{{Short description|Subfamily of plants, mainly from the Southern Hemisphere}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2018}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Hakea laurina Tas.jpg | image_caption = Inflorescence and leaves of the pin-cushion hakea (''Hakea laurina'') | taxon = Grevilleoideae | authority = Engl. | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }}
The '''Grevilleoideae''' are a subfamily of the plant family Proteaceae. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it contains around 46 genera and about 950 species. Genera include ''Banksia'', ''Grevillea'', and ''Macadamia''.
==Description== The Grevilleoideae grow as trees, shrubs, or subshrubs. They are highly variable, making a simple, diagnostic identification key for the subfamily essentially impossible to provide. One common and fairly diagnostic characteristic is the occurrence of flowers in pairs that share a common bract. However, a few Grevilleoideae taxa do not have this property, having solitary flowers or inflorescences of unpaired flowers. In most taxa, the flowers occur in densely packed heads or spikes, and the fruit is a follicle.
==Distribution and habitat== Grevilleoideae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family. The main centre of diversity is Australia, with around 700 of 950 species occurring there, and South America also contains taxa. However, the Grevilleoideae are barely present in Africa, where almost all of Proteaceae taxa belong to the subfamily Proteoideae.<ref name="Flora of Australia">{{cite book |author= |editor-last1=Orchard |editor-first1=Anthony E. |editor-last2=McCarthy |editor-first2=Patrick |title=Flora of Australia, Volume 16: Elaeagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol16 |chapter=Proteaceae |location=Melbourne |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study / CSIRO Publishing |access-date=2006-06-28}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2024}} The lone exception and only grevilleoid in Africa is the ''Brabejum'' tree of Cape Town.
==Taxonomy== [[Image:Sten sinuatus.jpg|thumb|right|''Stenocarpus sinuatus'' (firewheel tree)]] [[Image:Lomatia silaifolia email.jpg|thumb|right|''Lomatia silaifolia'']] [[Image:Teloreades1.jpg|thumb|right|''Telopea oreades'', the Gippsland waratah]] [[Image:Grevillia banksii0.jpg|thumb|right|''Grevillea banksii'']] [[Image:Dryandra sessilis 2 cape Naturaliste email.jpg|thumb|right|''Banksia sessilis'' (parrotbush)]] The framework for classification of the Proteaceae was laid by L.A.S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".<ref name="Lawrence 1975">{{cite journal|author = L. A. S. Johnson and Briggs, B. G. | year = 1975 | title = On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family | journal = Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany | volume = 70 | pages = 83–182 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x|issue = 2}}</ref> Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. The Grevilleoideae are now considered one of five subfamilies of the Proteaceae. The placement and circumscription of the Grevilleoideae in four tribes, according to Weston and Barker can be summarised as:<ref name="Weston 2006">{{cite journal|author1=Weston, Peter H. |author2=Barker, Nigel P. |year=2006 |title=A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/emuwebnswlive/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=45460&reftable=ebibliography |journal=Telopea |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=314–344 |doi=10.7751/telopea20065733 |doi-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002182810/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/80856/Tel11Wes314.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-02 }}</ref> * Tribe incertae sedis ::::''Sphalmium'' — ''Carnarvonia''
===Roupaleae=== Authority: Meisn. :::incertae sedis ::::''Megahertzia'' — ''Knightia'' — ''Eucarpha'' — ''Triunia'' :::Subtribe Roupalinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Roupala'' — ''Neorites'' — ''Orites'' :::Subtribe Lambertiinae (Venk.Rao) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Lambertia'' — ''Xylomelum'' :::Subtribe Heliciinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Helicia'' — ''Hollandaea'' :::Subtribe Floydiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Darlingia'' — ''Floydia''
===Banksieae=== Authority: Rchb. :::fossil form genera ::::''Banksieaeidites'' — ''Banksieaeformis'' — ''Banksieaephyllum'' :::Subtribe Musgraveinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Musgravea'' — ''Austromuellera'' :::Subtribe Banksiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Banksia''
===Embothrieae=== Authority: Rchb. :::Subtribe Lomatiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Lomatia'' :::Subtribe Embothriinae Endl. ::::''Embothrium'' — ''Oreocallis'' — ''Alloxylon'' — ''Telopea'' :::Subtribe Stenocarpinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Stenocarpus'' — ''Strangea'' :::Subtribe Hakeinae Endl. ::::''Opisthiolepis'' — ''Buckinghamia'' — ''Hakea'' — ''Grevillea'' — ''Finschia''
===Macadamieae=== Authority: Venk.Rao :::Subtribe Macadamiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Macadamia'' — ''Panopsis'' — ''Brabejum'' :::Subtribe Malagasiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker ::::''Malagasia'' — ''Catalepidia'' :::Subtribe Virotiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker ::::''Virotia'' — ''Athertonia'' — ''Heliciopsis'' :::Subtribe Gevuininae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs ::::''Cardwellia'' — ''Euplassa'' — ''Gevuina'' — ''Bleasdalea'' — ''Hicksbeachia'' — ''Kermadecia''
==Uses== [[Image:MacNut2.JPG|thumb|right|Edible nuts of ''Macadamia'']] The nursery industry cultivates many Grevilleoideae species as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut-flower industry, especially some ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' species. Two species of the genus ''Macadamia'' and the Chilean species ''Gevuina avellana'' (Chilean hazel) are grown commercially for edible nuts. Chilean hazel has an acceptable frost tolerance.
==References== {{Wikispecies|Grevilleoideae}} {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1934685}}
Category:Grevilleoideae Category:Eudicot subfamilies