Helicia

{{Short description|Genus of plants}} {{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ss|date=September 2021}} {{Use list-defined references|date=April 2013}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon (Plate LXXIX) (6430659811).jpg | image_caption = ''Helicia ceylanica'' | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Helicia | authority = Lour. | type_species = ''Helicia cochinchinensis'' | type_species_authority = Lour.<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 115 – see text | synonyms = {{genus list |Castronia |Noronha |Cyanocarpus |F.M.Bailey |Helittophyllum |Blume}} | synonyms_ref =<ref name=POWO/> }}

'''''Helicia''''' is a genus of 115 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and as far south as New South Wales.

== Conservation == Many ''Helicia'' species are threatened to various degrees, as officially recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or near threatened (see Species list for details).

==Naming and classification== In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as ''Helicia'' in his publication ''Flora Cochinchinensis''.<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/> The type species for the genus was ''Helicia cochinchinensis'', the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam.<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=APNI/> The genus name derives from the Greek word "{{lang|grc|έλιξ}}" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open).<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ/><ref name=Foreman-1995/><ref name=Flickr-H.-formosana-flowers-closeup/>

In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named ''Helicia robusta'' for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India,<ref name=Wallich-1831/> based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name ''Roupala robusta'' by William Roxburgh.<ref name=Roxburgh-1814/> Roxburgh's Calcutta botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller formally described several new Australian species.<ref name=Mueller-1857/><ref name=Mueller-1860/><ref name=Mueller-1862/> In the late 1800s and early 1900s Frederick M. Bailey concentrated further on additional Queensland species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.<ref name=Bailey-1899/><ref name=Bailey-1901/><ref name=Bailey-1913/>

In 1939, Hermann O. Sleumer described many additional Malesian species, especially in New Guinea.<ref name=Sleumer-1939/> In 1955, he published a revision of the genus.<ref name=Sleumer-1955/> In 1956, his treatment of the genus in ''Flora Malesiana'' was published.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}} From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist Don B. Foreman, who was based in Papua New Guinea and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;<ref name=Foreman-1984-Australia/><ref name=Foreman-1985-PNG/><ref name=Foreman-1986-Australia/><ref name=Foreman-1988-NG/> notably in the authoritative ''Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea'' (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}} and in the authoritative ''Flora of Australia'' (1981–, 60 volume series) he wrote the treatment of ''Helicia''.<ref name=Foreman-1995/>

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in Borneo.<ref name=Chung-2001/><ref name=Chung-1998/> In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.<ref name=Weston-2006/><ref name=Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Website/><ref name=Mabberley-2008/>

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs grouped ''Helicia'' with ''Xylomelum'' in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".<ref name=Johnson-Briggs-1975/> However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between ''Hollandaea'' and ''Helicia'', and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.<ref name=Weston-2006/>

==Diversity and description== [[File:Helicia glabriflora Coffs Harbour Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|left| ''Helicia glabriflora'' from New South Wales, Australia]] ''Helicia'' plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to {{Convert|30|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name = Wrigley-1991/>

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.{{Sfnp|Sleumer|1956|pp=164–190}}{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name=Weston-2006/> The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some ''Helicia'', in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. ''H. cochinchinensis'' has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name for this species, {{Nihongo3||山もがし|Yama-mogashi}}, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family.<ref name=Oi-1965-Fl.-Japan/> In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.{{Sfnp|Foreman|1995|pp=221–270}}<ref name=Weston-2006/> In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils,<ref name = Wrigley-1991/> especially in the farthest south region of ''Helicia'''s global distribution, the Illawarra, New South Wales, south of Sydney, where only one species ''H. glabriflora'' occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-H.-glabriflora/><ref name=Bofeldt-Illawarra-plants-at-risk/>

==Cultivation== In India and east Asia, Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s.<ref name=Roxburgh-1814/> In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species.<ref name = Wrigley-1991/> In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.<ref name=Elliot-Jones-1992/>

