Eastern Bengali dialects

{{Short description|Group of dialects of Bengali}} {{Infobox dialect | name = Eastern Bengali | altname = Eastern Bengali Vaṅga Bengali Baṅgālī Bengali | nativename = বঙ্গ বাংলা বঙ্গালী বাংলা | state = Bangladesh India | region = '''Bangladesh''': Barisal Division, Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division, Mymensingh Division, Khulna Division (excluding Kushtia, Chuadanga, Meherpur, Satkhira, and adjacent areas) and Sylhet Division '''India''': Tripura, Barak Valley, Hojai District, Jiribam District and Bangaon Subdivision of North 24 Parganas District '''Myanmar''': Parts of Maungdaw District | speakers = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = Indo-Aryan | fam4 = Eastern Zone | fam5 = Bengali–Assamese | fam6 = Bengali | ancestor = Gaudi Prakrit | ancestor2 = Old Bengali | ancestor3 = Middle Bengali | script = * Bengali alphabet * Latin-Roman (Banglish) * Sylhet Nagari (historical) * Perso-Arabic (historical) | isoexception = dialect | image = Vanga dialects.png | image_class = skin-invert-image | glotto = vang1242 | glottoname = Vanga }}

'''Eastern Bengali''',<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grierson|1903|p=18}}</ref> '''Baṅgālī Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গালী বাংলা|Bôṅgālī Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|bɔŋgɑli bɑŋlɑ|pron}})<ref name="Sen 1957 136">{{Harvcoltxt|Sen|1957|p=136}}</ref> or '''Vaṅga Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গ বাংলা|Bôṅgô Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|bɔŋgɔ bɑŋlɑ|pron}}),<ref name="Chatterji 1926 138">{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1926|p=138}}</ref> is a set of vernacular dialects of Bengali, spoken in most of Bangladesh and Tripura, thus covering majority of the land of Bengal and surrounding areas.

== Names == It is also known as '''Baṅgālī''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গালী|bôṅgalī}}),<ref name="Sen 1957 136"/> '''Pūrvavaṅgīẏa''' ({{langx|bn|পূর্ববঙ্গীয়|pūrbôbôṅgīẏô}}),<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Dialect}}</ref> '''Prācya''' ({{langx|bn|প্রাচ্য|prachyô}}),<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}</ref> '''Vaṅga''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গ|bôṅgô}}),<ref name="Chatterji 1926 138"/> or '''Vaṅgīẏa''' ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গীয়|bôṅgīẏô}}). Chatterji often cited a more generalised variant of Eastern Bengali which he dubbed as, '''Typical East Bengali''', for the sake of broader comparison with other varieties of Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1926|p=141}}</ref> Eastern Bengali is often colloquially referred to by the exonym '''Bāṅgāl Bhāshā''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙাল ভাষা|bangal bhasha}}) in West Bengal due to its association with Bangals. It may also be referred to by names such as '''Khaisi-Gesi Bangla'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Esh|first=Dhruba|date=3 October 2019|script-title=bn:তোমার যে ফুল|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/2019/10/03/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2/|website=Bhorer Kagoj}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|খাইছি-গেছি বাংলা|lit=I've eaten-I've gone Bengali|khaisi-gesi baṅla}}), emphasising the contrast between Eastern Bengali varieties and the standard language in terms of grammar by use of the example phrases "I have eaten" ({{lang|bn|খেয়েছি}} ''kheẏechhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|খাইছি}} ''khaisi'' in Typical East Bengali) and "I have gone" ({{lang|bn|গিয়েছি}} ''giẏechhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|গেছি}} ''gesi'' in Typical East Bengali). A similar name, '''Khaitasi-Jaitasi Bangla'''{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} ({{langx|bn|খাইতাছি-যাইতাছি বাংলা|lit=I'm eating-I'm going Bengali|khaitasi-jaitasi baṅla}}), instead juxtaposes the examples of "I am eating" ({{lang|bn|খাচ্ছি}} ''khacchhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|খাইতাছি}} ''khaitasi'' in Typical East Bengali) and "I am going" ({{lang|bn|যাচ্ছি}} ''jacchhi'' in Standard Bengali but {{lang|bn|যাইতাছি}} ''jaitasi'' in Typical East Bengali).

