{{Short description|Genus of lichens}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Asterothyrium decipiens - Flickr - pellaea.jpg | image_caption = ''Asterothyrium decipiens'' on leaves of ''Persea'', North Carolina | taxon = Asterothyrium | authority = Müll.Arg. (1890) | type_species = ''Asterothyrium argenteum'' | type_species_authority = Müll.Arg. (1890) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Actinoteichus'' {{au|Cavalc. & Poroca (1971)}} *''Asterothyriomyces'' {{au|Cif. & Tomas. (1953)}} *''Diplopeltopsis'' {{au|Henn. ex Höhn. (1911)}} *''Psorotheciella'' {{au|Sacc. & P.Syd. (1902)}} *''Stictoclypeolum'' {{au|Rehm (1904)}} }}
'''''Asterothyrium''''' is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Gomphillaceae.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> These tiny lichens form small, star-shaped fruiting bodies on the surface of leaves in tropical and subtropical forests. They are most commonly found in humid, shaded environments where leaves remain moist and clean. The genus includes 19 recognised species distributed primarily throughout Central and South America.
==Taxonomy==
''Asterothyrium'' was circumscribed by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1890 for a group of foliicolous lichens characterised by small, {{lichengloss|zeorine}} apothecia with a star-like, lobulate {{lichengloss|thalline margin}} (the genus name alludes to this "aster-shaped" rim). Rolf Santesson later selected ''Asterothyrium argenteum'' as lectotype in his 1952 monograph. A later, homonymous use of the name ''Asterothyrium'' by Paul Hennings (1904) is illegitimate under the botanical code. It corresponds to the genus ''Septothyrella'' published by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel. The genus was originally placed in the family Asterothyriaceae (order Ostropales).<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
Within Asterothyriaceae, ''Asterothyrium'' is set apart by its hemiangiocarpic development and a thallus with a cellular cortex; it is most readily separated from the related ''Psorotheciopsis'', whose apothecia are truly sessile and lack a {{lichengloss|thalline margin}}. Species concepts in ''Asterothyrium'' have historically been based on the form of the thalline rim and the size and septation of the ascospores, which range from 1-septate to {{lichengloss|muriform}}; these features remain important in current treatments.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
The South American funga is diverse: Lidia Itatí Ferraro and Robert Lücking (2007) provided a regional revision, describing four new species (''A. bisporum'', ''A. rostratum'', ''A. subargenteum'', and ''A. segmentatum'') and proposing the new combination ''A. pallidum'' for material previously treated as a variety of ''A. anomalum''. Their work also clarified several country records and offered an identification key reflecting the circumscription of the genus.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
==Description==
''Asterothyrium'' species are tiny leaf-dwelling lichens that partner with green alga. Their fruiting bodies (apothecia) sit on the surface of the leaf as small, round {{lichengloss|discs}} that range in colour from yellow-green or grey to brown or almost black. A thick, persistent rim made from bits of the lichen body gives many species a star-like outline; in some, this rim bends over part of the disc. This construction is {{lichengloss|zeorine}} in form: the margin includes both the inner fungal tissues and an outer, thalline layer derived from the lichen surface. Development is {{lichengloss|hemiangiocarpic}}, meaning the young apothecia are initially covered and then open as they mature. The apothecial wall ({{lichengloss|exciple}}) is built from tightly packed cells in a jelly-like matrix and reacts iodine-positive (I+ red); the hymenium is colourless and non-amyloid (H–; KI–). The paraphyses are slender and sinuous, often with slightly swollen tips. Asci are ovoid to cylindrical with a conspicuous internal ring ({{lichengloss|tholus}}), and the colourless ascospores vary widely among species: there may be one to eight per ascus, they can be short-ellipsoid to cylindrical, with one or several cross-walls or a dense, {{lichengloss|muriform}} partitioning; in some species the spore walls are distinctly thickened.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
Asexual structures are common and take the form of pycnidia (minute flask- or disc-like bodies that release conidia). Four pycnidial types are reported in the genus: type I are bottle-shaped and immersed to slightly raised; type II are conical or wart-like along the thallus margin; type III are flat, central, and sunk into the thallus under a thin covering; type IV resemble an inverted funnel with a more or less long tube. The conidia are usually colourless and needle- to spindle-shaped, produced by simple, rod-like {{lichengloss|conidiogenous}} cells; in different species they may be non-septate or have up to three cross-walls. In the southern South American material, type-IV pycnidia with many simple, rod-shaped conidia were associated with ''A. rostratum'', whereas other species such as ''A. microsporum'' and ''A. umbilicatum'' show the type-II and type-III conditions respectively.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
==Habitat and distribution==
''Asterothyrium'' species are foliicolous (living on the surfaces of still-attached leaves) so they are tied to warm, humid forests where suitable foliage is continuously available. As with other leaf-dwelling lichens, they are most frequent in tropical to subtropical forest biomes.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
In southern South America the genus is well documented from north-eastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay, and adjacent Brazil. Verified records span lowland and foothill forests, including secondary rainforest, gallery forest along rivers, and forest edges; collections come from sites such as the Yungas of Salta (Argentina), riparian and seasonally flooded margins in Corrientes (Argentina), and protected forest in Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Itapúa and Canindeyú (Paraguay), with additional material from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil).<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
Because they grow on living leaves, host choice is broad but restricted to plants with long-lived, clean laminae in humid shade. Reported hosts include species of ''Cupania'' (Sapindaceae), ''Trichilia'' (Meliaceae), ''Piper'' (Piperaceae), and members of Rubiaceae and Bignoniaceae, as well as grasses such as ''Merostachys''. Collections note microhabitats such as forest understory, stream banks, and seasonally wet clearings—places that remain moist yet receive intermittent light.<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/>
==Species== {{Asof|2025|9}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 19 species of ''Asterothyrium'':<ref name="CoL"/>
*''Asterothyrium argenteum'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1890)}}<ref name="Müller 1890"/> *''Asterothyrium atromarginatum'' {{au|Herrera-Camp. & Lücking (2002)}}<ref name="Herrera-Campos & Lücking 2002"/> *''Asterothyrium bisporum'' {{au|L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2007)}}<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/> *''Asterothyrium decipiens'' {{au|(Rehm) R.Sant. (1952)}}<ref name="Santesson 1952"/> *''Asterothyrium filiforme'' {{au|Lücking & R.Sant. (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/> *''Asterothyrium microsporum'' {{au|R.Sant. (1952)}}<ref name="Santesson 1952"/> *''Asterothyrium microthyrioides'' {{au|Henn. (1904)}}<ref name="Hennings 1904"/> *''Asterothyrium monosporum'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1890)}} *''Asterothyrium octomerum'' {{au|R.Sant. (1952)}}<ref name="Thorold 1952"/> *''Asterothyrium pallidum'' {{au|(Henssen & Lücking) L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2007)}}<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/> *''Asterothyrium pernambucense'' {{au|(Cavalc.) Lücking & Sérus. (1998)}}<ref name="Lücking et al. 1998"/> *''Asterothyrium pittieri'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1891)}}<ref name="Müller 1891"/> *''Asterothyrium rondoniense'' {{au|Bat. & H.Maia ex Henssen & Lücking (1999)}}<ref name="Lücking 1999"/> *''Asterothyrium rostratum'' {{au|L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2007)}}<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/> *''Asterothyrium sasae'' {{au|Y.Suto (2018)}}<ref name="Suto & Ohtani 2018"/> *''Asterothyrium segmentatum'' {{au|L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2007)}}<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/> *''Asterothyrium septemseptatum'' {{au|Lücking (1999)}}<ref name="Lücking 1999"/> *''Asterothyrium subargenteum'' {{au|L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2007)}}<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007"/> *''Asterothyrium vezdae'' {{au|Flakus & Lücking (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=34FG |title=''Asterothyrium'' |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferraro & Lücking 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraro |first1=L. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |year=2007 |title=El género ''Asterothyrium'' (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Asterothyriaceae) en Argentina y áreas adyacentes de Paraguay y Brasil |trans-title=The genus ''Asterothyrium'' (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Asterothyriaceae) in Argentina and adjacent areas of Paraguay and Brazil |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=315–332 |language=es}}</ref>
<ref name="Hennings 1904">{{cite journal |last=Hennings |first=P. |year=1904 |title=Fungi Africae orientalis III |trans-title=Fungi of Eastern Africa III |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie |volume=34 |pages=39–57}}</ref>
<ref name="Herrera-Campos & Lücking 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Herrera-Campos |first1=M.A. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |title=The foliicolous lichen flora of Mexico. I. New species from Los Tuxtlas tropical biology station, Veracruz |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=34 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1006/lich.2002.0397 |pages=211–222 |bibcode=2002ThLic..34..211H }}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking et al. 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Sérusiaux |first2=Emmanuël |last3=Maia |first3=Leonor C. |last4=Pereira |first4=Eugênia C. G. |title=A revision of the names of foliicolous lichenized fungi published by Batista and co-Workers between 1960 and 1975 |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=1998 |doi=10.1006/lich.1997.0117 |doi-access=free |pages=121–191 |bibcode=1998ThLic..30..121L }}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 1999">{{cite journal |last=Lücking |first=R. |year=1999 |title=Addiciones y correcciones al conocimiento de la liquenoflora de Costa Rica. La familia Asterothyriaceae y el género ''Chroodiscus'' |trans-title=Additions and corrections to the knowledge of the lichen flora of Costa Rica. The family Asterothyriaceae and the genus ''Chroodiscus'' |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=193–224 |doi=10.1016/S0181-1584(00)87029-3 |language=es}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2008">{{cite book |last=Lücking |first=Robert |year=2008 |title=Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi |jstor=25660968 |series=Flora Neotropica |volume=103 |page=413 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |location=New York |issn=0071-5794}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1890">{{cite book |title=Lichenes Epiphylli Novi |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1890 |pages=1–22 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1891">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1891 |title=Lichenes, in Durand, T. & Pittier, H., Primitiae Florae Costaricensis |journal=Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=49–97}}</ref>
<ref name="Santesson 1952">{{cite book |last=Santesson |first=R. |year=1952 |title=Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi |series=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=325}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Asterothyrium'' Müll. Arg., Lich. Epiph. Novi: 12 (1890) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=434 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Suto & Ohtani 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Suto |first1=Y. |last2=Ohtani |first2=S. |year=2018 |title=Two new species of foliicolous lichenized Ascomycota, ''Asterothyrium sasae'' (Asterothyriaceae) and ''Gyalectidium shimanense'' (Gomphillaceae) from Shimane-ken, Western Japan |journal=Lichenology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=35–44}}</ref>
<ref name="Thorold 1952">{{cite journal |last=Thorold |first=C.A. |year=1952 |title=The epiphytes of ''Theobroma cacao'' in relation to the incidence of black-pod disease in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=125–142 |doi=10.2307/2258025 |jstor=2258025 }}</ref>
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|last386=Ramírez-Cruz |first386=V. |last387=Rambold |first387=G. |last388=Rathnayaka |first388=A.R. |last389=Raza |first389=M. |last390=Ren |first390=G.C. |last391=Rinaldi |first391=A.C. |last392=Rivas-Ferreiro |first392=M. |last393=Robledo |first393=G.L. |last394=Ronikier |first394=A. |last395=Rossi |first395=W. |last396=Rusevska |first396=K. |last397=Ryberg |first397=M. |last398=Safi |first398=A. |last399=Salimi |first399=F. |last400=Salvador-Montoya |first400=C.A. |last401=Samant |first401=B. |last402=Samaradiwakara |first402=N.P. |last403=Sánchez-Castro |first403=I. |last404=Sandoval-Denis |first404=M. |last405=Santiago |first405=A.L.C.M.A. |last406=Santos |first406=A.C.D.S. |last407=Santos |first407=L.A. |last408=Sarma |first408=V.V. |last409=Sarwar |first409=S. |last410=Savchenko |first410=A. |last411=Savchenko |first411=K. |last412=Saxena |first412=R.K. |last413=Schoutteten |first413=N. |last414=Selbmann |first414=L. |last415=Ševčíková |first415=H. |last416=Sharma |first416=A. |last417=Shen |first417=H.W. |last418=Shen |first418=Y.M. |last419=Shu |first419=Y.X. |last420=Silva |first420=H.F. |last421=Silva-Filho |first421=A.G.S. |last422=Silva |first422=V.S.H. |last423=Simmons |first423=D.R. |last424=Singh |first424=R. |last425=Sir |first425=E.B. |last426=Sohrabi |first426=M. |last427=Souza |first427=F.A. |last428=Souza-Motta |first428=C.M. |last429=Sri-indrasutdhi |first429=V. |last430=Sruthi |first430=O.P. |last431=Stadler |first431=M. |last432=Stemler |first432=J. |last433=Stephenson |first433=S.L. |last434=Stoyneva-Gaertner |first434=M.P. |last435=Strassert |first435=J.F.H. |last436=Stryjak-Bogacka |first436=M. |last437=Su |first437=H. |last438=Sun |first438=Y.R. |last439=Svantesson |first439=S. |last440=Sysouphanthong |first440=P. |last441=Takamatsu |first441=S. |last442=Tan |first442=T.H. |last443=Tanaka |first443=K. |last444=Tang |first444=C. |last445=Tang |first445=X. |last446=Taylor |first446=J.E. |last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon 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|last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5262] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=11577/3540520 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4810820}}
Category:Gomphillaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Graphidales genera Category:Taxa described in 1890 Category:Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis