Frozen (2013 film)

{{Short description|Disney animated film}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}} {{Use American English|date=May 2014}} {{Infobox film | name = Frozen | image = Frozen (2013 film) poster.jpg | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = {{Plainlist| * Chris Buck * Jennifer Lee }} | screenplay = Jennifer Lee | story = {{Plainlist| * Chris Buck * Jennifer Lee * Shane Morris }} | based_on = {{Based on|"The Snow Queen"|Hans Christian Andersen}}<ref name="UnfreezingFrozen">{{cite news|last=Lowman|first=Rob|date=November 19, 2013|title=Unfreezing 'Frozen:' The making of the newest fairy tale in 3D by Disney|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2013/11/19/unfreezing-frozen-the-making-of-the-newest-fairy-tale-in-3d-by-disney/|work=Los Angeles Daily News|access-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529144038/https://www.dailynews.com/2013/11/19/unfreezing-frozen-the-making-of-the-newest-fairy-tale-in-3d-by-disney/|archive-date=May 29, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> | producer = Peter Del Vecho | starring = {{Plainlist| * Kristen Bell * Idina Menzel * Jonathan Groff * Josh Gad * Santino Fontana }} | cinematography = Scott Beattie (layout) Mohit Kallianpur (lighting) | editing = Jeff Draheim | music = Christophe Beck (score) Robert Lopez (songs) Kristen Anderson-Lopez (songs)

| production_companies = Walt Disney Animation Studios | distributor = Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures{{efn|name=Disney|Distributed under the Walt Disney Pictures banner.}} | released = {{Film date|2013|11|19|El Capitan Theatre|2013|11|22|limited release|2013|11|27|United States|ref1=<ref name="WarmsUpAudience">{{cite magazine|last=Graser|first=Marc|title=Disney's 'Frozen' Premiere Warms Up Audience in Hollywood|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/disneys-frozen-premiere-warms-up-audience-in-hollywood-1200859822/|access-date=December 17, 2023|magazine=Variety|date=November 20, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607124910/https://variety.com/2013/film/news/disneys-frozen-premiere-warms-up-audience-in-hollywood-1200859822/|archive-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref>|ref2=<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|date=November 22, 2013|title=Why Disney's 'Frozen' Debuted Today On A Single Screen|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/22/why-disneys-frozen-opens-today-on-one-screen/?sh=5c14da37455d|magazine=Forbes|access-date=December 17, 2023|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217085825/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/22/why-disneys-frozen-opens-today-on-one-screen/?sh=5c14da37455d|url-status=live}}</ref>|ref3=<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=June 11, 2012|title=Disney's 'Frozen' to Thaw in November 2013|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disney-frozen-kristen-bell-november-idina-menzel-335875/|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122031838/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/disney-frozen-kristen-bell-november-idina-menzel-335875/|archive-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref>}} | runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Frozen|url=http://www.ofrb.gov.on.ca/ofrb/OfrbWelcomeAction.do?detailParameter=2000111390|publisher=Ontario Film Review Board|date=November 12, 2013|access-date=January 15, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121817/http://www.ofrb.gov.on.ca/ofrb/OfrbWelcomeAction.do?detailParameter=2000111390|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $150 million<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Grady|title=Box office preview: 'Frozen' ready to storm the chart, but it won't beat 'Catching Fire'|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/27/box-office-preview-frozen-catching-fire/|access-date=December 17, 2023|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128190249/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/27/box-office-preview-frozen-catching-fire/ |archive-date=November 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name="mojo" /> | gross = $1.280 billion<ref name="mojo">{{cite Box Office Mojo|id=2294629|title=Frozen|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126235509/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2294629/|archive-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref> }}

'''''Frozen''''' is a 2013 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios,<ref name="PRWoC">{{cite news |title=Disneyland Resort Debuts "World of Color – Winter Dreams," a Merry New Spectacular for 2013 Holiday Season |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/disneyland-resort-debuts-world-of-color----winter-dreams-a-merry-new-spectacular-for-2013-holiday-season-216954411.html |access-date=July 27, 2013 |newspaper=PR Newswire |date=July 27, 2013 |quote=from the upcoming Walt Disney Pictures animated feature "Frozen" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807092912/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/disneyland-resort-debuts-world-of-color----winter-dreams-a-merry-new-spectacular-for-2013-holiday-season-216954411.html |archive-date=August 7, 2013 }}</ref> loosely based on Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale "The Snow Queen".<ref name="UnfreezingFrozen" /> Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee and written by Lee, it stars the voices of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, Josh Gad, and Santino Fontana. It follows Anna, the princess of Arendelle, who sets off on a journey with the iceman Kristoff, his reindeer Sven, and the snowman Olaf, to find her estranged sister Elsa after she accidentally traps their kingdom in eternal winter with her icy powers.