== Geographical distribution == Suniti Kumar Chatterji, describing the cluster as "Vaṅga Dialects", further divided it into two groups of two: "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga". Eastern Vaṅga is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi division of Sylhet and the Greater Comilla region of Chittagong along with the Barak Valley Division of Assam and the state of Tripura in India. Southeastern Vaṅga is spoken in the remaining area of the Chittagong division, corresponding to the former colonial territories of Noakhali District and Chittagong District, and historically extended further into Sittwe.<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1903|p=12}}: "It stretches down the East littoral of the Bay of Bengal into Northern Burmah, its way eastwards being similarly barred by the Hill tribes of Arakan. To the South, it meets the Burmese language in the District of Akyab."</ref> Western Vaṅga is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, and Barisal. Southwestern Vaṅga is spoken across the Khulna Division, where Eastern Bengali transitions into Central Standard Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=139}}: "In the border districts of the delta, namely, South Faridpur, East Nadiya, West Jessore, West Khulna, the Rāḍha and Vaŋga forms intermingle, where Rāḍha influences Vaŋga."</ref> [[File:Suniti Kumar Chatterji Bengali Dialects.svg|right|thumb|A map of Bengal (and some districts of Assam and Jharkhand) which shows the dialects of the Bengali Language according to Suniti Kumar Chatterji.{{Legend|ff8080|Western Rāḍha}}{{Legend|#ffc0cb|Southwestern Rāḍha}}{{Legend|red|Eastern Rāḍha}}{{Legend|blue|Varendra}}{{Legend|#8080ff|Kāmarūpa}}{{Legend|adff2f|Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga}}{{Legend|yellow|Western and Southwestern Vaṅga}}]] Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah divided all Bengali dialects into two groups: Prācya ({{langx|bn|প্রাচ্য|prachyô|lit=eastern}}) and Pāścātya ({{langx|bn|পাশ্চাত্য|lit=western|pashchatyô}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}: "আমরা ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব, রূপতত্ত্ব ও পদক্রম আলোচনা করিয়া বাঙ্গালা উপভাষাগুলিকে দুইটি ভাগে বিভক্ত করিতে পারিঃ (১) পাশ্চাত্য, (২) প্রাচ্য।"</ref> Within his Prācya grouping, he created the divisions of "Southeastern" and "Extreme Eastern", which approximately correspond to Chatterji's "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga", respectively. The Southeastern group is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Barisal, and Khulna, as well as the Greater Noakhali region of the Chittagong division and eastern parts of the 24 Parganas district in West Bengal.<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=62}}: "দক্ষিণ-পূর্বঃ—জেলা ২৪ পরগণার পূর্বাংশ, যশোহর জেলা, খুলনা জেলা, ঢাকা বিভাগ এবং নোয়াখালী।"</ref> The Extreme Eastern group is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions Sylhet and Chittagong, including Greater Comilla and excluding Greater Noakhali, as well as the Barak Valley division of Assam.<ref>{{harvnb|Shahidullah|1958|p=63}}: "পূর্ব-প্রান্তিকঃ—কাছাড় হইতে চট্টগ্রাম পর্যন্ত সমস্ত স্থান।"</ref> thumb|Bengali dialects according to Shahidullah Gopal Haldar, in his study of Eastern Bengali, divided all East Bengali dialects into four groups. Group I or "Central East Bengali" spans the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Faridpur, and Barisal, as well as the district of Chandpur in Chittagong Division.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}: "Group I or ''Dacca Group'' or the Central EB Group, which may also be called 'East Bengali General', includes the dialects in general of the districts of (1) Dacca, (2) Faridpur, (3) Bakharganja, (4) Maimansing, (5) Sylhet (west) and (6) Comilla (northern and western)."</ref> The de facto Standard East Bengali spoken around the Bikrampur region is a member of this group, comparable to Chatterji's "Typical East Bengali".<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}: "along with Dacca-Manikganja dialect, Dacca-Vik. is the main source for what is sometimes called Std. EB"</ref> Group II or "Central North East Bengali" is spoken in eastern areas of the Mymensingh and Dhaka divisions, the western half of the Sylhet Division, as well as the Brahmanbaria District of the Chittagong Division.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=11}}: "The Maim. East division is dialectally allied to the contiguous areas of Habiganja-Sunamganja of Sylhet West and should be taken together for study, and should include in the former (Maim. E-Sylhet W.) and a large slice (Brahmanberia) of Comilla. Group II or ''Maimansing East - Sylhet West Group''."</ref> Group III or "North East Bengali" is spoken in the eastern half of the Sylhet Division as well as the bordering Barak Valley division of Assam, India.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "Group III or ''Sylhet Group'' or'' 'North-Eastern Group' ''of East Bengali (may also be called 'Sylhet-Kachar' Group) includes Sylhet Central (in Bangladesh now), Sylhet southern i.e. Moulavibazar area (in Banglades as well) ; Karimganja (now in Kachar, i.e. within the Indian Union), and Kachar itself (Indian Union)."</ref> Group IV or "South East Bengali" is spoken in the Chittagong Division, notably excluding the Greater Comilla region.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "Group IV or ''Chittagong-Noakhali'' or'' 'South-Eastern Group' ''includes the dialects of Chittagong and Noakhali."</ref> The Comilla District and Tripura state of India, the Bengalis in the latter chiefly being migrants from the former, sit at the confluence of all the major groupings and thus the speech of this region shares features with all the major groups classified by Haldar.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=13}}: "Comilla. formerly Tippera, in which we include Tripura with its immigrant speakers of nearby districts, is a meeting ground of the Groups in its three neighbouring zones ; viz. Chandpur is closer to Dacca Group, Brahmanberia to Maim. East and Sylhet West, a southern West of Comilla strip shows some Noakhali features. When mentioned separately, Comilla or Kumilla signifies ''sadar'' areas and is put between Group III and Group IV ; it shows features of Dacca and Maimansing also."</ref> Transitionary East Bengali is spoken in the Khulna division as well as Western Greater Faridpur i.e. Rajbari District, which shares features with both Standard Bengali and Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=12}}: "'Transitional' or ''Khulna-Jessore Group'' includes Khulna (Banglades), western Faridpur and Jessore (except for Bongaon area, Jessore is in Banglades). As a 'transitional' form it is more and more coming under the influence of the Std. Coll. Bg., though the EB dialectal traits are still there."</ref> thumb|A map showing the dialects of Eastern Bengali according to Gopal Haldar.

