{{short description|Church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{Infobox Bach composition | name = {{lang|de|Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret}} | bwv = 31 | type = Church cantata | image = Weimar-1840-Herderplatz-Oeder.jpg | caption = St. Peter und Paul, Weimar, probably the location of the first performance | occasion = First Day of Easter | performed = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1715|04|21|df=y}}|location=Weimar}} | movements = 9 | text_poet = Salomon Franck | chorale = by Nikolaus Herman | vocal = {{plainlist| * five-part choir (SSATB) * solo: soprano, tenor and bass }} | instrumental = {{hlist| 3 trumpets | timpani | 3 oboes | taille | bassoon | 2 violins | 2 violas | 2 cellos | continuo }} }} '''{{lang|de|Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret}}''' (Heaven laughs! Earth exults),<ref name="Dellal" /> '''{{abbr|BWV|Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (catalogue of Bach's works)}}{{nbsp}}31''', is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach for the first day of Easter. Bach composed the cantata in Weimar and first performed it on 21 April 1715.
== History and words == On 2 March 1714 Bach was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court capelle of the co-reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar. As concertmaster, he assumed the principal responsibility for composing new works, specifically cantatas for the {{lang|de|Schloßkirche}} (palace church), on a monthly schedule.<ref name="Koster" /> Bach composed the cantata for Easter Sunday in 1715. The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the First letter to the Corinthians, "Christ is our Easter lamb" ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Corinthians|chapter=5|verse=6|range=–8}}), and from the Gospel of Mark, the Resurrection of Jesus ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Mark|chapter=16|verse=1|range=–8}}). The text was written by the Weimar poet Salomon Franck who published it in {{lang|de|Evangelisches Andachts-Opffer}} (Evangelical Devotional Offering). The verses consist purely of free poetry and interpret the Easter message, connected to the request to believers to let Jesus also be resurrected within their souls. The final movement, the last verse of the chorale "{{lang|de|Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist|italic=no}}" (When my hour is come) by Nikolaus Herman,<ref name="chorale text" /><ref name="chorale melody" /> expresses the desire to die, to follow Jesus in resurrection.<ref name="Dürr" />
Bach first performed the cantata on 21 April 1715. Looking at the rich scoring of three instrumental groups and a five-part choir, John Eliot Gardiner suggests that the cantata was not performed in the court's small {{lang|de|Schloßkirche}}, but in the town church St. Peter und Paul, where the ducal family evidently at times attended services.<ref name="Gardiner" /> Bach later performed the cantata several times in Leipzig in a slightly modified form. There is proof of performances for the years 1724 and 1731; a further performance in 1735 is probable as well. Since the Weimar tuning of the organ, which served as a reference for the string instruments, was probably a third higher than the standard tuning tone in Leipzig, Bach had to either leave out the voices of the reed instruments or rewrite them for the Leipzig performances, or to replace the parts by different instruments.<ref name="Dürr" /><ref name="Isoyama" />
== Scoring and structure == The cantata in nine movements is festively scored for three vocal soloists (soprano, tenor and bass), a five-part choir (SSATB), three trumpets, timpani, three oboes, taille (tenor oboe), bassoon, two violins, two violas, two cellos and basso continuo. The scoring for five parts in the choir, five parts in the woodwinds and six parts in the strings is unusual.<ref name="Dürr" /> {{Classical movement header | show_text_source = no | work = {{lang|de|Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret}} | instruments1 = Winds | instruments2 = Strings | instruments3 = Brass | instruments4 = Percussion }} {{Classical movement row | number = 1 | title = | type = Sonata | vocal = | instruments1 = 3 oboes, taille, bassoon | instruments2 = 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos, basso continuo | instruments3 = 3 trumpets | instruments4 = Timpani | key = C major | time = 6/8 }} {{Classical movement row | number = 2 | title = {{lang|de|Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret|italic=no}} | type = Chorus | vocal = SSATB | instruments1 = 3 oboes, taille, bassoon | instruments2 = 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos, basso continuo | instruments3 = 3 trumpets | instruments4 = Timpani | key = C major | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 3 | title = {{lang|de|Erwünschter Tag!