{{Short description|Medieval town in Iran}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Arrajan | native_name = ارجان | native_language = fa | alternate_name = ''Arjān'', ''Argān'', ''Weh az Amid Kavād'', ''Bih az Āmid-i Kavādh'', ''Wām-Qubādh'', ''Rām-Qubādh'', ''Bizām-Qubādh'', ''Birām-Qubādh'', ''Āmid-Qubādh'', ''Abar-Qubādh'' | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | image_map = | map_type = Iran | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|30|39|14|N|50|16|29|E|display=inline,title}} | gbgridref = | map_dot_label = | location = Argan District (Kavad-Khwarrah), Pars, Sasanian Empire (modern-day Arghūn ({{lang|fa|ارغون}}) area, Behbahan County, Khuzestan province, Iran) | region = | type = settlement | part_of = | length = {{convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|2.5|km|abbr=on}} | area = | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = Ashlar | built = early 6th century | abandoned = 1058 AD | epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = Iranian/Roman | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | discovered = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = Ruined | ownership = | management = | public_access = Yes | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | architecture = | notes = }} '''Arrajan''' ('''Argan''') was a medieval Persian city located between Fars and Khuzestan, which was settled since the civilisation of Elam in the second millennium BCE, and was important from the Sasanian Empire until the 11th century as the capital of a province of the same name that corresponds to present-day Behbahan in Khuzestan province, Iran.<ref>{{cite web | last1=کشمیری | first1=مریم | title=به بهانۀ چنگ ارجان؛ آرامگاه ارجان (بهبهان) | date=19 May 2017 | url=https://mkeshmiri.blogsky.com/1396/02/29/post-11/ }}</ref><ref name="iranica-arrajan" />
The city was refounded by the Sasanian emperor Kavad I and continued to develop in the Islamic period. Having fertile soil and supplies of water and integrated into a major road system, this small province flourished and reached its peak in the 10th century. It declined by the 11th century as a result of an earthquake and military conflicts.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
==History== The archaeological site of Arrajan covers an area of about {{convert|3.75|km2|abbr=on}}, with only scattered traces of buildings, walls, a castle, a qanat, a dam, and a bridge across the nearby Marun river.<ref name="iranica-arrajan">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gaube |first1=Heinz |title=ARRAJĀN |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arrajan-medieval-city-and-province-in-southwestern-iran-between-kuzestan-and-fars |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |accessdate=14 March 2019}}</ref>
Arjan, or Argan/Arigan is the ancient name of Behbahan, which belongs to the Elamite / Khuzi period, in Iran.
In 1982 there was a big discovery in the ruins of the ancient Arjan: a bronze coffin was discovered containing ancient artifacts.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
The remains of the city ruins are located on both sides of the Maroon River, a site of about 500 hectares.
===Sasanian period===
According to Islamic sources, the city was established by the Sasanian king Kavadh I (r. 484, 488–497 and 499–531), who in his third period of his rule launched a campaign as part of the Anastasian War against northern Roman Mesopotamia, and deported 80,000 prisoners from Amida, Theodosiopolis, and possibly Martyropolis to Pars and Khuzestan provinces, some of whom are thought to have built the city of Arrajan.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/> The people of the Amida region were experts in linen production, and Arrajan quickly became a center of this product.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/><ref name=iranica-deportation/>
[[File:Coin of either Hormizd V or Hormizd VI, minted in Veh-az-Amid-Kavād.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of either Hormizd V or Hormizd VI minted in Veh-az-Amid-Kavād, dated 631/2. '''Obv''': Crowned bust of the Sasanian King. '''Rev''': Fire altar with attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.]]