== Phonology == Eastern Bengali is characterised by a considerably smaller phoneme inventory when compared with Standard Bengali.

===Epenthesis=== Modern eastern Bengali notably preserves the Middle Bengali tendency of a form of "epenthesis" ({{langx|bn|অপিনিহিতি|ôpinihiti}}), which is more accurately described as the retrograde metathesis of high-vowel glides (i.e. /i̯/ and /u̯/) across a non-initial consonant boundary.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=379}}: "So far as Bengali is concerned, we see a weakening of « -i, -u » after « å, ā » in the 14th century; and the beginnings of epenthesis certainly go back to that century."</ref> Thus, the equivalent of Standard Literary Bengali {{lang|bn|করিয়া}} (ISO-15919: ''kariẏā'') 'having done' in Typical East Bengali is [kɔ̝i̯ɾa̟], having gone through the medial phase of *[kɔi̯ɾi̯ä], from original [kɔɾi̯ɑ]; by comparison, the Standard Colloquial Bengali equivalent is [kore], as the standard language has undergone the additional phonological processes of syncope and umlaut, unlike most Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "অভি��্রুতি এবং স্বরসঙ্গতি নাই, সুতরাং স্বরধ্বনিতে প্রাচীনত্ব খানিকটা রক্ষিত (যেমন, রাখিয়া > *রাইখিআ > রাইখা, করিয়া > *কইরিয়া > কইরা, দেশি)"</ref> Similar occurrences of metathesis occur in the case of consonant conjuncts containing ‍্য ''jôphôla'', due to the fact that it had, in earlier Bengali, also represented the addition of the semivowel [i̯] at the end of a conjunct containing it in addition to its current standard usage of simply geminating the previous consonant in the conjunct.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=144}}: "« -y » in a consonant nexus brings about epenthesis in Vaŋga and North Bengali, and to some extent in Varêndra."</ref> {{lang|bn|সত্য}} (ISO-15919: ''satya'', 'truth'), for example, pronounced [ʃɔt̪ːi̯ɔ] in Middle Bengali, is pronounced [ʃɔ̝i̯t̪ːo] in Eastern Bengali and [ʃot̪ːo] in Standard Bengali. Metathesis also occurs in the case of consonant conjuncts which were once pronounced with [i̯] as a component even if they do not contain ‍্য ''jôphôla'' itself, such as ক্ষ (ISO-15919: ''kṣa''), whose value in earlier Bengali was [kːʰi̯].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=382}}: "Sanskrit ক্ষ « kṣ » had in Bengali, Assamese and Oṛiyā the value of « khy » initially and « -kkhy- « in the interior of a word"</ref> Hence {{lang|bn|রাক্ষস}} (ISO-15919: ''rākṣasa'', 'rakshasa'), with the Middle Bengali pronunciation of [rɑkːʰi̯ɔʃ], is pronounced [räi̯kʰːɔ́ʃ] or [räi̯kːɔ́ʃ] in Eastern Bengali and [räkːʰoʃ] in Standard Bengali. Such is also the case for the conjunct জ্ঞ (ISO-15919: ''jña''), which had the value of [gːĩ̯] in earlier Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=382}}: "and Sanskrit জ্ঞ « jñ » similarly had the sounds of « gy-, -ggy- », with the nasalisation of the contiguous vowels."</ref> Hence, {{lang|bn|আজ্ঞা}} (ISO-15919: ''ājñā'', 'order'), with the Middle Bengali pronunciation of [ɑgːĩ̯ɑ], has the Typical East Bengali pronunciation of [äi̯gːa̟] and the Standard Bengali [ägːä̃]. There is also a tendency to hypercorrect, leading to the diphthongisation of other vowels with [i̯] (true epenthesis) if they precede any geminated consonant, even when there is no etymological basis to do so. For example, {{lang|bn|ব্রাহ্ম}} (ISO-15919: ''brāhma'', 'Brahmo') has the Standard Bengali pronunciation of [bɾämɦo], or, more commonly, [bɾämːo], but may be pronounced [bɾäi̯mːɔ̝] in Eastern Bengali as if it were spelt {{lang|bn|ব্রাম্য}} (ISO-15919: ''brāmya'').<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "য-ফলায় ও যুক্তব্যঞ্জনে অপিনিহিতির মত স্বরাগম হয় (যেমন, সত্য > সইত্ত, ব্রাহ্ম > ব্রাইম্ম, রাক্ষস > রাইক্‌খস)"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=144}}: "and the groups ক্ষ জ্ঞ হ্ম « kṣ, jñ, hm », pronounced like « kkhy, ggỹ, my », behave in the same way"</ref>