|italic=no}} | type = Recitative | vocal = Bass | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 1 cello, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 4 | title = {{lang|de|Fürst des Lebens, starker Streiter|italic=no}} | type = Aria | vocal = Bass | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 1 cello, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = C major | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 5 | title = {{lang|de|So stehe dann, du gottergebne Seele|italic=no}} | type = Recitative | vocal = Tenor | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 1 cello, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 6 | title = {{lang|de|Adam muss in uns verwesen|italic=no}} | type = Aria | vocal = Tenor | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = G major | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 7 | title = {{lang|de|Weil dann das Haupt sein Glied|italic=no}} | type = Recitative | vocal = Soprano | instruments1 = | instruments2 = 1 cello, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = | time = {{music|common-time}} }} {{Classical movement row | number = 8 | title = {{lang|de|Letzte Stunde, brich herein|italic=no}} | type = Aria | vocal = Soprano | instruments1 = 1 oboe | instruments2 = 2 violins, 2 violas, 1 cello, basso continuo | instruments3 = | instruments4 = | key = C major | time = 3/4 }} {{Classical movement row | number = 9 | title = {{lang|de|So fahr ich hin zu Jesu Christ|italic=no}} | type = Chorale | vocal = SSATB | instruments1 = 3 oboe, taille, bassoon | instruments2 = 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos, basso continuo | instruments3 = 1 trumpet | instruments4 = | key = C major | time = {{music|common-time}} }}{{End}}
== Music == The festive character of the work is demonstrated by a sonata with a fanfare-like introduction, a concerto of the three groups brass, reeds and strings, all divided in many parts.<ref name="Gardiner" /> The first choral movement, sung by a five-part chorus, evokes the "celestial laughter and worldly jubilation" of the text, according to John Eliot Gardiner, who continues: {{blockquote|the dance-propelled rhythms and the trumpet-edged brilliance look forward to the Gloria from the B minor Mass, even to the slowing down of tempo and silencing of the brass when the words speak of Christ's release from the tomb.<ref name="Gardiner" />}}
The bass voice announces the resurrection of Jesus in a recitative and continues in an aria, both accompanied only by the continuo. The aria, marked ''Molto adagio'', praises Jesus as "Prince of life"<ref name="Dellal" /> and "strong fighter".<ref name="Dellal" /><ref name="Isoyama" />
The higher tenor voice addresses in a recitative the soul to look to the "new life in spirit", followed by a bright aria, accompanied by the strings, which speaks of "{{lang|de|der neue Mensch|italic=no}}" (the new man), free from sin.<ref name="Isoyama" />
The highest voice, the soprano, sings in the first person as the soul in a recitative,<ref name="Mincham" /> convinced of taking part in the resurrection. In the last aria, soprano and solo oboe in echo-effects contrast with low-lying unison strings, which already anticipate the closing chorale's melody.<ref name="Isoyama" /> The hymn is a "death-bed chorale", set for a four-part choir, crowned by a descant from the trumpet and first violin.<ref name="Gardiner" /><ref name="Mincham" />
== Recordings == * ''The RIAS Bach Cantatas Project (1949–1952)'', Karl Ristenpart, RIAS-Kammerchor, RIAS-Kammerorchester, Lilo Rolwes, Helmut Krebs, Gerhard Niese, Audite 1950 * ''J. S. Bach: Cantata No. 31; Seven Easter Chorales'', Felix Prohaska, Wiener Kammerchor, Wiener Kammerorchester, Anny Felbermayer, Waldemar Kmentt, Walter Berry, Bach Guild 1952 * ''J. S. Bach: Cantata BWV 31 & Magnificat BWV 243'', Marcel Couraud, Stuttgarter Bach-Chor, Badische Staatskapelle, Friederike Sailer, Fritz Wunderlich, August Messthaler, Philips 1956 * ''Les Grandes Cantates de J. S. Bach Vol. 17'', Fritz Werner, Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn, Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra, Agnes Giebel, Helmut Krebs, Erich Wenk, Erato 1963 * ''J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk · Complete Cantatas · Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 9'', Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Wiener Sängerknaben, Chorus Viennensis, Concentus Musicus Wien, soloists of the Wiener Sängerknaben, Kurt Equiluz, Siegmund Nimsgern, Teldec 1973 * ''Bach Made in Germany Vol. 4 – Cantatas VII'', Hans-Joachim Rotzsch, Thomanerchor, Gewandhausorchester, Helga Termer, Eberhard Büchner, Hermann Christian Polster, Eterna 1976 * ''J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 1'', Ton Koopman, Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir, Barbara Schlick, Guy de Mey, Klaus Mertens, Antoine Marchand 1994 * ''J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 6 – BWV 21, 31'', Masaaki Suzuki, Bach Collegium Japan, Monika Frimmer, Gerd Türk, Peter Kooy, BIS 1997 * ''Bach Cantatas Vol. 22: Eisenach / For Easter Sunday / For Easter Monday / For Easter Monday / For Easter Tuesday'', John Eliot Gardiner, Monteverdi Choir, English Baroque Soloists, Gillian Keith, James Gilchrist, Stephen Varcoe, Soli Deo Gloria 2000 * ''Bach Edition Vol. 21 – Cantatas Vol. 12'', Pieter Jan Leusink, Holland Boys Choir, Netherlands Bach Collegium, Ruth Holton, Nico van der Meel, Bas Ramselaar, Brilliant Classics 2000
== References == {{reflist | 30em | refs =
<ref name="Dellal">{{cite web | last = Dellal | first = Pamela | author-link = Pamela Dellal | url = https://www.emmanuelmusic.org/bach-translations/bwv-31 | title = BWV 31 – Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret | publisher = Emmanuel Music | access-date = 20 August 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="Dürr">{{cite book | last = Dürr | first = Alfred | author-link = Alfred Dürr | title = Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach | year = 1981 | publisher = Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag | isbn = 3-423-04080-7 | volume = 1 | edition = 4 | pages = 234–237 | language = de | url = https://archive.org/details/diekantatenvonjo0002durr | url-access = registration }}</ref>
<ref name="Gardiner">{{cite AV media notes | last = Gardiner | first = John Eliot | author-link = John Eliot Gardiner | url = https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_SDG128 | title = Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 4, 6, 31, 66, 134 & 145 | publisher = Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website) | year = 2007 | access-date = 22 April 2019 }}</ref>
<ref name="Isoyama">{{cite web | last = Tadashi Isoyama | first = Tadashi Isoyama | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Suzuki-C06c%5BBIS-CD851%5D.pdf | title = BWV3I: Der Himmel lacht, die Erde jubilieret / The heavens laugh. the earth rejoices | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | pages = 5–6 | year = 1997 | access-date = 12 March 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="Koster">{{cite web | last = Koster | first = Jan | url = http://www.let.rug.nl/Linguistics/diversen/bach/weimar2.html | title = Weimar 1708–1717 | publisher = let.rug.nl | access-date = 16 December 2011 | archive-date = 28 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140328175204/http://www.let.rug.nl/Linguistics/diversen/bach/weimar2.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Mincham">{{cite web | last = Mincham | first = Julian | url = http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-47-bwv-31 | title = Chapter 47 Bwv 31 – The Cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach | publisher = jsbachcantatas.com | year = 2010 | access-date = 18 August 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="chorale text">{{cite web | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Texts/Chorale040-Eng3.htm | title = Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist / Text and Translation of Chorale | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | access-date = 7 March 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="chorale melody">{{cite web | url = http://www.bach-cantatas.com/CM/Wenn-mein-Stundlein.htm | title = Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist | publisher = Bach Cantatas Website | access-date = 7 March 2013 }}</ref>
}}
== External links == * [https://www.bachvereniging.nl/en/bwv/bwv-31/ Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret, BWV 31]: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information) * {{IMSLP|work=Der Himmel lacht! die Erde jubiliert, BWV 31 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)}} * [https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000041?lang=en Der Himmel lacht, die Erde jubilieret (Weimar version) BWV 31; BC A 55a / Sacred cantata] Bach Digital * [https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000040?lang=en Der Himmel lacht, die Erde jubilieret (Leipzig version) BWV 31; BC A 55b / Sacred cantata] Bach Digital * [https://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV31.htm Cantata BWV 31 Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret] history, scoring, sources for text and music, translations to various languages, discography, discussion, Bach Cantatas Website * Luke Dahn: [https://www.bach-chorales.com/BWV0031_9.htm BWV 31.9] bach-chorales.com
{{Easter}} {{Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{Bach cantatas}} {{Authority control}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret'', BWV 31}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret BWV 31}} Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Category:1715 compositions Category:Music for Easter Category:Libretti by Salomon Franck