==Species== {{As of|2025|10}}, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 115 species:{{R|POWO}} {{Columns-list|colwidth=18em| *''Helicia acutifolia'' {{small|Sleumer}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-acutifolia}} *''Helicia affinis'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia albiflora'' {{small|Sleumer}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-albiflora}} *''Helicia amplifolia'' {{small|Sleumer}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-amplifolia}} *''Helicia archboldiana'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia arguta'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia attenuata'' {{small|(Jack) Blume}} *''Helicia australasica'' {{small|F.Muell.}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-australasica}} *''Helicia biformis'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia blakei'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia bullata'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia calocoma'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-calocoma}} *''Helicia cameronii'' {{small|F.Muell.}} *''Helicia carrii'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia cauliflora'' {{small|Merr.}} *''Helicia celata'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia celebica'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia ceylanica'' {{small|Gardner}} *''Helicia clemensiae'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia clivicola'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} *''Helicia cochinchinensis'' {{small|Lour.}} *''Helicia coeruleopurpurea'' {{small|P.Royen}} *''Helicia commutata'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia danlagunzadii'' {{small|Malabrigo, Eduarte, A.G.Umali, A.B.Tobias & Navidad}} *''Helicia dentellata'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia dongxingensis'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}} *''Helicia elephanti'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia excelsa'' {{small|(Roxb.) Blume}} *''Helicia falcata'' {{small|C.Y.Wu}} *''Helicia ferruginea'' {{small|F.Muell.}} *''Helicia finisterrae'' {{small|Lauterb.}} *''Helicia forbesiana'' {{small|F.Muell.}} *''Helicia formosana'' {{small|Hemsl.}} *''Helicia fragilis'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia fuscotomentosa'' {{small|Suess.}} *''Helicia glabrescens'' {{small|C.T.White}} *''Helicia glabriflora'' {{small|F.Muell.}} *''Helicia graciliflora'' {{small|Merr.}} *''Helicia grandifolia'' {{small|Lecomte}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-grandifolia}} *''Helicia grandis'' {{small|Hemsl.}} *''Helicia grayi'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia hainanensis'' {{small|Hayata}} *''Helicia hypoglauca'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia insculpta'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia insularis'' {{small|Foreman}} – endangered{{R|IUCN-insularis}} *''Helicia kjellbergii'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia kwangtungensis'' {{small|W.T.Wang}} *''Helicia laiagamensis'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia lamingtoniana'' {{small|(F.M.Bailey) C.T.White ex L.S.Sm.}} *''Helicia latifolia'' {{small|C.T.White}} – near threatened{{R|IUCN-latifolia}} *''Helicia lauterbachiana'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia ledermannii'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia lewisensis'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia longespicata'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia longipetiolata'' {{small|Merr. & Chun}} *''Helicia loranthoides'' {{small|C.Presl}} *''Helicia macrostachya'' {{small|Lauterb.}} *''Helicia maxwelliana'' {{small|Gibbs}} *''Helicia microcarpa'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia microneura'' {{small|C.T.White}} *''Helicia microphylla'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia moluccana'' {{small|(R.Br.) Blume}} *''Helicia neglecta'' {{small|Diels ex Sleumer}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-neglecta}} *''Helicia nilagirica'' {{small|Bedd.}} *''Helicia nortoniana'' {{small|F.M.Bailey}} *''Helicia obovatifolia'' {{small|Merr. & Chun}} *''Helicia obtusata'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia odorata'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia olivacea'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia oreadum'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia pallescens'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia paucinervia'' {{small|Merr.}} *''Helicia peekelii'' {{small|Lauterb.}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-peekelii}} *''Helicia peltata'' {{small|C.T.White}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-peltata}} *''Helicia petelotii'' {{small|Merr.}} *''Helicia petiolaris'' {{small|Benn.}} *''Helicia platyphylla'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia polyosmoides'' {{small|Foreman}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-polyosmoides}} *''Helicia pterygota'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia purpurascens'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia pyrrhobotrya'' {{small|Kurz}} *''Helicia recurva'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia rengetiensis'' {{small|Masam.}} *''Helicia reticulata'' {{small|W.T.Wang}} *''Helicia retivenia'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia retusa'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-retusa}} *''Helicia rigidiflora'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia robusta'' {{small|(Roxb.) R.Br. ex Blume}} *''Helicia rostrata'' {{small|Foreman}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-rostrata}} *''Helicia rufescens'' {{small|Prain}} *''Helicia saruwagedica'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia saurauioides'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia schlechteri'' {{small|Lauterb.}} *''Helicia sellae-montis'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia serrata'' {{small|(R.Br.) Blume}} *''Helicia sessilifolia'' {{small|R.C.K.Chung}} *''Helicia shweliensis'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} – endangered{{R|IUCN-shweliensis}} *''Helicia silvicola'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} *''Helicia sleumeri'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia stelechantha'' {{small|Diels}} *''Helicia stenophylla'' {{small|Merr.}} *''Helicia subcordata'' {{small|Foreman}} – critically endangered{{R|IUCN-subcordata}} *''Helicia symplocoides'' {{small|R.C.K.Chung}} – vulnerable{{R|IUCN-symplocoides}} *''Helicia teysmanniana'' {{small|Sleumer}} *''Helicia tibetensis'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}} *''Helicia torricellensis'' {{small|Lauterb.}} *''Helicia tsaii'' {{small|W.T.Wang}} *''Helicia uganensis'' {{small|Diels ex Sleumer}} *''Helicia vanroyenii'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia versteeghii'' {{small|Foreman}} *''Helicia vestita'' {{small|W.W.Sm.}} *''Helicia wollastonii'' {{small|Ridl.}} *''Helicia woxvoldiana'' {{small|W.N.Takeuchi}} *''Helicia yangchunensis'' {{small|H.S.Kiu}} *''Helicia yingtzulinia'' {{small|S.S.Ying}} }}

==References== {{Reflist|26em|refs= <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32922-1 |title=''Helicia'' Lour. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Loureiro-1790-Orig-Publ> {{Cite book | last= Loureiro | first= João de | author-link= João de Loureiro | year= 1790 | contribution= ''Helicia'': ''Helicia cochinchinensis'' | title= Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes | volume= 1 | page= 83 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/653282 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 | publisher= Typis, et expensis academicis }} </ref>

<ref name="APNI">{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&name=Helicia&inc.scientific=on&max=100&display=apni&search=true |title=''Helicia'' |website=Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1995> {{Cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Don B. |year= 1995a |editor1-last=McCarthy |editor1-first=Patrick |contribution=Helicia |chapter-url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45173 |title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 |series=Flora of Australia series |url=|pages=393–399|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|isbn=978-0-643-05692-3}} </ref>

<ref name=Flickr-H.-formosana-flowers-closeup> {{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2067794388/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007}}<br /> {{flickr-inline2| id=photos/foggy_forest/8431594275/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012}}<br /> {{flickr-inline2| id=photos/mingiweng/2066985263/ | name=''Helicia formosana'' flowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007}} </ref>

<ref name=Wallich-1831> {{Cite book | last1= Wallich | first1= Nathaniel | author-link= Nathaniel Wallich | year= 1831 | contribution= no. 2702 ''Helicia robusta'' | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1481044 | title= Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta | location= London | publication-date= 1828–1849 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1917 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }} </ref>

<ref name=Roxburgh-1814> {{Cite book | last1= Roxburgh | first1= William | year= 1814 | contribution= ''Roupala robusta'' Roxb. | contribution-url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/83.jpg | last2= Carey | first2= William | title= Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. (Hort. Bengal.) | location= Serampore | publisher= Mission Press | page= 83 | url= http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ |via=wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/ | access-date= 21 Apr 2013 }} </ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1857> {{Cite journal |last1=Mueller |first1= Ferdinand von |year=1857 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/784897#page/24/mode/1up |title=Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in Plagis Australiae Intratropicis nuperrime detecta: Helicia australasica |journal= Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany |volume=9 |page=22 |access-date= 21 Apr 2013}} </ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1860>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1860 |publisher=Joannis Ferres |location=Melbourne |volume=2 |page=91 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760878 |lang=la |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Mueller-1862>{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Ferdinand von |title=Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ |date=1862 |publisher=Joannis Ferres |location=Melbourne |volume=3 |page=37 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/759679 |lang=la |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1899> Bailey, F.M., (1899) Contributions to the Flora of Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal 5(4)  </ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1901> Bailey, F.M., (1901) The Queensland Flora 4  </ref>

<ref name=Bailey-1913> Bailey, F.M., (1913) Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants  </ref>

<ref name=Sleumer-1939> {{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1939 | title= Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Proteaceen Papuasiens | journal= Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik | volume= 70 | issue= 1 }} </ref>

<ref name=Sleumer-1955> {{Cite journal | last1= Sleumer | first1= Hermann O. | year= 1955 | title= Studies in old world Proteaceae, 5, A revision of the genus ''Helicia'' Lour. | journal= Blumea | volume= 8 | pages= 7–79 }} </ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1984-Australia> {{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1984 | title= A review of the genus ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) in Australia | journal= Brunonia | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | doi=10.1071/bru9830059 | page=59}} </ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1985-PNG> {{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1985 | title= Seven new species of ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) from Papua New Guinea | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 79–92 | doi= 10.5962/p.184061 | s2cid= 251004331 | doi-access= free }} </ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1986-Australia> {{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1986 | title= A new species of ''Helicia'', new combinations and lectotypification in ''Triunia'' (Proteaceae) from Australia. | journal= Muelleria | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | at= pp. 193–96, fig. 1 }} </ref>

<ref name=Foreman-1988-NG> {{Cite journal | last1= Foreman | first1= Don B. | year= 1988 | title= New species of ''Helicia'' Lour. (Proteaceae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya | journal= Kew Bulletin | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 669–681 | doi=10.2307/4110485| jstor= 4110485 }} </ref>

<ref name=Chung-2001> {{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 2001 | title= Taxonomic notes on the Bornean ''Helicia'' and ''Heliciopsis'' (Proteaceae) | journal= Journal of Tropical Forest Science | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 534–547 |url= http://www.frim.gov.my/v1/JTFSOnline/jtfs/v13n3/534-547.pdf | access-date= 24 Apr 2013 }} </ref>

<ref name=Chung-1998> {{Cite journal | last1= Chung | first1= Richard C. K. | year= 1998 | title= New species of ''Helicia'' Lour. and ''Heliciopsis'' Sleumer (Proteaceae) from Borneo | journal= The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore | volume= 50 | pages= 151–160  | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43660447 |via=biodiversitylibrary.org | access-date= 29 Jan 2014 }} </ref>

<ref name=Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Website> {{Cite web | url= http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/protealesweb.html#Proteaceae | last1= Stevens | first1= Peter F. | orig-date= 2001 onwards | date= Sep 2013 | title= Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Proteaceae | version= Version 13, 28 Sep 2013 with updates | quote= ''Helicia'' (100) | access-date= 7 Dec 2014 }} </ref>

<ref name=Mabberley-2008> {{Cite book | last = Mabberley | first = David J. | date = May 2008 | title = Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classifications, and Uses | edition = 3rd, revised, illustrated | location = Cambridge, UK | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 396 | isbn = 978-0-521-82071-4 | quote= ''Helicia'' Lour. Proteaceae (V 1). c. 100 Indomal., Pac. }} </ref>

<ref name=Johnson-Briggs-1975> {{Cite journal | last1= Johnson | first1= Lawrie A. S. | author-link1= Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson | last2= Briggs | first2= Barbara G. | author-link2= Barbara G. Briggs | year= 1975 | title= On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family | journal= Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany | volume= 70 | pages= 83–182 | doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x | issue= 2}} </ref>

<ref name=Weston-2006> {{Cite journal|last1=Weston |first1=Peter H. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel P. |year=2006 |title=A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera |journal=Telopea |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=314–344 |doi=10.7751/telopea20065733 |doi-access=free }} </ref>

<ref name=Wrigley-1991> {{Cite book | last1= Wrigley | first1= John | last2= Fagg | first2= Murray | title= Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year= 1991 | publisher= Angus & Robertson | location= Sydney | isbn= 978-0-207-17277-9 | pages= 414–16 }} </ref>

<ref name=Oi-1965-Fl.-Japan> {{Cite book | last1= Oi | first1= Jisaburo | year= 1965 | orig-date= 1953 | contribution= Proteaceae: ''Helicia'' | contribution-url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30046305 | editor1-last= Meyer | editor1-first= Frederick G. | editor2-last= Walker | editor2-first= Egbert H. | title= Flora of Japan (in English): combined, much revised and extended translation by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957) | location= Tokyo, Japan | publisher= National Science Museum | pages= 394–5 | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95083 }} </ref>

<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-H.-glabriflora> {{Cite web | url= http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Helicia~glabriflora | last1= Harden | first1 = Gwen J. | year= 2001 | title= ''Helicia glabriflora'' – New South Wales Flora Online | work= PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System | location= Sydney, Australia | publisher= The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust | version= 2.0 | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }} </ref>

<ref name=Bofeldt-Illawarra-plants-at-risk> {{Cite tech report | last1= Bofeldt | first1= Anders | year= 2011 | contribution= Table 1: ''Helicia glabriflora'' | contribution-url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Table-1.-Plants-at-risk-in-the-Illawarra-region.pdf | title= Plants at Risk in the Illawarra: Introduction to Table 1 | url= http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Intro-to-table-1-by-Anders.pdf | version= Online via LandcareIllawarra.org.au | location= NSW | access-date= 25 Apr 2013 }} *{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Tribute to Anders |website=Landcare Illawarra |url=http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719084613/http://www.landcareillawarra.org.au/landcare-illawarra-projects/tribute-to-anders/ |archive-date=2012-07-19}}</ref>

<ref name=Elliot-Jones-1992> {{Cite book | last1= Elliot | first1= Rodger W. | last2= Jones | first2= David L. | last3= Blake | first3= Trevor | title= Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go | year= 1992 | page= 285 | publisher= Lothian Press | location= Port Melbourne | isbn= 978-0-85091-213-5 }} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-acutifolia> {{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia acutifolia'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32945A123130541 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32945A123130541.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-albiflora> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia albiflora'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32940A9743886 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32940A9743886.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-amplifolia> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia amplifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32931A9743214 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32931A9743214.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-australasica> {{cite iucn |author=Benwell, A. |author2=Ford, A. |author3=Forster, P. |author4=Griffith, S. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia australasica'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T38142A123114975 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38142A123114975.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-calocoma> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia calocoma'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37605A10065406 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37605A10065406.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-grandifolia> {{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia grandifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T35958A9964266 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-insularis> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia insularis'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38143A10102333 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38143A10102333.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-latifolia> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia latifolia'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38144A10102386 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38144A10102386.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-neglecta> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia neglecta'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T38145A10102446 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38145A10102446.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-peekelii> {{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia peekelii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37610A10065914 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37610A10065914.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-peltata> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia peltata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32936A9743538 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32936A9743538.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-polyosmoides> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia polyosmoides'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37609A10065785 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37609A10065785.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-retusa> {{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia retusa'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37608A10065677 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37608A10065677.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-rostrata> {{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Helicia rostrata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37606A10065491 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37606A10065491.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-shweliensis> {{cite iucn |author=Martínez Richart, A.I. |date=2020 |title=''Helicia shweliensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32409A139922029 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32409A139922029.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-subcordata> {{cite iucn |author=Eddowes, P.J. |date=1998 |title=''Helicia subcordata'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T37614A10066305 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37614A10066305.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} </ref>

<ref name=IUCN-symplocoides> {{cite iucn | author1=Tsen, S. |author2=Felix, E. C. |author3=Julia, S. |author4=Khoo, E. |author5=Maycock, C.R. |author6=Nilus, R. |author7=Sugau, J. |author8=Pereira, J.T. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Helicia symplocoides'' |article-number=e.T138790767A168341546 |year=2022 |access-date=17 February 2024}} </ref> }}

=== Cited works === {{Div col|colwidth=31em}} * {{Cite book |last1=Foreman |first1=Don B. |year=1995 |chapter=Proteaceae |editor1-last=Conn |editor1-first=Barry J. |title=Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea |volume=3 |pages=221–270 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Melbourne University Press |url=http://www.pngplants.org |via=www.pngplants.org |access-date=22 Mar 2013}} * {{Cite web |last1=LaFrankie |first1=J. V. |year=2011 |title=''Helicia'' |work=Flora of the Philippines: Proteaceae [draft] |publisher=University of the Philippines |version=Flora of the Philippines online, updated 3 Sept 2012 |url=http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229053235/http://www.philippineflora.info/Families/Proteaceae/Helicia.html |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=23 April 2013 |via=philippineflora.info}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=114876 |last1=Qiu |first1=Huaxing |last2=Weston |first2=Peter H. |year=2004 |title=''Helicia'' Lour. |work=Flora of China |version=Online version |location=Beijing and St. Louis, MO |publisher=Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press |access-date=21 Apr 2013}} * {{Cite book |last1=Sleumer |first1=Hermann O. |author1-link=Hermann Otto Sleumer |year=1956 |contribution=Helicia |contribution-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40228447 |title=Flora Malesiana Vol. 5: Proteaceae |series=Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants |pages=164–190 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University |access-date=21 Apr 2013  |title-link=Flora Malesiana}} * {{cite web |title=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home |first1=F.A. |last1=Zich |first2=B.P.M |last2=Hyland |first3=T. |last3=Whiffen |first4=R.A. |last4=Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html |access-date=22 Mar 2021}} {{Div col end}}

Category:Helicia Category:Proteaceae genera Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Category:Proteales of Australia Category:Taxa named by João de Loureiro