===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !Front !Central !Back |- !Close |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Close-mid |({{IPA link|e}}) | |({{IPA link|o}}) |- !Open-mid |{{IPA link|ɛ}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |- !Open | |{{IPA link|ä|a}} | |} * The vowels /e/ and /o/ in the standard language are shifted to /ɛ/ and /u/, respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "and the close « ē » of West Bengali frequently becomes open [ɛ] in Vaŋga"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "West Bengali « o », original or derived, often becomes « u » in Vaŋga."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "এ-কার প্রায়ই অ্যা-কারে এবং ও-কার উ-কারে পরিণত"</ref> For example, {{lang|bn|দেশ}} (ISO-15919: ''dēśa'') 'country' and {{lang|bn|দোষ}} (ISO-15919: ''dōṣa'') 'blame' are respectively pronounced [d̪eʃ] and [d̪oʃ] in Standard Bengali but [d̪ɛʃ] and [d̪uʃ] in Typical East Bengali. /e/ and /o/ may be considered marginal phonemes, due to lack of mergers in rare instances, such as in {{lang|bn|কেন}} (ISO-15919: ''kēn'') 'buy' and {{lang|bn|ধো}} (ISO-15919: ''dhō'') 'wash'.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=17}}</ref> * /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ have raised allophones, [ɛ̝] and [ɔ̝], that occur when followed by a close vowel such as /i/ or /u/.<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=40}}: "A preference for the open vowels and thus 'e' becoming 'ae' if it is not checked by closed vowels 'i' and 'u'."</ref> This raising may also occur in open syllables.<ref name=":0" /> * /ɑ/ is centralized, generally pronounced [ä]. A major exception to this is when the previous vowel is /i/, especially in cases of metathesis, where a fronted allophone [a̟] is used instead.<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Učida|1970|pp=16–17}}</ref> * Although Western Bengali features distinct nasalised forms of each of its vowels, nasalisation is absent in most dialects of Eastern Bengali with the notable exception of Southeastern Vaṅga.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "but in the Vaŋga dialects nasalisation is entirely dropped: only in certain Eastern Vaŋga dialects, ''e.g.'', Chittagongese, nasalisation has recently developed from a Bengali intervocal «-m-»"</ref> This lack of nasalisation also characterises the Standard Bengali of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |date=2010 |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=221–225|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071 }}</ref>

