Barngarla people

{{Short description|Aboriginal people of Australia}} {{use dmy dates|date=December 2017}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Barngarla | native_name = Barngarlidi<ref name="barngarladictionary">{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.barngarla.org/worddetail.php?word=barngarlidi |title=Barngarla Dictionary |author=Barngarla Language Advisory Committee |work=Definition of barngarlidi |publisher=Barngarla Language Advisory Committee |date=2016-10-16 |accessdate=2023-08-28 }}</ref> | native_name_lang = Barngarla language | region1 = {{Flag|Australia}} | region2 = South Australia | pop2 = ''unknown'' | languages = Barngarla<br />English (Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English) | religions = Traditional, Christianity | related_groups = Nauo, Adnyamathanha }}

[[File:Wirangu Map.jpg|thumb|right|Aboriginal languages of South Australia.{{efn|Tribal boundaries, after Tindale (1974), adapted from Hercus (1999).}}]]

The '''Barngarla''' (historically also spelled as '''Parnkalla''' or '''Pangkala''') are an Indigenous people of South Australia and the traditional owners of much of Eyre Peninsula.{{sfn|Howitt|1904|p=?}}{{sfn|Prichard|1847|p=79}} Their language, Barngarla is a Yura language and part of a revival effort by the University of Adelaide.<ref name="uniadel1">{{cite web |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/research/news/list/2018/12/19/a-world-first-in-language-reclamation |title=A world-first in language reclamation |last=Ghil'ad |first=Zuckermann |work=Research article |publisher=University of Adelaide |date=2018-12-19 |accessdate=2023-08-27 }}</ref>

Their traditional land encompassed much of the upper Eyre peninsula, including Port Lincoln, Whyalla and the lands west of Port Augusta. The Barngarla people traditionally lived by the coast and visited inland seasonally and for ceremonial and special purposes.<ref name="lincolncouncil">{{cite web |url=https://portlincoln.com.au/towns/port-lincoln/history-and-heritage/ |title=Port Lincoln History and Heritage|author=Port Lincoln Council |work=History and Heritage |publisher=Port Lincoln Council |date= |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref> The Barngarla native title claim compromises 44,481 square km, or about two-thirds of the Eyre peninsula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-22 |title=Indigenous Barngarla Australians win land claim |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-30928605 |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> In 2015 this claim was upheld<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/jan/22/long-running-eyre-peninsula-native-title-claim-upheld-in-australias-federal-court |title=Long-running Eyre peninsula native title claim upheld in Australia's federal court |work=The Guardian Australia |publisher=Australian Associated Press |date=2015-01-22 |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref> and in 2023 the Barngarla people won a federal court decision to prevent a nuclear waste disposal facility from being built on their land.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/barngarla-people-win-legal-challenge-to-halt-a-nuclear-dump-on-their-country-at-kimba/7h0udrp7d |title=Barngarla people win legal challenge to halt a nuclear dump on their Country at Kimba |work=NITV |publisher=AAP |date=2023-07-18 |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref>

Barngarla people traditionally wore cloaks made from kangaroo skin and mainly hunted for seafood, but also caught kangaroo, emu, snakes and various lizards depending on seasonality. Nondo beans (thought to be ''Acacia sophorae'' seeds<ref name="whalersheritage">{{cite conference |last=Cane |first=Scott |title=A Cultural Heritage Investigation of the Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex |url=https://plan.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/880569/Appendix_Y_-_Cultural_Heritage_Assessment.pdf |editor-last=Cane |editor-first=Scott |date=2020-06-23 }}</ref>) and pigface (''carpobrotus modestus'') were especially prized food items.<ref name=lincolncouncil/> a book entitled ''Wardlada Mardinidhi'' documents the location and names of Barngarla medical plants.<ref name="ABC24jul23">{{cite news |last1=Hamilton |first1=Jodie |last2=Milic |first2=Henry |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-24/bush-medicine-book-helping-heal-stolen-generation-families/102637216 |title=Barngarla bush medicine book healing hearts and helping stolen children reconnect with country |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |location=Eyre Peninsula |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2023-07-24 |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref>

Barngarla Dreaming is heavily centred on a large mythic complex known as the Seven Sisters. The primary male spiritual figure in that narrative is named ''Yulanya'' from which the Uley, Yeelanna, Yallunda Flat, along with the smaller localities of Yallunna, Yulina, and Palanna Fountain on the Eyre Peninsula derive their names.<ref name=whalersheritage/>

A practice known as "singing to the sharks" was an important ritual in Barngarla culture. The performance consisted of men lining the cliffs of bays in the Eyre peninsula and singing out, while their chants were accompanied by women dancing on the beach. The aim was to enlist sharks and dolphins in driving shoals of fish towards the shore where fishers in the shallows could make their catch.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014}}

Just prior to invasion by the English settlers, the Barngarla were under pressure from the Kokatha, who were on the move southwards, forcing the Barngarla to retreat from their traditional northern boundaries. One effect was to cut off their access to certain woods used in spear-making, so that they finally had to forage as far as Tumby Bay to get supplies of whipstick mallee ash.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=216}}

The Barngarla and Nauo people were engaged in more clashes with European settlers then any other people in South Australia following the colonisation of the state. During the decade following the establishment of Port Lincoln in 1839 the Barngarla attacked pastoral stations with local settlers conducting vigilante killings and police retaliating indiscriminately.<ref name="griffithuni">{{cite web |url=http://missionaries.griffith.edu.au/mission/port-lincoln-1843-1852 |title=Port Lincoln (1843-1852) |last=Ganter |first=Regina |work=Griffith University - German Missionaries in Australia |publisher=Griffith University |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref> This undeclared war between white sellers and the Barngarla people continued until at least 1862.<ref name="frontierconflicts">{{cite web |url=https://australianfrontierconflicts.com.au/timelines/some-known-conflicts-in-south-australia/ |title=Some Known Conflicts in South Australia |last=Morrison |first=Jane |work=Australian Frontier Conflicts |publisher=Australian Frontier Conflicts Website |date=2022-10-05 |accessdate=2023-10-06 |quote=1862 - Venus Bay, 60 kms south-east of Streaky Bay }}</ref> Barngarla people are one of the many indigenous groups which contain an oral-history of the Waterloo Bay massacre, where up to 260 Barngarla, Nauo, Kokatha and Wirangu may have been driven off cliffs into the sea.

In 1850 both the Barngarla School, operated by Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann, and the first Anglican mission were set up at Poonindie on the Tod River within Barngarla land.<ref name=griffithuni/> Living conditions at Pooninidie were basic with no running water, over-crowding and a lack of food and medicine. In 1894, the mission had closed and the majority of residents were moved onto Point Pearce and Point McLeay missions, although some stayed on their land.<ref name="slsapoonindie">{{cite web |url=https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/Aboriginal_Missions/Poonindie |title=Aboriginal missions in South Australia: Poonindie |author=State Library of South Australia |work=State Library of South Australia |accessdate=2023-10-06 }}</ref> The Barngarla community was deeply affected by the Aborigines Act 1911 which lead to the Stolen Generations and the loss of Barngarla as a first language.

== Language == {{main|Barngarla language}} Barngarla was the dominant language of the eyre peninsula prior to European settlement. the last fluent speaker was reported to have died in the 1960s,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2014}} although some Barngarla members of the Stolen Generation retained knowledge of their language through lyrics in songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/ABCIndigenous/videos/901663467173226/ |title=17K views · 499 reactions {{!}} How to revive a lost language {{!}} #ICYMI: A language that was considered 'asleep' for decades is being reawakened in South Australia's Eyre Peninsula. And a warning, the following... {{!}} By ABC Indigenous {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=2024-12-15 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

Israeli linguist Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community in 2011 proposing to revive it, the project of reclamation being accepted enthusiastically by people of Barngarla descent. Workshops to this end were started in Port Lincoln, Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012.{{sfn|Atkinson|2013}} The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents.{{sfn|Anderson|2012}}

==Country== In Tindale's estimation, the Barngarla's traditional lands covered some {{convert|17,500|mi2|km2}}, around the eastern side of Lake Torrens south of Edeowie and west of Hookina and Port Augusta. The western reaches extended as far as Island Lagoon and Yardea. Woorakimba, Hesso, Yudnapinna, and the Gawler Ranges are formed part of Barngarla lands. The southern frontier lay around Kimba, Darke Peak, Cleve, and Franklin Harbour.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=216}}

==Social organisation== The Barngarla had two tribal divisions: the northern ''Wartabanggala'' ranged from north of Port Augusta to Ogden Hill and the vicinity of Quorn and Beltana; a southern branch, the ''Malkaripangala'', lived down the western side of the Spencer Gulf.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=216}} Referred to as Pangkala, the Barngarla have also been included in the grouping currently known as the Adnyamathanha people.<ref name=ourstory>{{cite web | title=Our Story | website=Nepabunna | url=https://nepabunna.com.au/our-story/ | access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

In 1844 the missionary C. W. Schürmann stated that the Barngarla were divided into two classes, the ''Mattiri'' and ''Karraru''.{{sfn|Mathews|1900|p=79}} This was criticized by the ethnographer R. H. Mathews, who, surveying South Australian tribes, argued that Schürmann had mixed them up, and that the proper divisions, which he called phratries shared by all these tribes was as follows:{{sfn|Mathews|1900|p=82}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Phratry ! Husband ! Wife ! Offspring |- | '''A''' || ''Kirrarroo'' || ''Matturri'' || ''Matturri'' |- | '''B''' || ''Matturri'' || ''Kirraroo'' || ''Kirraroo'' |}

The Barngarla practised both circumcision and subincision.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=216}}

== Barngarla native title == On 22 January 2015 the Barngarla people were granted native title over much of Eyre Peninsula. They had applied for {{convert|44500|km2|acres}} and received most of it.{{efn|Judge Mansfield wrote:'The fact that Barngarla language is now being relearnt by some claimants, due to the work of Adelaide University academic Ghil'ad Zuckermann, is not evidence of continuity of the Barngarla language, although it is evidence of continuity of a notion of Barngarla identity, a notion that clearly existed amongst the Barngarla community at 1846, when Barngarla people told Schürmann of the "Barngarla matta", and which can thus be inferred to have existed at sovereignty.' {{harv|Mansfield|2015}}}}{{sfn|Gage|Whiting|2015}}

On 24 September 2021 they were granted native title over the city of Port Augusta, after a protracted 25-year old battle. Justice Natalie Charlesworth presided over the sitting.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Roberts | first1=Georgia| first2=Declan |last2=Gooch | title=Barngarla people granted native title over Port Augusta after 25-year fight | website=ABC News| publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=24 September 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-24/barngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta/100489240 | access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

==Alternative names== * ''Arkaba-tura'' (men of Arkaba, a toponym) * ''Bangala, Bungela'' * ''Banggala, Bahngala'' * ''Bungeha'' * ''Jadliaura people'' * ''Kooapidna''{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=216}} * ''Kooapudna'' (Franklin Harbour horde) * ''Kortabina'' (toponym){{sfn|Green|1886|p=126}} * ''Pamkala'' * ''Pankalla, Parnkalla, Parn-kal-la, Pankarla'' * ''Punkalla'' * ''Punkirla'' * ''Wanbirujurari'' ("men of the seacoast", northern tribal term for southern hordes) * ''Willara'' * ''Willeuroo''{{sfn|Bryant|1879|p=103}} ("west"/ "westerner")

==Some words== * ''babi'' "father" * ''gadalyili, goonya, walgara'' "shark"{{efn|These three distinct terms for the one species are thought to have designated nuances whose differential meanings are no longer known {{harv|Goldsworthy|2014}}.}} * ''goordnidi'' "native dog" * ''ngami'' "mother" * ''yangkunnu'' "Pink cockatoo" * ''wilga'' "domesticated dog"

Barngarla has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural and ''superplural''.<ref name=Rev>Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2020, ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond'', [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790 Oxford University Press]. {{ISBN|9780199812790}} / {{ISBN|9780199812776}}</ref>{{rp|227–228}} For instance: * ''wárraidya'' "emu" (singular) * ''wárraidya'''ilyarranha''''' "a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" (superplural)<ref name=Rev />{{rp|228}} * ''wárraidya'''lbili''''' "two emus" (dual) * ''wárraidya'''rri''''' "emus" (plural)

==Notes== {{notelist}}

===Citations=== {{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite news | title = Australia's unspeakable indigenous tragedy | last = Anderson | first = Lainie | website = The Punch | url = http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/australias-unspeakable-indigenous-tragedy | date = 6 May 2012 }} *{{Cite book | title = Savage life and scenes in Australia and New Zealand: being an artist's impressions of countries and people at the Antipodes | last = Angas | first = George French | year = 1847 | author-link = George French Angas | publisher = Smith, Elder & Co | location = London | volume = 1,2 | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.533953/2015.533953.savage-life.pdf | via = Internet Archive }} *{{Cite news | title = Language lost and regained | last = Atkinson | first = Stephen | newspaper = The Australian | url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/language-lost-and-regained/story-e6frgcko-1226723462161 | date = 20 September 2013 }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Gawler Ranges | last = Bryant | first = James | year = 1879 | title = Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines | editor-last = Taplin | editor-first = George | editor-link = George Taplin | publisher = E Spiller, Acting Government Printer | location = Adelaide | url = https://archive.org/download/folkloremannersc00taplrich/folkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf | via = Internet Archive | page = 103 }} *{{Cite book | title = Clamor Schürmann's Barngarla grammar: A commentary on the first section of A vocabulary of the Parnkalla language | last = Clendon | first = Mark | year = 2015 | publisher = University of Adelaide Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kactCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 | isbn = 978-1-925-26111-0 }} *{{Cite book | title = Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Südaustralien | last = Eylmann | first = Erhard | year = 1908 | publisher = D.Reimer | location = Berlin | url = https://archive.org/download/dieeingeborenen00eylmgoog/dieeingeborenen00eylmgoog.pdf | via = Internet Archive }} *{{Cite news | title = Barngarla people granted partial native title over large area of SA Eyre Peninsula | last1 = Gage | first1 = Nicola | last2 = Whiting | first2 = Natalie | publisher = ABC News<!--deny Citation bot--> | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-22/barngarla-people-granted-partial-native-title-in-eyre-peninsula/6033826 | date = 28 January 2015 }} *{{Cite magazine | title = In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language | last = Goldsworthy | first = Anna | magazine = The Monthly | url = https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land | date = September 2014 }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Eastern Shore of Lake Torrens | last = Green | first = W. M. | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | volume = 2 | pages = 126–127 | url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf | via = Internet Archive }} *{{Cite book | title = The native tribes of south-east Australia | last = Howitt | first = Alfred William | year = 1904 | author-link = Alfred William Howitt | publisher = Macmillan | url = https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:319345/AU0094_NativeTribes_SE_Australia.pdf }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Port Lincoln | last1 = Le Souef | first1 = A. A. C | last2 = Holden | first2 = R.W. | author1-link = Ernest Albert Le Souef | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | volume = 2 | pages = 8–9 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf | via = Internet Archive }} *{{Cite news | title = Croft on behalf of the Barngarla Native Title Claim Group v State of South Australia | last = Mansfield | first = John | year = 2015 | author-link = John Mansfield (judge) | publisher = Federal Court of Australia | url = http://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2015/2015fca0009 }} *{{Cite web | title = map of Indigenous Australia | publisher = AIATSIS | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia | date = 10 January 2021 | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS}} }} *{{Cite journal | title = Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1900-01_39_161/page/n89 | last = Mathews | first = R. H. | author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | date = January 1900 | volume = 39 | issue = 161 | pages = 78–91+93 | jstor = 983545 }} *{{cite web | title = Our Story | website = Nepabunna | url = https://nepabunna.com.au/our-story/ | access-date = 13 November 2020 | ref = {{harvid|Nepabunna}} }} *{{Cite book | title = Researches into the physical history of mankind | edition = 3rd | last = Prichard | first = James Cowles | year = 1847 | author-link = James Cowles Prichard | publisher = Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper | volume = 5 | url = https://archive.org/download/researchesintop07pricgoog/researchesintop07pricgoog.pdf | via = Internet Archive }} *{{cite news | title = Barngarla people granted native title over Port Augusta after 25-year fight | last1 = Roberts | first1 = Georgia | last2 = Gooch | first2 = Declan | publisher = ABC News<!--deny Citation bot--> | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-24/barngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta/100489240 | date = 24 September 2021 | access-date = 13 February 2022 }} *{{Cite book | chapter = The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln | last = Schürmann | first = Clamor Wilhelm | year = 1879 | title = The Native Tribes of South Australia | editor-last = Woods | editor-first = James Dominick | publisher = E.S. Wigg & Son | location = Adelaide | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/nativetribessou00taplgoog/nativetribessou00taplgoog.pdf | via = Internet Archive | pages = 207–252 }} *{{Cite book | title = Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3 | last = Strehlow | first = C. | year = 1910 | author-link = Carl Strehlow | editor-last = Leonhardi | editor-first = Moritz von | editor-link = Moritz von Leonhardi | publisher = Joseph Baer & Co | url = https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf }} *{{Cite book | chapter = Pangkala(SA) | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974 | author-link = Norman Tindale | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pangkala.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | access-date = 16 December 2017 | archive-date = 14 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180314023321/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pangkala.htm | url-status = dead }} *{{Cite conference | title = "Our Ancestors Are Happy!": Revivalistics in the Service of Indigenous Wellbeing | last1 = Zuckermann | first1 = Ghil'ad | last2 = Walsh | first2 = Michael | author1-link = Ghil'ad Zuckermann | year = 2014 | editor1-last = Heinrich | editor1-first = Patrick | editor2-last = Ostler | editor2-first = Nicholas | publisher = Foundation for Endangered Languages and Ryukyuan Heritage Language Society | conference = FEL XVIII Ockinawa: Indigenous Languages: their Value to the Community | url = http://www.professorzuckermann.com/#!our-ancestors-are-happy-/c1bgt | via = professorzuckermann.com | pages = 113–119 }} {{refend}}

== External links == * [http://www.barngarla.com/ Barngarla: People, Language & Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117023202/https://www.barngarla.com/ |date=17 January 2021 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-lURCA_ErM An interview with Stolen Generation Barngarla man Howard Richards and his wife Isabel / Port Lincoln] * [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/parnkalla_barngarla_bungala.pdf Bibliography of Parnkalla language and people resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307152042/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/parnkalla_barngarla_bungala.pdf |date=7 March 2016 }}, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

{{Aboriginal South Australians}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia Category:Language revival Category:Port Augusta Category:Whyalla