2em;" | 5 !scope="row"|Kwaku Petrus Apensa | {{dts|1898}} – 1923 | align="left" | First Pamaka granman officially recognised by the Government |- style="height:2em;" | 6 !scope="row"|Jozef Aboenawooko | {{dts|1932}} – 1947 | |- style="height:2em;" | 7 !scope="row"|Cornelis Zacharia Forster | {{dts|1951}} – 1991 | |- style="height:2em;" | 8 !scope="row"|Jan Levi | {{dts|1993}} – 2008 | |- style="height:2em;" | 9 !scope="row"| Samuel Forster | {{dts|2010}} – 2017 | |- style="height:2em;" | 10 !score="row"| Jozef Misajere Forster<ref name="paramaka"/> | {{dts|2020}} – present |}
===Kwinti granman=== {{anchor|Kwinti}}
The Kwinti granman resides in Witagron. Granman André Mathias died in 2018.<ref name="kwinti">{{cite news|url=https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2018/09/20/groot-opperhoofd-der-kwintis-andre-mathias-ingeslapen-ro-krijgt-rapportage/ |title=Opperhoofd der Kwinti's, André Mathias, ingeslapen; RO krijgt rapportage |website=Suriname Herald|access-date=26 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Kwinti nation{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=156}} |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office !scope="col"|Comment |- | 1 !scope="row"| Boku | unknown – 1765{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=32}} | |- | 2 !scope="row"| Kofi | unknown – 1827{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=32}} | |- | 3 !scope="row"| Alamun | {{dts|1887}} – unknown | align="left" | Officially appointed, but not as granman and only the tribe living on the Coppename River{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=33}} |- | 4 !scope="row"| Marcus Mentor | {{dts|1913}} – 1926 | |- | 5 !scope="row"| Paulus Paka | {{dts|1928}} – 1936 | |- | 6 !scope="row"| Johannes Afiti | {{dts|1937}} – 1977 | |- | 7 !scope="row"| Matheus Cornelis Marcus | {{dts|1978}} – 1999<ref name="mathias_start">{{cite news|url=http://www.nieuws-suriname.nl/commissie-kwinti-moet-stam-der-kwintis-overleden-stamhoofd-bijstaan/ |title=Commissie Kwinti moet stam der Kwinti's overleden stamhoofd bijstaan|website=GFC Nieuws via Nieuws Suriname|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> | |- | 8 !scope="row"| André Mathias | 2002 – 2018<ref name="mathias_start"/> | align="left" | First to rule as granman |- | 9 !scope="row"| Remon Clemens | 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srherald.com/suriname/2020/10/03/nieuwe-granman-der-kwintis-moet-zorgen-voor-ontwikkeling-in-woongebied/|title = Nieuwe granman der Kwinti's moet zorgen voor ontwikkeling in woongebied|date = 3 October 2020}}</ref> | |}
===Brooskampers kabiten=== {{main|Brooskampers}} {{anchor|Brooskampers}} thumb|right|Kabiten Broos (~1870) There was a seventh group of Maroons called Brooskampers (also: Bakabusi Nengre). In the 1740s, they lived in the swamps near Surnau Creek.<ref name="naks">{{cite web|url=http://nakssuriname.com/de-brooskampers/|title=De Brooskampers|website=NAKS Suriname|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl|author=Edwin Marshall|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023632/http://nakssuriname.com/de-brooskampers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 September 1863, a peace treaty was signed offering the tribe the abandoned plantations Klaverblad and Rorac.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}}<ref name="rorac">{{cite web|url=https://www.surinameplantages.com/archief/r/rorac |title=Plantage Rorac|website=Suriname Plantages|access-date=27 July 2020|language=nl}}</ref> No granman was appointed, and the tribe was led by a ''kabiten'' (captain). Bauxite was discovered on the plantation.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}} In 1917,{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}} a deal was negotiated with the tribe by ''kabiten'' Hudukanti and Alcoa,<ref name="dewest"/> the lands were sold, and the people settled in Tout-Lui-Faut near Paramaribo.{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=34}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Kabitens of the Brooskamper nation |- !scope="col"|{{abbr|No.|Number}} !scope="col"|Kabiten !scope="col"|Term in office !score="col"|Comment |- | 1 !scope="row"| Kukudabi | 18th century<ref name="bijdragen-533"/> | align="left" | Founder of tribe.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tweede gedeelte: de boschnegers|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?coll=dts&identifier=dts:62503:mpeg21:0556|website=Delpher.nl|date=1903|series=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië|access-date=30 July 2020|page=530}}</ref> |- | 2 !scope="row"| Tata Sambo | unknown – 1830{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=33}} | align="left" | Taken from Rac à Rac by Kukudabi.