===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="3" | !Labial !Dental !Alveolar !Palato-alveolar !Retroflex !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="3" |Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} | |{{IPA link|n}} | | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive ! rowspan="2" |voiceless !unaspirated |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪}} |{{IPA link|t}} | | |{{IPA link|k}} | |- !aspirated | |(t̪ʰ) |(tʰ) | | |(kʰ) | |- ! colspan="2" |voiced |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d̪}} |{{IPA link|d}} | | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |Affricate ! colspan="2" |voiceless | | |({{IPA link|t͡s}}) | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |voiced | | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative ! colspan="2" |voiceless |{{IPA link|ɸ}} | |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|x}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- ! colspan="2" |voiced | | |{{IPA link|z}} | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Approximant | | |{{IPA link|l}} | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Rhotic | | |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | | |} * Phonemic voiceless aspirated stops—/kʰ/, /tʰ/, and /t̪ʰ/—have been attributed to some Vaṅga dialects, only contrasting with their unaspirated counterparts in initial position.<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Haldar|1986|pp=16–17}}</ref> However, their phonemic status is based on analogy with Western Bengali. Učida (1970) provides the alternative interpretation that these aspirates are allophones—[kʰ], [tʰ], and [t̪ʰ]—of corresponding voiceless unaspirated stops—/k/, /t/, and /t̪/—which occur when followed by a suprasegmental change in pitch, i.e. tone.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Učida|1970|p=9}}</ref> Rarely, some dialects invariably aspirate initial /t̪/ to [t̪ʰ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chatterji|1931|p=21}}</ref> * Like Standard Bengali, Eastern Bengali lacks true retroflexes.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=268}}: "The retroflex [ṭ ḍ] are no longer the cerebrals of OIA. (such as are still found in the Dravidian languages, and in Panjābī for instance among NIA. speeches), but they have advanced forward considerably towards the palato-alveolar region, so much so that to a Bengali there is no difference between the so-called cerebrals of his language and the ''t d'' of English, alveolar sounds."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Bijaychandra |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57 |title=The history of the Bengali language |date=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1452-9 |edition=Repr. [d. Ausg.] Calcutta, 1920. |location=New Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu/page/57 57] |quote=yet it is to be noted as a fact, that the cerebral letters are not so much cerebral as they are dental in our speech. If we carefully notice our pronunciation of the letters of the '{{lang|bn|ট}}' class we will see that we articulate '{{lang|bn|ট}}' and '{{lang|bn|ড}},' for example, almost like English T and D without turning up the tip of the tongue much away from the region of the teeth. |ref=The history of the Bengali language}}</ref> However it further fronts the apical postalveolar stops of the standard language to apico-alveolar. * Voiceless stops—/k/, /t/, /p/ and their aspirated equivalents—undergo lenition variably. /pʰ/ is generally spirantized in all positions, except when geminated. ** The voiceless labial and velar stops undergo lenition into spirants, such that [p] becomes [ɸ] and [k] becomes [x] or (only intervocalically) [h].<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|pp=269–270}}: "A kind of bilabial [ꜰ], in which the lips are much more widely separated from each other than in the case of the Standard Bengali [ph > ꜰ], with the acoustic effect of [h] to the unaccustomed ear, is the East Vaŋga equivalent of a single [p, ph] of Standard Bengali. [x]: the velar fricative, unvoiced, is found for [k, kh] in East Vaŋga, and in some forms of West Vaŋga as well."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=41}}: "There is a guttural unvoiced fricative 'x'. This occurs when the unvoiced velar stop is spirantized. There is one labio-dental fricative 'f'. It occurs when the bi-labial unvoiced stop 'p' is spirantized."</ref> Western forms (e.g. Khulna, Jashore) retain word-initial /k/, /kʰ/ and /p/, intermediate forms (e.g. Mymensingh, Faridpur, Barishal) spirantize all /p/, and far-eastern forms (e.g. Sylhet, Cumilla, Noakhali) spirantize all /k/ and /kʰ/. Hence {{lang|bn|পাকা}} (ISO-15919: ''pākā'', 'ripe'), pronounced [päkä] in Standard Bengali, may variably be pronounced [pähä], [ɸähä], or [ɸäxä] in Eastern Bengali dialects.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=648, 695}}</ref> Sometimes, intervocal /h/ can also undergo deletion. For example, {{lang|bn|বিকাল}} (ISO-15919: ''bikāla'', 'afternoon'), pronounced [bikäl] in Standard Bengali, may be pronounced [biäl] in Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|p=772}}</ref> However, spirantization never occurs when the stops are geminated, hence {{lang|bn|চক্কর}} (ISO-15919: ''cakkara'', 'circle') is pronounced [t͡sɔkːɔɾ] or [sɔkːɔɾ]. ** When followed by a rounded vowel, [ɸ] and [h] are interchangeable in many dialects of Eastern Bengali. For example, {{lang|bn|কাঁকই}} (ISO-15919: ''kām̐kaï'', 'comb') [kähɔi̯] may often be pronounced [käɸɔi̯] and {{lang|bn|ফকীর}} (ISO-15919: ''phakīra'', 'beggar') [ɸɔhiɾ] may often be pronounced [hɔhiɾ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=51, 1003}}</ref> This merger is expanded upon in the Noakhali dialect, where all word-initial [ɸ] (and, by extension, [p]) are pronounced [h], e.g. {{lang|bn|পাগল}} (ISO-15919: ''pāgala'') 'madman' [pägɔl] → [ɸägɔl] → [hägɔl],<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1929|p=16}}: "[ꜰ] is one of the most characteristic sounds in the dialect, and, as has been noted, pronounced with the lips so open as to seem to be reduced to [h]"</ref> and by some speakers of the Mymensingh and Cumilla dialects, who pronounce all [ɸ] as [h], e.g. {{lang|bn|ঢুপি}} (ISO-15919: ''ḍhupi'') [d̠ʱupi] → [dúɸi] → [dúhi] 'dove'. ** Intervocalic and post-nasal /t/ and /tʰ/ lenite to a voiced allophone [d] in most Eastern Bengali dialects. For example, {{lang|bn|মাটি}} (ISO-15919: ''māṭi'', 'soil') and {{lang|bn|কোনটা}} (ISO-15919: ''kōnṭā'', 'which' (interrogative)) are pronounced [mät̠i] and [kont̠ä] in Standard Bengali, but [mädi] and [kunda] in Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|p=848}}</ref> However, this never occur in geminates,<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=42}}: "When it occurs non-initially we find it as a doubled consonant as in ThaTTa."</ref> so {{lang|bn|টাট্টি}} (ISO-15919: ''ṭāṭṭi'', 'latrine') remains mostly similar across Bengali, being [t̠ät̠ːi] in Standard Bengali and [tätːi] in Eastern Bengali. * The voiced retroflex flap found in Standard Bengali is almost always merged with /ɾ/ in Eastern Bengali, though it may occur in a minute number of speakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=142}}: "and although rarely in some of the Vaŋga tracts « ṛ » does occur, the absence of it can be said to characterise the eastern dialects."</ref> This merger of /ɽ/ and /ɾ/ also characterises the Standard Bengali of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |date=2010 |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=221–225|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071 }}</ref> * Eastern Bengali dialects tend to spirantise the Standard Bengali palato-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ/, /t͡ʃʰ/, as well as /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʒʱ/ into [t͡s], [s], and [z], respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|1926|p=143}}: "The palatals « c, ch, j, jh » are pronounced as dental affricates « t͜s, s, d͜z, z » in Vaŋga and in North Bengal."</ref> For example, {{lang|bn|চোর}} (ISO-15919: ''cōra'', 'thief'), {{lang|bn|ছয়}} (ISO-15919: ''chaẏa'', 'six'), and {{lang|bn|জাড়}} (ISO-15919: ''jāṛa'', 'cold') are respectively pronounced [t͡ʃoɾ], [t͡ʃʰɔe̯], and [d͡ʒäɽ] in Standard Bengali but [t͡suɾ], [sɔe̯], and [zäɾ] in Typical East Bengali. /t͡s/ in tends to merge with /s/ as the areas of Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga are approached, such that {{lang|bn|চা}} (ISO-15919: ''cā'', 'tea'), pronounced [tʃä] in Standard Bengali, is pronounced [t͡sä] in farther western varieties and [sä] in farther eastern varieties of Eastern Bengali.<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|1903|p=224}}: "Then চ ''ch'' is pronounced like English ''s'', and there is no difference between চ ''ch'' and ছ ''chh''."</ref> [d͡z] is an allophone of /z/ that more frequently occurs in western forms of Vaṅga. [t͡ʃ] occurs as an allophone of /t͡s/ and /s/ while [d͡ʒ] occurs as an allophone of /z/ in geminates and post-nasal consonant clusters,<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|p=41}}: "The alveo-palatal unvoiced affricate 'cʃ' = c is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the dental affricate 'ts' = c. The alveo-palatal voiced affricate 'ɟ͡ʒ' = j, too, is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the alveolar fricative 'z'. Same is the case with alveo-palatal unvoiced aspirated affricate 'cʃh' = ch. This is an allophone of the dental fricative 's'."</ref> e.g. {{lang|bn|বাচ্চা}} (ISO-15919: ''bāccā'', 'child') /bat͡sːa ~ basːa/ [bä(i̯)t͡ʃːa̟], {{lang|bn|ইঞ্চি}} (ISO-15919: ''iñci'', 'inch') /int͡si ~ insi/ [int͡ʃi], {{lang|bn|ইজ্জৎ}} (ISO-15919: ''ijjat'', 'honour') /izːɔt̪/ [id͡ʒːɔt̪]. * /ʃ/ has a tendency to debuccalise to [h] in word-initial position, e.g. {{lang|bn|শালা}} (ISO-15919: ''śālā'') /ʃälä/ → [hälä] 'brother-in-law'. Rarely, it can also be deleted in intervocalic position (not geminated), e.g. {{lang|bn|উশাস}} (ISO-15919: ''uśāsa'') /uʃäʃ/ → [uäʃ] 'breath', and word-final position, e.g. {{lang|bn|মানুষ}} (ISO-15919: ''mānuṣa'') /mänuʃ/ → [mänu] 'people'.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shahidullah|1965|pp=155, 851, 1025}}</ref>

=== Tone === The aspiration and breathy voice present in Standard Bengali is notably mostly if not entirely absent in Eastern Bengali. The West Bengali linguists Chatterji and Sen described the deaspirated voiced consonants present in Eastern Bengali as being implosive consonants,<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|1957|p=137}}: "ঘোষবৎ মহাপ্রাণ, অর্থাৎ চতুর্থ বর্ণ, মহাপ্রাণতা ত্যাগ করিয়া কণ্ঠনলীয়স্পর্শযুক্ত (recursive) তৃতীয় বর্ণে পরিণত হইয়াছে যেমন সিন্ধীতেও"</ref> such that the Standard Bengali phonemes /bʱ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ɖʱ/, /dʒʱ/, and /ɡʱ/ would respectively correspond to /{{IPA link|ɓ}}/, /{{IPA link|ɗ̪}}/, /{{IPA link|ᶑ}}/, /ɗʒ/, and /{{IPA link|ɠ}}/ in Eastern Bengali. However, Animesh K. Pal, a native speaker of Eastern Bengali from Narayanganj, disputed this claim, instead describing the deaspiration as leading to the development of tones.<ref>{{harvnb|Pal|1965|pp=44–45}}: "The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Masica|1991|p=102}}: "Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates."</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Word !ISO 15919 !Standard Bengali IPA !Eastern Bengali IPA !Tone !Meaning |- |গাঁও |gām̐ō |[gä̃o̯] |[gäo̯] |level |village |- |ঘাও |ghāō |[gʱäo̯] |[gä́o̯] |high |wound |- |গড় |gaṛa |[gɔɽ] |[gɔɾ] |level |ditch |- |ঘর |ghara |[gʱɔɾ] |[gɔ́ɾ] |high |room |- |গোড়া |gōṛā |[goɽä] |[guɾä] |level |ditch |- |ঘোড়া |ghōṛā |[gʱoɽä] |[gúɾä] |high |horse |- |জ্বর |jvara |[d͡ʒɔɾ] |[zɔɾ] |level |fever |- |ঝড় |jhaṛa |[d͡ʒʱɔɽ] |[zɔ́ɾ] |high |storm |- |জাল |jāla |[d͡ʒäl] |[zäl] |level |net |- |ঝাল |jhāla |[d͡ʒʱäl] |[zä́l] |high |hot |- |জামা |jāmā |[d͡ʒäma] |[zäma] |level |shirt |- |ঝামা |jhāmā |[d͡ʒʱäma] |[zä́ma] |high |vitrified brick |- |জীর |jīra |*[d͡ʒiɾ] |[ziɾ] |level |earthworm |- |ঝির |jhira |[d͡ʒʱiɾ] |[zíɾ] |high |of maidservant |- |ডাক |ḍāka |[d̠äk] |[däk] |level |do call |- |ঢাক |ḍhāka |[d̠ʱäk] |[dä́k] |high |dhak |- |ডাকা |ḍākā |[d̠äkä] |[däɦä] |level |to call |- |ঢাকা |ḍhākā |[d̠ʱäkä] |[dä́ɦä] |high |Dhaka |- |ডোল |ḍōla |[d̠ol] |[dul] |level |container of paddy |- |ঢোল |ḍhōla |[d̠ʱol] |[dúl] |high |dhol |- |ডিম, ডিমা |ḍima, ḍimā |[d̠im], *[d̠imä] |[dim], [dimä] |level |egg |- |ঢিমা |ḍhimā |[d̠ʱimä] |[dímä] |high |slow |- |ডোলা |ḍōlā |[d̠olä] |[dulä] |level |container of fish made from bamboo shavings |- |ঢোলা |ḍhōlā |[d̠ʱolä] |[dúlä] |high |bending from side to side |- |দর |dara |[d̪ɔɾ] |[d̪ɔɾ] |level |price |- |ধর |dhara |[d̪ʱɔɾ] |[d̪ɔ́ɾ] |high |do catch |- |দান |dāna |[d̪än] |[d̪än] |level |donation |- |ধান |dhāna |[d̪ʱän] |[d̪ä́n] |high |paddy |- |দোয়া |dōẏā |[d̪oä] |[d̪uä] |level |to milk |- |ধোয়া |dhōẏā |[d̪ʱoä] |[d̪úä] |high |to wash |- |দুল |dula |[d̪ul] |[d̪ul] |level |a kind of earring |- |ধুলা |dhula |[d̪ʱulä] |[d̪úlä] |high |dust |- |বাত |bāta |[bät̪] |[bät̪] |level |rheumatism |- |ভাত |bhāta |[bʱät̪] |[bä́t̪] |high |boiled rice |- |বালা |bālā |[bälä] |[bälä] |level |bangle |- |ভালা |bhālā |*[bʱälä] |[bä́lä] |high |good |- |বাপ |bāpa |[bäp] |[bäp ~ bäɸ] |level |father |- |ভাপ |bhāpa |[bʱäp] |[bä́p ~ bä́ɸ] |high |steam |} These tones are not limited to voiced aspirates, but are also present as compensation for the aspiration of consonants that were voiceless aspirates in Standard Bengali. Tone continues to exist in words even if they are not part of a near-identical pair that requires it for the sake of contrast. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Word !ISO 15919 !Standard Bengali IPA !Eastern Bengali IPA !Tone !Meaning |- |বাচা মাছ |bācā mācha |[bät͡ʃä mät͡ʃʰ] |[bät͡sä mäs ~ bäsä mäs] |level |''Eutropiichthys vacha'' |- |বাছা মাছ |bāchā mācha |[bät͡ʃʰä mät͡ʃʰ] |[bäsä́ mäs] |high |selected fish |- |চাও |cāō |[t͡ʃäo̯] |[t͡säo̯ ~ säo̯] |level |you want |- |ছাও |chāō |[t͡ʃʰäo̯] |[sä́o̯] |high |young ones of the animals |- |কাঁচের |kām̐cēra |[kä̃t͡ʃeɾ] |[kät͡sɛɾ ~ käsɛɾ] |level |of glass |- |কাছের |kāchēra |[kät͡ʃʰeɾ] |[käsɛ́ɾ] |high |of near |- |চিঁড়া |cim̐ṛā |[t͡ʃĩɽä] |[t͡siɾä ~ siɾä] |level |chira |- |ছিঁড়া |chim̐ṛā |[t͡ʃʰĩɽä] |[síɾä] |high |torn |- |কুটা |kuṭā |[kut̠ä] |[kudä] |level |to cut in pieces |- |কোঠা |kōṭhā |[kot̠ʰä] |[kudä́] |high |room |- |কাঁটা |kām̐ṭā |[kä̃t̠ä] |[kädä] |level |thorn |- |কাঠা |kāṭhā |[kät̠ʰä] |[kädä́] |high |katha |- |উডা |uḍā |*[udä] |[udä] |level |front step |- |উঠা |uṭhā |[ut̠ʰä] |[udä́] |high |do lift up |} Furthermore, the [ɦ] of Standard Bengali is most often deleted in Eastern Bengali dialects. This h-dropping has also been said to result in tone. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Word !ISO 15919 !Standard Bengali IPA !Eastern Bengali IPA !Tone !Meaning |- |আতা |ātā |[ät̪ä] |[ät̪ä] |level |sugar apple |- |হাতা |hātā |[ɦät̪ä] |[ä́t̪ä] |high |sleeve, ladle |- |আছে |āchē |[ät͡ʃʰe] |[äsɛ́] |level |is |- |হাঁচে |hām̐cē |[ɦä̃t͡ʃe] |[ä́t͡sɛ ~ ä́sɛ] |high |sneezes |- |আঠা |āṭhā |[ät̠ʰä] |[ädä́] |level |glue |- |হাঁটা |hām̐ṭā |[ɦä��t̠ä] |[ä́dä] |high |to walk |- |আড়াই |āṛāi |[äɽäi̯] |[äɾäi̯] |level |two and a half |- |হারাই |hārāi |[ɦäɾäi̯] |[ä́ɾäi̯] |high |I lose |}

== Mymensinghi Bengali == '''Mymensinghi Bengali''' ({{langx|bn|ময়মনসিংহী বাংলা}}) is an eastern dialect of the Bengali language, spoken primarily in the greater Mymensingh region of Bangladesh. Mymemsinghi Bengali closely resembles the dialect of greater Dhaka region.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grierson|1903|p=209}}</ref> It is also highly mutually intelligible with other dialects of Bengali.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSROfCghUnIC&q=Intelligible+|title= Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: Mymensingh|date= 1979|publisher= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 1979|page=26|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/3343|title=A Thesis on Phonological Patterns in Standard Colloquial Bangla and Netrokona Dialect|publisher=Brac University|year=2014|first=Nushat|last=Mizan|page=3|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> It is commonly classified among the "Central East Bengali" varieties of Bengali language.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldar|1986|p=10}}</ref> {{Infobox dialect | name = Mymensinghi Bengali | nativename = Momensinga Mominsinga | altname = | image = Mymensinghi language.png | state = Bangladesh & India | region = Mymensingh Division, Dhaka division, Sylhet Division, Rangpur Division | date = | ref = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = Indo-Aryan | fam4 = Eastern | fam5 = Bengali–Assamese | fam6 = Bengali | fam7 = Eastern Bengali | dialects = | script = Bengali script | glotto = vang1242 | glottorefname = Vanga | map = | mapcaption = }} {{Contains special characters|Indic}}

=== Names === The word "Mymensinghi" is locally pronounced as Momensinga and Moimensinga. It is also referred to as Mymensingiyo, Moymonsingha, Maimensingha or simply Mymensingh.