Kavadh allegedly renamed the city as ''Weh-az-Amid Kavād'' ({{langx|pal|wyḥcʾmtˈ kwʾtˈ}}; literally "Better than Amida, Kavadh [built this]") or ''Bih-az-Āmid-i Kavād'' ({{langx|fa|به از آمد کواد}}). This name is Arabized in medieval Islamic sources (including coins) as ''Wāmqubādh'' ({{lang|ar|وامقباذ}}), ''Bizāmqubādh'' ({{lang|ar|بزامقباذ}}), ''Rām-Qubādh'' ({{lang|ar|رامقباذ}}), ''Birām-Qubādh'' ({{lang|ar|برامقباذ}}), and ''Āmid-Qubādh'' ({{lang|ar|آمدقباذ}}). It is also erroneously recorded as ''Abar-Qubādh'' ({{lang|ar|أبرقباذ}}) and ''Abaz-Qubādh'' ({{lang|ar|أبزقباذ}}) in Arabic sources. The more common name ''Arrajān'' comes from an older town that was populated before the foundation of this new one. The name of Arrajan (''Argān'') can be found on a Sasanian clay bulla.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frye |first1=Richard Nelson |title=The History of Ancient Iran |date=1984 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=9783406093975 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/333 333] |language=en |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/333 }}</ref><ref name=Houtsma-arrajan>{{cite book |last1=Houtsma |first1=Martijn Theodoor |last2=Arnold |first2=Sir Thomas Walker |last3=Basset |first3=René |last4=Hartmann |first4=Richard |last5=Wensinck |first5=Arent Jan |last6=Heffening |first6=Willi |last7=Gibb |first7=Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islām: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples |date=1913 |publisher=E.J. Brill Limited |page=460 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=iranica-deportation>A. Shapur Shahbazi, Erich Kettenhofen, John R. Perry, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/deportations "Deportations"], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', VII/3, pp. 297-312 (accessed on 30 December 2012).</ref> The Pahlavi abbreviation WHYC found on Sasanian and Arab-Sasanian coins is considered by some to refer to Arrajan. However, it is more likely that the abbreviation refers to two places; it refers to Arrajan in the coins of Kavad I, and refers to a place in al-Mada'in in later coins; because it is unlikely that a small settlement continued to mint coins for all of these kings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tyler-Smith |first1=Susan |title=The Kavād Hoard |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2004 |volume=164 |pages=308–312 |issn=0078-2696|jstor=42666299 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Album |first1=Stephen |last2=Goodwin |first2=Tony |title=Sylloge of Islamic coins in the Ashmolean: The pre-reform coinage of the early Islamic period |date=2002 |publisher=Ashmolean Museum |isbn=9781854441737 |page=67 |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery> File:Khuzestan,bahbahan2.jpg|Ruins of Arrajan's bridge File:Khuzestan.behbahan1.jpg|Ruins of walls File:سنگفرش راه کوهستانی باستانی در ارجان بهبهان.jpg|A stone-paved Roman road </gallery>
Other Sasanian cities located in the Arrajan province and recorded by Islamic sources include:<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/> *Jannāba ({{lang|ar|جنابة}}) – near Bandar Ganaveh on the Persian Gulf), recorded only in Islamic sources *Rīshahr ({{lang|ar|ريشهر}}) – on the northern bank of the Hendijan river *Sīnīz ({{lang|ar|سينيز}}) – about 23 km southeast of Bandar Daylam on the Persian Gulf, recorded only in Islamic sources
<gallery> File:سواحل بندر امام حسن سينيز - panoramio.jpg|Siniz's coast File:Reshehr view.png|Rishehr's coast </gallery>
There are remains of Sasanian buildings in Patāva (a bridge over Khersan river) and Chahartaqi of Kheyrabad.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
<gallery> File:ChaharTaqi-KheirAbad Darafsh (4).jpg|Chahartaqi of Kheyrabad, an early example of chahartaqi File:ChaharTaqi-KheirAbad-9.JPG|The Chahartaqi of Kheyrabad and the nearby Sasanian-era bridge </gallery>
===Islamic period=== [[File:Coin minted in Arrajān (Veh-az-Amid-Kavād) in the Umayyad period.jpg|thumb|right|Coin minted in Arrajan in the Umayyad period, possibly struck in 702/3. '''Obv''': Crowned janiform bust, ''hubaxtīh'' and "fortune and prosperity" in Middle Persian (Pahlavi), all within double circle border containing "Muhammad is the Messenger of God, those who recite with him are violent to the infidels and compassionate between them" in Arabic. '''Rev''': Fire altar with attendants, text in Pahlavi, including mention of mint ("WHYC")]]
Arrajan's development continued even after the Islamic conquest of Persia, reaching its peak in the 11th century.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
Medieval Islamic sources provide details about the city in that period, depicting it as a large and beautiful city.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/> It featured six gates, an administrative building, and a citadel. The Great Mosque was located roughly at the city's center, and the bazaar was located nearby. Ashlar was used in the construction of the buildings. The houses featured cool apartments below ground level, as the city featured a "hot but tolerable" climate. There were subterranean canals supplying water to all houses in the town. Two bridges were constructed across the Kordestan river (Tāb [{{lang|ar|طاب}}]) nearby.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
