Bats of Canada

{{Short description|none}}  {{Use Canadian English|date=October 2024}} There are eighteen indigenous species of '''bats in Canada''', which are found in many parts of the country. They are insectivores, and are prey to falcons, hawks, owls, snakes, cats, and raccoons.<ref name="a1">Health Canada</ref><ref>Ministry of Natural Resources: Bat Ecology</ref>

==Species== [[File:Red bat (15a).jpg|thumb|right|alt=A red-coloured bat hanging upside from a thin tree branch using the black claws on its feet. Small clusters of three leaves sprout from buds on various branches in the foreground and background.|A red bat roosting in a tree]]

The little brown bat is the most common and widely distributed of Canada's bat species.The nocturnal bat roosts in dark places during the day, and preys on insects at night.<ref>Bernhardt: Little Brown Bat</ref> Their echolocation calls are emitted 20 times per second, increasing to 200 times per second while chasing prey.<ref>Smithsonian: Little Brown Bat</ref>

The habitat range of the big brown bat is in the southern parts of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, and throughout Alberta.<ref>Bernhardt: Big Brown Bat</ref> Males are solitary, whereas females "gather in maternity colonies in the spring and summer", consisting of up to 75 adults with their offspring.<ref name="a3">Smithsonian: Big Brown Bat</ref> They forage at night on dry, warm evenings, catching and eating flying insects in the air.<ref name="a3" /> They hibernate in the winter, migrating short distances to find an appropriate roost, such as mines and caves.<ref name="a3" />

The largest bat in Canada is the hoary bat,<ref name="a2">Baily: 1997. Page 3</ref> which inhabits all of Alberta, southern British Columbia, the southern half of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, most of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, and the southern parts of Quebec.<ref>Bernhardt: Hoary Bat</ref> The solitary bat has a coat of grey fur with white tipped hairs, giving it a "frosted" or "hoary" appearance.<ref name="a4">Smithsonian: Hoary Bat</ref> They roost in trees, and prey on large insects such as wasps, dragonflies, beetles, and moths.<ref name="a4" />

Northern long-eared myotis bats are found throughout Eastern Canada, southern Manitoba, northern Alberta, and parts of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories, and Yukon.<ref name="a5">Smithsonian: Northern Long-eared Myotis</ref>{{sfn|Yukon News|2013}} It hibernates in caves and mines, and perches to eat insect prey.<ref name="a2" /><ref name="a5" />

Sometimes observed in British Columbia, the solitary red bat is generally found throughout the southern parts of Canada from Alberta to Nova Scotia.<ref name="a6">Bernhardt: Red Bat</ref> The slow, graceful flying bat migrates south in groups in the autumn and winter.<ref name="a6" /><ref name="a7">Smithsonian: Red Bat</ref> It preys on flying insects, and roosts in trees and shrubs.<ref name="a2" /><ref name="a6"/><ref name="a7" />

The reclusive silver-haired bat<ref>Ministry of Natural Resources</ref> resembles the hoary bat,<ref name="a8">Smithsonian: Silver-haired Bat</ref> but has a "deep chocolate brown color with a white frosting on its back and abdomen".<ref name="a9">Bernhardt: Silver-Haired Bat</ref> Its habitat is primarily forested areas in the southern parts of Canada, where it is common and roosts alone in logs or under bark,<ref name="a2" /> but it is also found in grassland.<ref name="a8" /> Groups congregate for southward migration in the autumn and winter,<ref name="a9" /> though some individuals may undergo torpor and hibernate instead.<ref name="a8" /> Its preferred food is small, flying insects, especially moths, for which they forage after sunset in forest canopies or over streams and stagnant waters.<ref name="a8" />