<ref name="bijdragen-533">{{cite journal|title=Tweede gedeelte: de boschnegers|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?coll=dts&identifier=dts:62503:mpeg21:0559|website=Delpher.nl|date=1903|series=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië|access-date=30 July 2020|page=533}}</ref> |- | 3 !scope="row"| April<ref name="bijdragen-533"/> | mid 19th century | |- | 4 !scope="row"| Broos (Brosu) & Kaliko<ref name="rorac"/> | around 1860 – 1880{{sfn|Scholtens|1994|p=33}} | align="left" | Grandchildren of Tata Sambo.<ref name="bijdragen-533"/> First recognised ''kabitens'' |- | 5 !scope="row"| Hudukanti (Johannes Babel)<ref name="dewest">{{cite news|url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110637430:mpeg21:a0031&resultsidentifier=ddd:110637430:mpeg21:a0031|title=Twee Amerikanen onderhandelen met de eigenaren van Onoribo en De Vrijheid|website=De West via Delpher|date=26 June 1950|language=nl|access-date=30 July 2020|quote=Referred to both as captain and granman in the newspaper article}}</ref> | 1880 – 1917 | align="left" | Son of Broos. Last ''kabiten'' of the Brooskampers.<ref name="dewest"/> |}
==The indigenous granman== ===Tiriyó granman=== {{anchor|Tiriyó}}
Traditionally, there was no clear hierarchy in the Tiriyó tribe. In 1997, Asongo Alalaparu was appointed as first granman for Suriname.{{sfn|Heemskerk|Delvoye|2007|p=3}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Tiriyó |- !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Country !scope="col"|Term in office |- !scope="row"| Asongo Alalaparu{{sfn|Heemskerk|Delvoye|2007|p=3}} | Suriname | {{dts|1997}} – {{dts|2021}} |- !scope="row"| {{ill|Jimmy Toeroemang|nl}} | Suriname | {{dts|2022}} – Present<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dbsuriname.com/2022/03/11/jimmy-toeroemang-beedigd-als-groot-opperhoofd-tareno-trio-inheemse-stam/ |title=Jimmy Toeroemang beëdigd als Groot-Opperhoofd Tareno (Trio) inheemse stam |website=Dagblad Suriname |access-date=21 June 2022 |language=nl}}</ref> |}
===Wayana granman=== {{anchor|Wayana}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Wayana in Suriname |- !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office |- !scope="row"| Kananoe Apetina{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=243}} | {{dts|1952}} – 1975{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=108}} |- !scope="row"| Aptuk Noewahe{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=243}} | {{dts|1976}} – Present |}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;" |+ Head captain of the Wayana on the Lawa River |- !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office |- !scope="row"| Janomalë{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=95}} | {{dts|1938}} – 1958 |- !scope="row"| Anapaikë{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=127}} | {{dts|1958}} – 2003 |- !scope="row"| {{ill|Ipomadi Pelenapïn|nl|Ipomadi Pelenapin}}{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=243}} | {{dts|2005}} – Present |}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;" |+ Granman of the Wayana in French Guiana |- !scope="col"|Granman !scope="col"|Term in office |- !scope="row"| Twenkë{{sfn|Fleury|2016|p=19}} | {{dts|1960}} – 1985{{sfn|Chapuis|2007|p=184}} |- !scope="row"| Amaipotï{{sfn|Fleury|2016|p=19}} | {{dts|1985}} – Present{{sfn|Chapuis|2007|p=184}} |}
Traditionally, the Wayana did not recognise a form of leadership that transcended the village level. Contact with missionaries and state representatives started to change that, and the Surinamese, French, and Brazilian states preferred to centralise their dealings with the Wayana, and for this purpose installed captains, head captains and ''granman'' among the Wayana chief. As the concept of a paramount chief goes against Wayana ideas of political organisation, the authority of these chiefs beyond their own villages is often limited.<ref name="PIB2">{{cite web |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/wayana/1151 |title=Wayana: political organisation |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Povos Indígenas no Brazil |access-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref>{{sfn|Boven|2006|p=243}}
The granman of the Wayana in Suriname resides in Pïlëuwimë, which is also known as Apetina, after the name of the first granman Kananoe Apetina, who was recognised by governor Jan Klaasesz as granman of the Wayana in 1952.