=== Geographical distribution === The Mymensinghi dialect is common in almost all districts of Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trishalprotidin.com/%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b7%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%87/|script-title=bn:ভাষা আন্দোলন ও ময়মনসিংহে |website=Trishal Protidin|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref> It is also spoken by many local residents of Kishoreganj and Tangail districts of Dhaka division outside Mymensingh division. Additionally, it is spoken by people in adjacent areas of the Meghalaya state in India, as well as the Gazipur, Kurigram and Sunamganj districts of Bangladesh.

=== Features and Comparison === Mymensinghi dialect shows almost same features like others eastern dialects of Bengali language. Mymensinghi Bengali speakers generally produce consonantal sounds with reduced aspiration. For example, the Standard Bengali consonants /t͡ʃ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ are pronounced as [t͡s] and [s] respectively. Similarly, the sound corresponding to ‘p’ sometimes articulated in a less aspirated manner and becomes akin to [ɸ]. In addition, the dialect shows variation in the realization of certain affricates and fricatives. Moreover, there are extensive uses of epenthesis of ‘i’ and ‘u’ vowels, developed from an earlier stage of Bengali language. The vowel sound ‘o’ may shift toward a pronunciation akin to ‘u’. For example, {{lang|bn|বোকা}} (ISO-15919: ''bōkā'', 'dumb') is pronounced ''bukā'' in this dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/march2016/Iftakharbd.pdf|title=Iftakharbd - Language in India|website=Language in India|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saspublishers.com/article/17826/download/|title=Download article from SAS Publishers|website=SAS Publishers|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref>

The morphology of the Mymensinghi Bengali retains several features that differentiate it from the standard dialect. A notable example along with other eastern Bengali dialects, Mymensinghi Bengali agree in having ‘rē’ as the proper affix for objective case whereas the standard dialect prefer ‘kē’. For example, the word "āmākē" (to me) becomes "āmārē" in all eastern and southern Bengali varieties. Furthermore, in forming the future tense, speakers add the suffix 'mu' or 'ām' to the first-person singular verb root (e.g., “Kormu/koram” for “I will do”), reflecting a systematic morphological variation in verbal inflection. The Mymensingh dialect has mid-front and back vowel mergers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Islam |first1=Md Jahurul |last2=Ahmed |first2=Iftakhar |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/contentitem/gcd:145658170?sid=ebsco:plink:crawler&id=ebsco:gcd:145658170|title=EBSCO Content Item|website=EBSCO|date=August 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=206 |accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref>

A comparison of Standard Bengali and Eastern Bengali dialects are presented below: {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2" | English !!rowspan="2"| Standard Bengali !colspan="3"| Eastern Bengali |- !Mymensinghi !! Dhakaiya |- |Together/With |Sathe (সাথে), Soṅge (সঙ্গে) |Loge (লগে) |Loge (লগে) |- |He |Shē (সে) |Hē (হে) |Hē (হে) |- |Taka |Ṭaka (টাকা) |Ṭæha (ট্যাহা) |Ṭæka (ট্যাকা) |- |Dhaka |Ḍhaka (ঢাকা) |Ḍaha (ঢাহা) |Ḍaka (ঢাকা) |- |Good |Bhalo (ভালো) |Bala (ভালা) |Balo (ভালো), Bala (ভালা) |- |Pain |Bætha (ব্যাথা), Bedona (বেদনা) |Bædna (ব্যাদনা) |Bædna (ব্যাদনা), Bætha (ব্যাথা) |- |Medicine |Oṣudh (ওষুধ) |Oṣud (ওষুদ) |Oṣud (ওষুদ) |- |Person |Lok (লোক) |Beḍa (বেডা), Luk (লুক) |Beṭa (বেটা), Luk (লুক) |- |Boy/Son |Chhele (ছেলে), Putro (পুত্র), Chhoṛa (ছোঁড়া) |Put (পুত), Chhera (ছেরা) |Put (পুত), Pola (পোলা), Chhera (ছেরা) |- |Girl/Daughter |Meye (মেয়ে), Konya (কন্যা), Chhuṛi (ছুঁড়ী) |Maiya (মাইয়া), Chheri (ছেরী) |Maiya/Meya (মাইয়া/মেয়া), Chheri (ছেরী) |- |Broom |Jhaṛu (ঝাড়ু), Jhaṭa (ঝাটা) |Hasun (হাছুন), Jaḍa (ঝাডা) |Hachun (হাচুন), Jaru (ঝাড়ু) |- |I Will eat |Ami Khabo (আমি খাবো) |Ami khamu/khayam (আমি খামু/খায়াম) |Ami khamu (আমি খামু) |- |I am eating |Ami khacchhi/khaitechhi (আমি খাচ্ছি/খাইতেছি) |Ami khaitasi (আমি খাইতাছি) |Ami khaitasi/khaitachhi (আমি খাইতাছি) |}

== References == {{reflist}}

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Category:Bengali language in India Category:Languages of West Bengal Category:Bengali language in Bangladesh Category:Languages of Tripura Category:Languages of Bangladesh Category:Bengali dialects