===Eastern Canada=== The tricoloured bat is the smallest of Canada's indigenous bat species.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bernhardt: Eastern pipistrelle</ref> Formerly known as the eastern pipistrelle, genetic analysis has shown it is not a pipistrelle but most closely related to the canyon bat. It is known as the tricoloured bat because it has fur in three colours: a base of grey, body of yellow, and tips in brown.<ref name="a2" /> It has a habitat range along southern Ontario, the southernmost parts of Quebec, most of Nova Scotia, and part of New Brunswick. In late summer and early autumn, they migrate to caves where they hibernate.<ref>Smithsonian: Eastern Pipistrelle</ref> It is a slow flyer, preferring slow-moving rivers and adjacent forests and woodlands.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The eastern small-footed bat is one of the smallest North American bats,<ref name="ReferenceB">Smithsonian: Eastern Small-footed Myotis</ref> and one of the least common in Canada.<ref name="a2" /> Its range is restricted to deciduous and coniferous forests in southern and central Ontario and the southernmost part of Quebec. A cold-tolerant bat, it enters hibernation later than other species, usually late November or early December.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> It is identifiable by its slow, erratic flight.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

===Western Canada=== [[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A bat with wings outspread flying from the black background toward the left side of the photograph. Its long ears are pointed upward, and the fine veining on its black wings is evident. The fur on its body and head is brownish yellow.|A western big-eared bat in flight]]

The California myotis habitat ranges into much of southern British Columbia and along most of its coast.<ref name="a10">Smithsonian: California Myotis</ref> It is a nocturnal predator of insects, which it catches and eats in flight "over lakes, rivers, meadows, and forest clearings",<ref name="a11">Bernhardt: California Bat</ref> or any other open area.<ref name="a10" /> They are sometimes used to control insect populations.<ref name="a11" /> They hibernate in the winter, especially at higher elevations.<ref name="a10" />

The fringed myotis is a vesper bat with a narrow distribution in Canada, primarily in the Okanagan. Its habitat is in vegetated areas. It is a fast-growing species, and the young reach adult size within three weeks.<ref name="ReferenceC">Smithsonian: California Myotis</ref> About 70% of its diet consists of beetles.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

Keen's myotis is found along the British Columbia coast and toward the interior.<ref name="a12">Smithsonian: Keen's Myotis</ref> They hibernate in winter, sometimes forming a hibernaculum with other bat species in the region.<ref name="a12" /> They prefer forested areas, feeding on insects.<ref>Bernhardt: Keen's Bat</ref> The species is particularly active after sunset and before dawn.<ref name="a12" />

The long-eared myotis is a vesper bat whose fur colour ranges from dark brown to pale yellow.<ref name="ReferenceD">Smithsonian: Long-eared Myotis</ref> It roosts in "rock outcroppings and dead trees"<ref name="ReferenceD"/> in the southern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.<ref>Bernhardt: Long-Eared Bat</ref> They hunt over small bodies of water or dense vegetation, preferring moths and beetles.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

Mountainous and rugged terrains are preferred by the long-legged myotis, which has habitats throughout coastal and southern British Columbia and near the Rocky Mountains in the southern half of Alberta.<ref>Bernhardt: Long-Legged Bat</ref> There, they inhabit coniferous forests and woodlands near streams, and eat soft-bodied insects, preferring moths.<ref>Smithsonian: Long-legged Myotis</ref>

The western big-eared bat, also known as Townsend's big-eared bat, has prominent wing-like ears.<ref name="a13">Smithsonian: Townsend's Big-eared Bat</ref> It is a social creature, gathering in large clusters in its range in parts southern British Columbia,<ref name="a14">Bernhardt: Townsend's Big-Eared Bat</ref> and females will congregate in maternity groups in the spring.<ref name="a13" /> It preys on moths in "open pasture and forest canopy".<ref name="a13" /> In the winter, it will hibernate in nearby caves,<ref name="a14" /> and on cool or cold days the rest of the year individuals will enter torpor.<ref name="a13" />

The yellow-brown backed western small-footed bat has a range of southern British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.<ref name="a15">Smithsonian: Townsend's Big-eared Bat</ref> It roosts alone or in small groups, preferring damp caves, mines, or rock crevices.<ref name="a15" /> It is an insectivore, eating moths, beetles, and ants.<ref name="a15" />

The Yuma myotis, similar in appearance to the little brown bat, is found primarily in the coastal regions of southern British Columbia.<ref name="ReferenceE">Bernhardt: Yuma Bat</ref> It feeds on soft insects as it cruises low over small bodies of water, and prefers forest clearings.<ref>Smithsonian: Yuma Myotis</ref><ref name="ReferenceE"/>

===Species at risk=== [[File:Side view of spotted bat -Euderma maculatum- by Paul Cryan.jpg|thumb|right|A spotted bat, of which there are fewer than 100 in Canada.]] The pallid bat (''Antrozous pallidus'') is characterized by slate grey wings, cream or pale yellow-brown fur on its body, tan-coloured ears, and eyes larger than those of most bats.<ref name="a16">Environment Canada: Pallid Bat</ref> Its range in Canada is restricted to the Okanagan Valley in southern British Columbia, as its preferred habitat is open, arid and semi-arid terrain with sparse vegetation or cultivated fields or dry grasslands,<ref name="a16" /> and roost in the crevices of cliffs.<ref name="a17">Hinterland Who's Who</ref> It is a threatened species in Canada, where its population is "unknown but it likely is quite small", and is on the list of wildlife species at risk maintained by Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) via Environment Canada.<ref name="a16" /><ref name="a17" /> The primary risk to the pallid bat in Canada is "the harsh climate and naturally low availability of adequate habitat"<ref name="a16" /> and continued habitat loss from development, as well as pesticide use in fruit-growing areas within their habitats; they eat insects including beetles, grasshoppers, and moths.<ref>Smithsonian: Pallid Bat</ref> It is protected by the Species at Risk Act (SARA) on federally-owned lands, including Vaseux-Bighorn National Wildlife Area and nearby First Nations lands, and is also protected by the British Columbia Wildlife Act.<ref name="a16" />

The spotted bat (''Euderma maculatum'') is a species of special concern in Canada. The large-eared black bats were first discovered in Canada in 1979,<ref name="a17" /> with a range restricted to southern British Columbia.<ref name="a18">Environment Canada: Spotted Bat</ref> These solitary mammals prefer habitats along waterways in regions with hot summers and mild winters, preferring to roost on cliffs.<ref name="a18" /> There are fewer than 100 spotted bats in Canada,<ref name="a17" /> an insectivore threatened by the use of pesticides which is also an endangered species in the United States,<ref name="a18" /> and it is also protected by the Species at Risk Act and the British Columbia Wildlife Act.<ref name="a18" />

The little brown bat, northern long-eared myotis, and the tricoloured bat are currently being considered for protection under the Species at Risk Act.

===Distribution===

{| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="2"|Species !colspan="2"|Status !colspan="13"|Distribution |- !Common name !Nomenclature !Canada !Global !BC !AB !SK !MB !ON !QC !NB !PEI !NS !NL !YK !NT !NU |- |Big brown bat || ''Eptesicus fuscus'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px|| 25px |- |California myotis || ''Myotis californicus'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Eastern small-footed myotis|| ''Myotis leibii'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Fringed myotis || ''Myotis thysanodes'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Hoary bat || ''Lasiurus cinereus'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Little brown bat (myotis)|| ''Myotis lucifugus''|| || || 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px|| 25px |- |Long-eared myotis || ''Myotis evotis'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px|| 25px |- |Long-legged myotis || ''Myotis volans'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 29x29px|| 25px |- |Northern myotis|| ''Myotis septentrionalis'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Pallid bat || ''Antrozous pallidus'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Eastern red bat || ''Lasiurus borealis'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Silver-haired bat || ''Lasionycteris noctivagans'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Spotted bat || ''Euderma maculatum'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Tricoloured bat || ''Perimyotis subflavus'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Townsend's big-eared bat || ''Corynorhinus townsendii'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Western small-footed myotis || ''Myotis ciliolabrum'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- |Yuma myotis || ''Myotis yumanensis'' || || || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px || 25px |- !Total species || 17 || || || 15 || 9 || 8 || 6 || 8 || 8 || 7 || 1 || 6 || 2 || 2 || 6 || 0 |}

There has also been one recorded sighting of an evening bat (''Nycticeius humeralis'') on Pelee Island, Ontario, from 1911, which is thought to be a stray occurrence.<ref>Kurta: 1995. Page 82.</ref> There has been at least one recorded sighting of a big free-tailed bat (''Nyctinomops macrotis'') in British Columbia. There has also been one sighting of a hoary bat on the island of Newfoundland.

==Disease== [[File:Little Brown Bat with White Nose Syndrome (Greeley Mine, cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=A small outcropping of rock from a wall in a cave is at the top, from which a bat hangs upside down, clutching the rocks edge with its claws. The bat's wings are folded and pressed close to its side, and its body is covered in white fur except at its head and shoulders, where the fur is brown, and its long, brown, leathery ears jut down. Its nose and mouth are surrounded and covered by a white, powder-like substance, as are parts of its wings and ears.|A little brown bat with white nose syndrome. The fungus ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'' covers parts of the face, ears, and wings.]]

In 2010, white nose syndrome was first confirmed in Canadian bat colonies in central and eastern Ontario and Quebec.<ref>Ministry of Natural Resources: White Nose Syndrome – Threatening Ontario's bats</ref> In 2011 and 2012, the spread of white nose syndrome destroyed a colony of 6,000 bats in a cave in New Brunswick.<ref name="a19">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation: 2012</ref> The disease is spread by the fungus ''Pseudogymnoascus destructans'', an invasive species<ref name="a19" /> which grows in the skin of the bat, and has affected bats from Eastern Ontario to the Maritimes.<ref name="a20">Ministry of Natural Resources: Bats and White Nose Syndrome</ref><ref name="a21">Gutenberg: 2012</ref> The fungus causes bats to warm prematurely and wake early from hibernation, forcing them to deplete their stores of fat before spring.<ref name="a19" /> It is believed that "human activity in caves is contributing to its spread",<ref name="a20" /> as humans may carry the disease on clothing or equipment to which bats may become exposed.<ref name="a21" /> Many agencies and organizations in jurisdictions in eastern Canada and eastern United States are coordinating research and conservation programs to prevent its spread, including the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.<ref name="a20" /><ref name="Fenton: 2010">Fenton: 2010</ref> The three species in Canada affected by the syndrome have been recommended for endangered species status.<ref name="a19" /> These are the little brown bat, northern long-eared myotis, and the tricoloured bat.<ref name="a21" /><ref>Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada: 2012</ref><ref>Environment Canada: Tri-colored Bat</ref> By 2014, about 99% of brown-nosed bats in New Brunswick had died as a result of the disease, and it is considered functionally extirpated in some parts of eastern Canada.<ref>Moore</ref> The disease was first detected in Manitoba bat populations in the Interlake Region in 2018.<ref>Ferstl</ref> By 2023, the fungus had been detected in bat guano near the city of Grand Forks in British Columbia.{{sfn||Toronto Star|2023}}

Bats may also transmit rabies to humans. Although rare, a bat bite or scratch, particularly from silver-haired bats, may result in rabies to humans, cats, or dogs.<ref name="a1" /> Rabid bats usually lose their ability to fly, and rarely become aggressive.<ref name="a23">Ministry of Natural Resources: Bat Rabies — The Facts</ref> Careless handling of bats is the main cause of rabies transmission. Since 2000, all the five human rabies cases contracted domestically in Canada were acquired from bats.<ref>https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/surveillance.html</ref> Fewer than 2% of bats in Canada are rabid, 95% of which are big brown bats.<ref name="a23" /><ref>Ministry of Natural Resources: Bats — Enjoy them from a Distance</ref> Testing bats for rabies is usually performed by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.<ref name="a23" />

Inhalation of dusty bat manure may result in histoplasmosis, which will present as a mild respiratory infection.<ref name="a1" />

There are no pesticides that may be used on bats in Canada.<ref name="a1" />

==Conservation== In 2011, the Nature Conservancy of Canada received a $50,000 grant from Sustainable Forestry Initiative to research bat habitats for future conservation.<ref>Nature Conservancy of Canada and Sustainable Forestry Initiative: 2011</ref> The Ministry of Natural Resources in Ontario and independent biologists are monitoring bat populations.<ref name="Fenton: 2010"/>

In eastern Canada, all eight species have had reductions in populations as a result of destruction of bat roosts, deforestation, pesticide use, and cave exploration.<ref name="a2" />