Apart from the granman in Pïlëuwimë, the Wayana on the Surinamese side of the Lawa River have their own head captain residing in Kawemhakan, who is also often referred to as granman.
The granman of the Wayana in French Guiana resides in Kulumuli, which is also known by the name of the first granman Twenkë. After Twenkë's he was succeeded by his son Amaipotï.
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==Notes== {{notelist}} {{reflist}}
==References== * {{cite book |last=Boven |first=Karin M. |year=2006 |title=Overleven in een Grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/15288/full.pdf |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Rozenberg Publishers }} * {{cite thesis |last1=Chapuis |first1=Jean|year=2007|title=L'ultime fleur. Ekulunpï tïhmelë. Essai d'ethnosociogenèse wayana|url=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/ESSAI%20D%20ETHNOSOCIOGENESE%20WAYANA%20-%20L%20ULTIME%20FLEUR%20EKULUNPI%20TIHMELE%20-%20BIBLIO%20(278%20Pages%20-%203,4%20Mo).pdf|location=Orléans |publisher=Les Presses universitaires|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last=Duin |first=Renzo Sebastiaan |year=2009 |title=Wayana Socio-political Landscapes: Multi-scalar Regionality and Temporality in Guiana |url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041100/duin_r.pdf |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=2020-07-27 |archive-date=2020-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713235530/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041100/duin_r.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/2711|title=Les Wayana de Guyane française sur les traces de leur histoire|journal=Revue d'Ethnoécologie|last1=Fleury|first1=Marie|access-date=27 July 2020|date=2016|issue=9|doi=10.4000/ethnoecologie.2711|language=fr|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last1=Heemskerk |first1=Marieke |last2=Delvoye |first2=Katia |year=2007 |title=Trio Baseline Study: A sustainable livelihoods perspective on the Trio Indigenous Peoples of South Suriname |url=http://www.act-suriname.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Trio-Baseline-Study_2007.pdf |location=Paramaribo |publisher=Stichting Amazon Conservation Team-Suriname }} * {{cite book|last1=Helman |first1=Albert |author-link1=Albert Helman|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/helm003cult01_01/helm003cult01_01_0013.php |title=Cultureel mozaïek van Suriname|date=1977|language=nl|website=Digital Library for Dutch Literature|isbn=9060110730}} * {{cite magazine|last1=Pakosie|first1=André|author-link1=André Pakosie| date=1990|title=Arrogantie versus traditie|url=https://dbnl.org/tekst/_gid001199001_01/_gid001199001_01_0145.php|magazine=De Gids Jaargang 153|publisher=Digital Library for Dutch Literature|language=nl}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/145783|title=Bosneger en overheid in Suriname|last1=Scholtens| first1=Ben|language=nl| date=1994|publisher=Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov|website=Radboud University Nijmegen |location=Paramaribo| isbn=9991410155}} * {{cite book |last1=Van Wetering |first1=Wilhelmina |last2=Thoden van Velzen |first2=H.U.E. |author-link2=Bonno Thoden van Velzen|year=2013 |title=Een Zwarte Vrijstaat in Suriname: de Okaanse samenleving in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill }} * NIKOS: Pamaka Ontwikkelingsplan. Paramaribo, 2016.
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Category:Granman Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership