Cleve, South Australia

{{Use Australian English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = town | name = Cleve | state = sa | image = | caption = | image_alt = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|33|42|0|S|136|29|0|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | pop =  | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = 1879 | established_footnotes = | abolished = | gazetted = | postcode = 5640 | elevation = 196 | elevation_footnotes = | area = | area_footnotes = | timezone = | utc = | timezone-dst = | utc-dst = | dist1 = 527 | dir1 = North West | location1 = Adelaide | lga = District Council of Cleve |county=Jervois<ref name=PLB>{{cite web|title=Search result for "Cleve (Locality Bounded)" (Record no SA0014332) with the following layers being selected - "Suburbs and Localities", "Local Government Areas", "Development Plan Layers", "Place names (gazetteer)" and "Hundreds"|url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#|publisher=Government of South Australia|work=Property Location Browser|accessdate=10 April 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012010923/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/|archivedate=12 October 2016}}</ref> |region= Eyre Western<ref name=EW>{{cite web|title=Eyre Western SA Government region|url=http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/21249/Eyre_Western_SA_Government_region.pdf|publisher=The Government of South Australia|accessdate=10 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216072250/http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/21249/Eyre_Western_SA_Government_region.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | stategov = Flinders<ref name=Flinders>{{cite web|title=District of Flinders Background Profile |url=http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=551&Itemid=0 |publisher=Electoral Commission SA|accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref> | fedgov = Grey<ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Grey |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-grey.pdf |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_footnotes = | managing_authorities = | url = | maxtemp = 22.0 | maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name = "e">{{Citation | last = Bureau of Meteorology | title = Cleve | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018014_All.shtml | accessdate = 29 June 2007 }}</ref> | mintemp = 11.3 | mintemp_footnotes = <ref name = "e"/> | rainfall = 964 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name = "e"/> | near-n = Campoona<br/>Mangalo | near-ne = Miltalie | near-e = Cowell | near-se = Cowell | near-s = Rudall<br/>Verran<br/>Arno Bay | near-sw = Rudall | near-w = Campoona<br/>Rudall | near-nw = Campoona | near = Cleve | footnotes = Adjoining localities<ref name=PLB/> }} thumb|Cleve Agricultural & Folk Museum in the old council building. '''Cleve''' is a small agriculturally based town on Central Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It is 226 km southwest of Port Augusta and 143 km north of Port Lincoln. At the 2006 census, Cleve had a population of 738.<ref name=Census2006Y>{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL404800|name=Cleve (L) (Urban Centre/Locality) |accessdate=27 July 2011|quick=on}}</ref> The town has its origins in the 1850s, with the town established some twenty years later.

Cleve is a hub for farmers and suppliers on the Eyre Peninsula and hosts a field day held each second year to offer the newest in farming equipment and stock.

==History== The first European settlers in the area were the three McKechnie brothers; James, Peter and Donald who arrived in 1853. The first European woman arrived in 1862; a wife of one of the brothers. They established a sheep run 43 km from the current day site of Cleve and continued living there until 1869, when Peter and Donald died, leaving James to return to his homeland of Scotland.<ref name = "a">{{Citation | last = Sydney Morning Herald Travel | title = Cleve | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/South-Australia/Cleve/2005/02/17/1108500204202.html | accessdate = 29 June 2007 | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date=8 February 2004}}</ref> The run was sold to George Melrose in 1873, and he had great initial success, shearing 30 000 sheep in his first year. This was not to last though, as dingos decimated his flock in the following years. Melrose was also the first to report rabbits on the Eyre Peninsula, an indicator of the troubles they would cause in the future.<ref name = "b">{{Citation | last = Cleve District Council | title = Cleve History | url = http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=165 | accessdate = 29 June 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040627062437/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=165 | archive-date = 27 June 2004 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1878, the current site of the town was inspected and surveyed, in anticipation of creating a new town to serve the growing wool and crop industries which were rapidly expanding.<ref name = "a" /> During this period, Arno Bay became the port for the products grown in Cleve and also underwent expansion.

The town was officially gazetted on 6 March 1879 in a square grid design meant to imitate the city of Adelaide. The main street and 1st to 5th street were neatly enclosed by North, East, South and West Terraces, and outside of this lay parklands, a school reserve and a golf course.<ref name = "b" /> The new town was named after Cleve House, the county seat in Devon, England of the Snow family, cousins of Sir William Jervois who was the Governor of South Australia at the time.<ref name = "c">{{Citation | last = Manning Index | title = Cleve | url = http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/c/c7.htm#cleve | accessdate = 29 June 2007 }}</ref> The Cleve school was opened seven years later in 1886, and would go on to become a recognised instructor in dryland farming.

Cleve has maintained its position as a leading producer of both grain and wool since the establishment, with other ventures such as copper mining in the area having little success.

===Heritage listings===

Cleve has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

* Cleve-Cowell Road: Sims Farm Homstead<ref>{{cite web | url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16537 | title=Sims Farm Homestead | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=12 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * off Cleve Road: Yeldulknie Cottage<ref>{{cite web | url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16535 | title=Dwelling ('Yeldulknie Cottage') | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=12 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * off Cleve Road: Yeldulknie Weir<ref>{{cite web | url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16536 | title=Yeldulknie Weir | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=12 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Geography== Cleve is located in the central east Eyre Peninsula, a large triangular body of land in South Australia. Many of the areas geological and geographical features are responsible for the use of the land and types of natural vegetation present. The landscape has been heavily modified since European settlement and now is predominantly farming land, with patches of native scrub in places. The Cleve Hills are a major topographical feature of the region and have areas of preserved vegetation in their bounds.

===Geology and Pedology=== The town of Cleve lies on an ancient bedrock that has undergone high grade metamorphism, with the area characterised by schists, gneisses and granites in a formation known as the Hutchison Group. These strata were laid down in the Proterozoic, some 600-2300 million years ago. The area underwent deformation during the orogeny events that shaped Australia. Just south of Cleve marks an unconformity with recent Quaternary alluvial and colluvial sediments of the Piedmont Group which were deposited less than 1 million years ago.<ref name="d">{{Citation |last=Australian Water, Land and Biodiversity Commission |title=Cleve District Ecology |url=http://www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/assets/files/eesec1.pdf |accessdate=29 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004513/http://www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/assets/files/eesec1.pdf |archivedate=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The soils around Cleve are heavily tied to the geology of the area, with Cleve having a clay overlain by sandy loam soils in the hills and on most slopes in the area. This soil is often referred to as 'Cleve soil' or 'Nobby's Hill's soil'. The soils are highly productive when they are deep enough to hold enough moisture, but are particularly susceptible to erosion, especially in steeper inclines. There is also a strong calcareous component to much of the areas soils, especially away from the slopes.<ref name = "d" />

===Climate=== Cleve has a hot mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa/Csb); with very warm, dry summers and mild, somewhat wetter winters. Temperatures vary throughout the year: with average maxima between {{convert|28.3|C}} in January to {{convert|15.3|C}} in July; and average minima between {{convert|16.1|C}} in February to {{convert|7.2|C}} in July. Annual precipitation is somewhat low: averaging {{convert|402.2|mm|in|abbr=on}}, between 108.4 precipitation days- primarily concentrated in winter. The rainfall is generally not enough to cause any flooding, and certainly not within the bounds of the town. The Cleve hills, however are the catchment areas for Salt Creek, and localised flooding in the valleys has been reported. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|46.0|C}} on the 24th of January 2019 to {{convert|0.2|C}} on 13 June 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.farmonlineweather.com.au/climate/station.jsp?lt=site&lc=18014 |title = Cleve Climate (1896-2024) |publisher = FarmOnline Weather |access-date = July 27, 2024}}</ref>

{{Weather box |location = Cleve (33º42'00"S, 136º29'24"E, 193 m AMSL) (1939-2024 normals, extremes 1957-2024, rainfall to 1896) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 46.0 |Feb record high C = 44.6 |Mar record high C = 43.2 |Apr record high C = 38.1 |May record high C = 30.5 |Jun record high C = 26.8 |Jul record high C = 27.6 |Aug record high C = 30.2 |Sep record high C = 35.9 |Oct record high C = 39.7 |Nov record high C = 43.3 |Dec record high C = 45.9 |Jan high C = 28.3 |Feb high C = 27.7 |Mar high C = 25.9 |Apr high C = 22.8 |May high C = 19.0 |Jun high C = 16.0 |Jul high C = 15.3 |Aug high C = 16.7 |Sep high C = 19.6 |Oct high C = 22.4 |Nov high C = 24.9 |Dec high C = 26.8 |Jan low C = 15.8 |Feb low C = 16.1 |Mar low C = 14.8 |Apr low C = 12.4 |May low C = 10.0 |Jun low C = 8.0 |Jul low C = 7.2 |Aug low C = 7.4 |Sep low C = 8.6 |Oct low C = 10.3 |Nov low C = 12.3 |Dec low C = 14.1 |Jan record low C = 7.2 |Feb record low C = 8.3 |Mar record low C = 6.8 |Apr record low C = 4.0 |May record low C = 2.1 |Jun record low C = 0.2 |Jul record low C = 0.3 |Aug record low C = 0.6 |Sep record low C = 1.5 |Oct record low C = 2.5 |Nov record low C = 4.1 |Dec record low C = 6.1 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 16.9 |Feb precipitation mm = 22.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 21.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 28.6 |May precipitation mm = 40.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 47.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 45.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 48.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 41.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 36.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 28.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 26.4 |year precipitation mm = 402.2 |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 4.0 |Feb precipitation days = 4.2 |Mar precipitation days = 5.4 |Apr precipitation days = 7.7 |May precipitation days = 11.7 |Jun precipitation days = 13.6 |Jul precipitation days = 14.5 |Aug precipitation days = 14.4 |Sep precipitation days = 11.3 |Oct precipitation days = 9.3 |Nov precipitation days = 6.6 |Dec precipitation days = 5.7 |Jan afthumidity = 39 |Feb afthumidity = 42 |Mar afthumidity = 44 |Apr afthumidity = 47 |May afthumidity = 55 |Jun afthumidity = 61 |Jul afthumidity = 60 |Aug afthumidity = 55 |Sep afthumidity = 48 |Oct afthumidity = 43 |Nov afthumidity = 39 |Dec afthumidity = 40 |Jan dew point C = 10.3 |Feb dew point C = 10.7 |Mar dew point C = 9.9 |Apr dew point C = 8.1 |May dew point C = 7.8 |Jun dew point C = 6.5 |Jul dew point C = 6.0 |Aug dew point C = 5.4 |Sep dew point C = 5.4 |Oct dew point C = 5.7 |Nov dew point C = 6.7 |Dec dew point C = 8.8 |source 1 = Bureau of Meteorology (1939-2024 normals, extremes 1957-2024, rainfall to 1896)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018014_All.shtml |title = Cleve Climate Statistics (1896-2024) |publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |access-date = July 27, 2024}} </ref> }}

===Flora and Fauna=== The most common vegetation association in the area is classified as ''Open Scrub (Mallee/Broombush)'', which is typical of most of the mid eastern Eyre Peninsula, consisting of ''Eucalyptus socialis'' (summer red mallee), ''Eucalyptus incrassata'' (ridge fruited mallee) and ''Eucalyptus leptophylla'' (narrow-leafed mallee), with a ''Melaleuca uncinata'' (broombush) understorey.

The southern Cleve hills show a greater variety of vegetation, with ''Open Scrub (Mallee/Saltbush)'', typically containing ''Eucalyptus porosa'' (mallee box), ''Eucalyptus gracilis'' and ''Eucalyptus oleosa'' with an understorey of ''Atriplex vesicaria'' (bladder saltbush).

Low Open Forest associations of sheoaks (''Allocasuarina verticillata'') with a varied understorey of Acacia species, native grasses and heath species are also found in the hills, as are the Blue gum woodlands which occur predominantly in the valleys of the Cleve Hills and along creeklines on the adjacent plains.<ref name = "d" />

The native fauna associated with the region consisted of euros and western grey kangaroos which were commonplace until land clearing and the introduction of pest species such as rabbits and foxes.<ref name = "f">{{Citation | last = Tourism Eyre Peninsula | title = Cleve | url = http://www.tep.com.au/region/cleve.htm| accessdate = 29 June 2007 }}</ref>

==Economy== thumb|Cleve Local Newsagent The economy of Cleve is heavily tied to agriculture, and therefore rainfall. The most common products of the areas farms are grain of a number of cereal crops and wool from sheep. Due to Cleve having such a low rainfall, dryland farming techniques have been applied with success, and the town school integrates the techniques in agriculture courses.

The town has a number of retail outlets including supermarket, clothing, shoes, art & craft supplies, banking facilities, professional & medical services, butcher, service industries, post office, rural supplies, hotel, mechanical & RAA services, news agency, garden centre and a pharmacy.<ref name="KarlaStevens">{{Citation | last = Cleve District Council | title = General information | url = http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=131 | accessdate = 29 June 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070829112019/http://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=131 | archivedate = 29 August 2007}}</ref>

Tourism plays a very minor part in Cleve, with a number of events including the 'Eyre Peninsula Field Days' and a variety of other annual events attracting mainly farming minded tourists. A number of attractions within the town including murals, parks and Ticklebelly Hill which overlooks Cleve.<ref name = "KarlaStevens" />

==Community== thumb|Cleve District Hospital and aged care facility Cleve has a number of community based facilities and groups established, relating to health, education, sport and culture. In health, Cleve has a modern 20 bed accredited Australia Council & Health Care Standards hospital servicing Cleve District with residential general practitioners & physiotherapist with a number of visiting specialists.<ref name="KarlaStevens" />

The ''Eyre Peninsula Field Days'' are a three-day-long field day held in Cleve every second week of August in even numbered years. Other annual events include the agricultural show and Christmas pageant

=== Media === The area's regional newspaper, the ''Eyre Peninsula Tribune'', has its headquarters on Main Street in Cleve. It has been published weekly since March 1911, and services the surrounding region.

===Education=== thumb|Cleve Area School. The town is well served in education, with childcare, an area school and TAFE campus (a tiny room on main street). ''Cleve Area School'' is a major agricultural school in South Australia, specialising in dry land agriculture. In 2005, some students scored 20/20 in agricultural subjects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cleve.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?story_id=451049 |publisher=Eyre Peninsula Tribune |accessdate=23 July 2006 |date=12 January 2006 |title=Local Year 12s excel }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The school won the South Australian Westpac Landcare Education Award in 2005 for its exemplary integration of good land management practices into its Agriculture curriculum.<ref>[http://www.landcareonline.com LandcareOnline - Community, corporates, government working together for a sustainable environment]</ref> Cleve Area School was an Australian finalist in the Westpac Landcare Education Awards for 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wic004tv.server-secure.com/vs154616_secure/resources/Education2005.pdf|title=Westpac Landcare Education Award |accessdate=23 July 2006 |publisher=Landcare Australia |work=2005-2006 National Landcare Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823050550/https://wic004tv.server-secure.com/vs154616_secure/resources/Education2005.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sport=== Cleve has a wide array of sporting facilities and clubs with basketball, lawn bowls, cricket, football, golf - scrapes, netball, pistol, pony & hunt club, softball, swimming pool and tennis all provided for as well as a dartboard in the drop in centre. A number of these sports compete in local leagues as well.<ref name = "KarlaStevens" />

===Demographics=== In the 2006 Census, there were 738 persons usually resident in Cleve: 49.6% of which were males and 50.4% were females. Of the total population in Cleve 0.4% were Indigenous persons. It was found that 19.3% of the population usually resident in the town were children aged between 0–14 years, and 33.1% were persons aged 55 years and over. The median age of persons in Cleve was 41 years, compared with 37 years for persons in Australia<ref name=Census2006Y />

In the {{CensusAU|2006}}, 93.5% of people were Australian citizens, 3.6% were born overseas. 90.8% of people stated they were born in Australia. Other common responses within Cleve were: England 1.9%, Zimbabwe 0.5%, Scotland 0.5%, Italy 0.5% and Ethiopia 0.4% (3 people).<ref name=Census2006Y /> Update: The 3 Ethiopians have since moved to Cowell. Further Update: The 3 Ethiopians have now moved back.

The most common responses for religious affiliation were Uniting Church 26.0%, No Religion 15.9%, Catholic 15.1%, Anglican 13.1% and Lutheran 9.6%.<ref name=Census2006Y />

===Government=== Cleve is today the base of the District Council of Cleve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=District Council of Cleve |url=https://www.cleve.sa.gov.au/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=District Council of Cleve |language=en}}</ref> It is in the state electoral district of Flinders and the federal Division of Grey.

==Transport== Cleve does not lie on either of Eyre Peninsula's main two highways, but lies on the intersection of the aptly named Arno Bay-Cleve and Cowell roads. Both are sealed, although alternate ways may be taken on unsealed dirt roads.

As for getting to Cleve, automobile is the most common option, although a regular coach (Stateliner) service operates between Cleve and a number of other Eyre Peninsula towns including Port Lincoln. Cleve can be accessed from Adelaide using these services as well. The option of catching the SeaSA<ref>[http://www.seasa.com.au - SeaSA Ferry Website]</ref> Ferry across to Lucky Bay from Wallaroo is running again cutting travel times.

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.eyrepeninsulafielddays.com.au/ Eyre Peninsula Field Days] *[http://www.smh.com.au/news/South-Australia/Cleve/2005/02/17/1108500204202.html Fairfax Digital Travel - Cleve] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027042154/http://www.cleve.yourguide.com.au/home.asp Eyre Peninsula Tribune] *[http://cleveas.sa.edu.au/ Cleve Area School]

Category:Towns in South Australia Category:Eyre Peninsula