==Notes== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References== {{refbegin|2}} *{{cite book|url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/biodome/site/recherche/medias/ch_souris_en.pdf|title=Bat Conservation Program|others=Toronto Zoo and Montreal Biodome|last=Baily|first=Kimberly|year=1997|isbn=2-89417-684-8|oclc=49121622|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Baily}} *{{cite web|url=http://blog.wwf.ca/blog/2010/02/11/white-nose-syndrome-and-bat-conservation/|title=White-nose syndrome and bat conservation|last=Fenton|first=Brock|publisher=WWF Canada|date=11 February 2010|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Fenton|archive-date=2013-06-28|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628062619/http://blog.wwf.ca/blog/2010/02/11/white-nose-syndrome-and-bat-conservation/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/white-nose-syndrome-manitoba-1.6996533?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar|title=Bat populations have 'crashed' across Manitoba since arrival of deadly white-nose syndrome: biologist|last=Ferstl|first=Rachel|publisher=CBC News|date=15 October 2023|accessdate=8 November 2023|ref=Ferstl}} *{{cite news|url=http://o.canada.com/2012/06/07/white-nose-syndrome-killing-canadas-bats/|title=White-nose syndrome killing Canada's bats|last=Gutenberg|first=Garth|publisher=Postmedia News|date=7 June 2012|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Gutenberg|archive-date=2013-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430105004/http://o.canada.com/2012/06/07/white-nose-syndrome-killing-canadas-bats/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|title=Mammals of the Great Lakes region|last1=Kurta|first1=Allen|last2=Burt|first2=William University of Michigan PressHenry|edition=2nd|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1995|isbn=0472094971|ref=Kurta}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/bats-nearly-wiped-out-by-white-nose-syndrome-in-eastern-canada-1.2814088|title=Bats nearly wiped out by white-nose syndrome in Eastern Canada|last=Moore|first=Dene|agency=The Canadian Press|publisher=CBC News|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014|ref=Moore}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=165|title=Pallid Bat|work=Species Profile|publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry Office, Environment Canada|date=9 August 2006|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Pallid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610231310/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=165|archive-date=10 June 2013|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=170|title=Spotted Bat|work=Species Profile|publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry Office, Environment Canada|date=9 August 2006|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Spotted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610233418/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=170|archive-date=10 June 2013|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=1931|title=Technical Summary and Supporting Information for an Emergency Assessment of the Tri-colored Bat Perimyotis subflavus|work=COSEWIC Assessments|publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry Office, Environment Canada|date=27 February 2012|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Tricolour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817022702/http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/document/default_e.cfm?documentID=1931|archive-date=17 August 2013|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-b-s-largest-bat-population-wiped-out-1.1163371|title=N.B.'s largest bat population wiped out|publisher=CBC News|date=3 May 2012|access-date=2013-03-30|ref=CBC1}} *{{cite press release |url=http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct7/Bat_Emergency_Assessment_Press_Release_e.cfm |title=Emergency Assessment Concludes that Three Bat Species are Endangered in Canada |publisher=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada |date=February 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-30 |ref=COSEWIC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125145330/http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct7/Bat_Emergency_Assessment_Press_Release_e.cfm |archivedate=2013-01-25 }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_pnotes/bat-chauvesouris/index-eng.php|title=Bats Pest Note|work=Pesticides & Pest Management|publisher=Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency|date=13 January 2009|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=HC}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/bats.html |title=Bats |work=Hinterland Who's Who |publisher=Environment Canada and Canadian Wildlife Federation |accessdate=2013-03-30 |ref=HWW |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424163559/http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/bats.html |archivedate=2013-04-24 }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Rabies/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_166321.html|title=Bat Ecology|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|date=Fall 2009|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=MNR-ecology}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Rabies/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_166323.html|title=Bats — Enjoy them from a Distance|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|date=Fall 2009|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=MNR-enjoy}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Rabies/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_166322.html|title=Bat Rabies — The Facts|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|date=Fall 2009|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=MNR-rabies}} *{{cite press release |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/742383/nature-conservancy-of-canada-and-sfi-partner-to-protect-bat-populations |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410033202/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/742383/nature-conservancy-of-canada-and-sfi-partner-to-protect-bat-populations |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Nature Conservancy of Canada and SFI Partner to Protect Bat Populations |others=Nature Conservancy of Canada and Sustainable Forestry Initiative |location=Kamloops |publisher=Canada Newswire |date=9 May 2011 |accessdate=2013-03-30 |ref=NCC }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/278529.pdf|title=White Nose Syndrome – Threatening Ontario's bats|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|accessdate=2013-11-05|ref=MNR-TOB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/FW/2ColumnSubPage/278166.html|title=Bats and White Nose Syndrome|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=MNR-WNS}} *{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/04/03/fungus-that-causes-deadly-white-nose-syndrome-among-bats-detected-in-bc-guano.html|title=Fungus that causes deadly white nose syndrome among bats detected in B.C. guano|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=3 April 2023|accessdate=2023-04-04|ref={{harvid|Toronto Star|2023}}}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.yukon-news.com/letters-opinions/monitoring-yukon-bats-to-stay-ahead-of-the-epidemic|title=Monitoring Yukon bats to stay ahead of the epidemic|others=The Yukon Research Centre and Environment Yukon|publisher=Yukon News|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref={{harvid|Yukon News|2013}}}} {{refend}}

===Redpath Museum=== {{refbegin|2}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/ept_fus.htm|title=Big Brown Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-BBB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706012900/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/ept_fus.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_cal.htm|title=California Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-CB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014253/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_cal.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/pip_sub.htm|title=Eastern Pipistrelle|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Bernhardt-EP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014324/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/pip_sub.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_cin.htm|title=Hoary Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-HB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014835/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_cin.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_kee.htm|title=Keen's Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-KB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014550/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_kee.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_luc.htm|title=Red Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-LBB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014845/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_luc.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_evo.htm|title=Long-Eared Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Bernhardt-LEM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014258/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_evo.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_vol.htm|title=Long-Legged Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Bernhardt-LLM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014303/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_vol.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_bor.htm|title=Little Brown Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-RB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014829/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_bor.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_noc.htm|title=Silver-Haired Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-SHB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014243/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/las_noc.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/ple_tow.htm|title=Townsend's Big-Eared Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Bernhardt-TBEB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014900/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/ple_tow.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_yum.htm|title=Yuma Bat|work=Canada's Species|last=Bernhardt|first=Torsten|publisher=Redpath Museum, McGill University|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Bernhardt-YB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706014850/http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/mammals/mammalpages/myo_yum.htm|archive-date=2012-07-06|url-status=dead}} {{refend}}

===Smithsonian=== {{refbegin|2}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=86|title=Big Brown Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-BBB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=196|title=California Myotis|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-CM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=283|title=Eastern Pipistrelle |work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Smithsonian-EP}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=198|title=Eastern Small-footed Myotis|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Smithsonian-ESFM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=197|title=Fringed Myotis|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Smithsonian-FM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=126|title=Hoary Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-HB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=206|title=Keen's Myotis |work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-KM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=199|title=Little Brown Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-LBB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=194|title=Long-eared Myotis |work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-LEM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=204|title=Long-legged Myotis |work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Smithsonian-LLM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=200|title=Northern Long-eared Myotis |work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-NLEM}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=8|title=Pallid Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-PB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=122|title=Red Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-RB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=121|title=Silver-haired Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-SHB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=51|title=Townsend's Big-eared Bat|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-TBEB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=193|title=Western Small-footed Myotis|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-03-30|ref=Smithsonian-WSFB}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=205|title=Yuma Myotis|work=North American Mammals|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|date=|accessdate=2013-04-16|ref=Smithsonian-YM}} {{refend}}

==External links== * [http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/environment-environnement/pesticides/bat-chauvesouris-eng.php Bats] at Health Canada * [http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/efauna/DB_Query/QueryForm.aspx?sort=Genus&ddlVertebrates=31&InvStatus=Both&ddlInsects=&rdRedBlue=Both&ddlVertebrates2= Bats] at E-Fauna BC * [http://www.nasbr.org/ North American Society for Bat Research] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232149/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/bat Bat] at ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.thebatcave.ca/page20/page20.html Canada's Bats] at Bob's Bat Cave by Bob Young * [https://www.ontariowildliferemoval.ca/bat-laws-in-ontario/ Bat Extermination Laws Canada] at Ontario Wildlife Removal Inc.

Category:Bats of Canada