Islamic sources mention 47 place names and/or districts located in the Arrajan province, including Jūma ({{lang|ar|جومة}}) (capital of the Bilād-Shābūr [{{lang|ar|بلاد شابور}}] district), Junbadh-Mallaghān ({{lang|ar|جنبذ ملغان}}), and Mahrūbān ({{lang|ar|مهروبان}}).<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
As a province, Arrajan, which is recorded as ''Kūra Qubāḏ-kurra'' or ''Kūra Qubāḏ'' in New Persian, was situated in an important position; it was integrated into a road system that connected Mesopotamia, Susa, Shiraz, Isfahan, and the ports of Mahruban and Basra at Persian Gulf to each other.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
thumb|Nature of Arrajan region
Arrajan's economy was based on agricultural production and trade with India, the Far East, and Iraq through the ports of Jannāba, Sīnīz, and Mahrūbān. Exporting goods included various cloths, dates, date syrup, grapes, grape syrup, olives, olive oil, soap, cactus figs, corn, nuts, oranges, and lemons.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
====Decline====
Arrajan's decline began during Buyid period. In 1052, the sons of the Buyid Abu Kalijar fought against each other for possession of Arrajan city and it changed hands several times between 1053 and 1057. The number of male inhabitants was allegedly 20,000 in 1052 AD.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
In 1085, Arrajan was destroyed by an earthquake and never recovered; the new settlement, Behbahan, later arose nearby.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
The activities of the Nizari Ismailis in the region, who launched raids from the nearby strongholds of Qal'at al-Jiss ({{lang|ar|قلعة الجص}}), Qal'at Halādhān (Dez Kelāt, {{lang|fa|دز کلات}}), and Qal'at al-Nazir ({{lang|ar|قلعة الناظر}}) further harmed Arrajan and Juma. They eventually captured Arrajan,<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/><ref name=Houtsma-arrajan/> but were eventually repulsed during Muhammad Tapar's anti-Nizari campaign.
As the Arrajan city declines, the province name "Arrajan" also disappears. Mahrūbān later became the most important center of the maritime trade, marginalizing Jannāba.<ref name="iranica-arrajan"/>
==The Arjan bowl == {{main|Arjan bowl}} {{more citations needed|section|date=March 2025}} thumb|Arjan cup or circle of life thumb|Arjan bowl thumb|Replica of the Arjan bowl
In 1982, the remains of a tomb belonging to the second millennium BC were discovered near the Arjan ancient site, which opened a new chapter in local archeology. The tomb contained a large bronze coffin, a golden ring, ninety-eight golden buttons, ten cylindrical vessels, a dagger, a silver bar, and a bronze tray with various images. This is called the Arjan bowl or Hotran Korlosh, and is more than three thousand years old.
Drawings on the tray include five circles, and in its center a sixteen-pointed flower (similar to a sunflower or a type of chrysanthemum). This flower symbolizes the sun and the spinning wheel or wheel of destiny. A row of lions, cattle, and birds are associated with various rituals. Seven circles or rings represent the number seven, which is sacred in Judaism and many other religions. The origin of this sanctity is not clear, but like many symbols of famous religions it has a history in ancient primitive religions.
The logo of the Iranian 2020 Olympic teams was the Arjan tray.<ref name="IranEmb">{{cite web |last1=M |first1=Mohammad Ajam |title=ARJĀN |url=https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/portal/NewsView/645813 |work= Parssea |accessdate=29 Jul 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title=Arjan جام film | website=YouTube | date=15 July 2021 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95OGHSIgNpc }}</ref> Elamite bowl selected symbol for Iran Olympic. [https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/455688/Elamite-bowl-selected-symbol-for-Iran-Olympic-delegation]
==References== * [https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/portal/NewsView/645813 The Arjan bowl] (article in Persian language) * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95OGHSIgNpc * [https://parssea.blogsky.com/1400/05/07/post-5/جام-ارجان-و-رازهای-پنهان-تمدن-ایران، Arjan of the Elamite era], the armlet dates back to the Neo-Elamite period {{Reflist}} {{commons category|Arrajan}}
Category:Elamite cities Category:Behbahan County Category:Sasanian cities Category:Martyropolis Category:Populated places established in the 6th century Category:Populated places disestablished in the 11th century Category:11th-century disestablishments in Asia Category:Anastasian War Category:6th-century establishments in Asia Category:Roman–Iranian relations Category:Kavad I