''Frozen'' underwent several story treatments before it was commissioned in 2011. Christophe Beck was hired to compose the film's orchestral score, and Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote the songs.

Following its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 19, 2013, ''Frozen'' had its general theatrical release on November 27. It was praised for its visuals, screenplay, themes, music, and voice acting; some critics consider ''Frozen'' Disney's best animated film since the Disney Renaissance. The film grossed over $1.280 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing animated film until the remake of ''The Lion King'' overtook this position in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desta |first=Yohana |date=August 12, 2019 |title=''The Lion King'' Is Now Disney's Highest-Grossing Animated Movie Ever |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/08/the-lion-king-box-office-animation-record |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135530/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/08/the-lion-king-box-office-animation-record |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Verhoeven |first1=Beatrice |last2=Robinson |first2=Cassidy |date=May 9, 2020 |title=30 Highest Grossing Animated Movies of All Time Worldwide |url=https://www.thewrap.com/30-highest-grossing-animated-movies-of-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818221804/https://www.thewrap.com/30-highest-grossing-animated-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=TheWrap}}</ref> It finished its theatrical run as the highest-grossing film of 2013 and the fifth-highest-grossing film of all time. The film's songs, characters, story, and appeal to a general audience led to it being dubbed a pop culture phenomenon.

The film's popularity spawned a franchise, which includes a short, ''Frozen Fever'' (2015), a featurette, ''Olaf's Frozen Adventure'' (2017), and two feature-length sequels—''Frozen 2'' (2019) and the upcoming ''Frozen 3'' (2027). Among its accolades, it won Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song with Let It Go,<ref>{{cite web | title='Frozen' Smash "Let It Go" Reaches RIAA® Diamond Status with 10 Million Sales | date=August 14, 2024 | url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/frozen-smash-let-it-go-reaches-riaa-diamond-status-with-10-million-sales/ }}</ref> the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, and two Grammy Awards.

== Plot ==  Princess Elsa of Arendelle has naturally occurring magical powers, allowing her to create ice and snow. After she accidentally injures her younger sister Anna with her magic, their parents bring them to a colony of trolls led by Grand Pabbie. He heals Anna and erases her memories of Elsa's magic. The king and queen decide that until Elsa learns to control her powers, they will close the castle gates and isolate her. Years of isolation creates a rift between the sisters and, when they are adolescents, their parents die in a shipwreck.

On Elsa's coronation day, the castle gates open to the public for the first time. Visiting dignitaries include the handsome Prince Hans of the Southern Isles, with whom Anna falls in love at first sight. Hans proposes to Anna, but Elsa objects to the marriage and lashes out, accidentally revealing her powers to the terrified court. Accused of witchcraft by the scheming Duke of Weselton, Elsa flees to the North Mountain and feels free for the first time. She builds an ice palace and decides to live a hermit's life, unaware that her magic has plunged Arendelle into an eternal winter. Anna ventures out to find Elsa, leaving Hans in command. She meets an ice courier named Kristoff and his reindeer, Sven, and convinces them to bring her to the North Mountain. On the way they meet Olaf, a living snowman created by Elsa's magic, who agrees to guide them. At the ice palace, Anna tells Elsa about what has become of Arendelle. Elsa's fear makes her hit Anna with ice, accidentally freezing her heart. In desperation, Elsa creates a giant snow monster and casts Anna out of the castle to keep her safe.

With Anna slowly freezing to death, Kristoff takes her to the trolls for help. Grand Pabbie says that only "an act of true love" can thaw her heart. Kristoff and Olaf race back to the castle so Hans can give Anna a true love's kiss, but Hans captures Elsa. Instead of kissing Anna, he reveals that he has actually been plotting to become ruler of Arendelle by marrying Anna and then killing Elsa. The sisters escape and Olaf helps Anna reunite with Kristoff, whom he has inferred is in love with Anna. Hans confronts Elsa, saying that she has killed Anna. Elsa breaks down, which abruptly stops the blizzard she created. Seeing Hans about to kill Elsa, Anna sacrifices her chance to be saved by Kristoff and steps between Elsa and Hans. She freezes solid, which devastates Elsa. As she hugs her sister, Anna slowly thaws; her heroism is "an act of true love".

Realizing that love is the key to controlling her powers, Elsa ends the winter. With the truth revealed and with Elsa fully in control of her abilities, the citizens of Arendelle quickly accept her as queen. Hans is arrested and exiled for treason and attempted assassination. Elsa appoints Kristoff the royal ice deliverer, and he and Anna share a kiss. The sisters mend their relationship, and Elsa promises never to lock the castle gates again.

==Voice cast== {{main|List of Frozen characters|l1=List of ''Frozen'' characters}}  thumb|upright=1.3|A promotional image of the main characters from the film. From left to right: Elsa, Hans, Anna, Sven, Olaf, and Kristoff. * Kristen Bell as Anna,<ref name="BellAndMenzelToVoice">{{cite magazine|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Breznican|title=Disney's 'Frozen': Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel to voice new animated tale|url=https://ew.com/article/2012/06/11/disneys-frozen-kristen-bell-and-idina-menzel-to-voice-new-animated-tale/|access-date=June 23, 2013|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=June 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419182400/https://ew.com/article/2012/06/11/disneys-frozen-kristen-bell-and-idina-menzel-to-voice-new-animated-tale/|archive-date=April 19, 2023}}</ref> a fearless and optimistic 18-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=13}} princess of Arendelle and Elsa's younger sister who is determined to save both her kingdom and her relationship with her sister.<ref name="DirectorsCharacterGuide">{{cite magazine|last=Wybrew|first=Ally|date=December 6, 2013|title=The Frozen Directors' Character Guide|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/frozen-character-guide/|magazine=Empire|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216103013/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/frozen-character-guide/|archive-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref> ** Livvy Stubenrauch as 5-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=2}} Anna.<ref>{{cite web|first=Paula|last=Toti|date=December 10, 2013|url=http://www.local12.com/news/features/local-12/stories/local-girl-stars-disneys-frozen-6086.shtml|title=Local Girl stars in Disney's 'Frozen'|work=WKRC-TV|access-date=December 18, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219132356/http://www.local12.com/news/features/local-12/stories/local-girl-stars-disneys-frozen-6086.shtml|archive-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref> Katie Lopez provided her singing voice.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chai|first=Barbara|date=November 26, 2013|title='Frozen': Music for the Whole Family|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304011304579221922022257680|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127040228/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304011304579221922022257680|archive-date=January 27, 2015}}</ref> ** Agatha Lee Monn as 9-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=9}} Anna.<ref name="BreaksTheIceForWomenDirectors">{{cite web|last=Wloszczyna|first=Susan|title=With Frozen, Director Jennifer Lee Breaks the Ice for Women Directors |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/with-frozen-director-jennifer-lee-breaks-the-ice-for-women-directors-1b64317eae1/|access-date=December 17, 2023|work=Women and Hollywood|publisher=IndieWire|date=November 26, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208191043/http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/with-frozen-director-jennifer-lee-breaks-the-ice-for-women-directors|archive-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref> * Idina Menzel as Elsa,<ref>{{cite web|last=Potter|first=Courtney|url=https://d23.com/7-times-disney-legend-idina-menzel-joined-the-worlds-of-disney/|title=7 Times Disney Legend Idina Menzel Joined the Worlds of Disney|website=D23|date=May 30, 2023|access-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530204352/https://d23.com/7-times-disney-legend-idina-menzel-joined-the-worlds-of-disney/|archive-date=May 30, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as the Snow Queen,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/frozen-movie-synopsis-disney/|title=First Synopsis for Disney's FROZEN; Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to Contribute Original Songs|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=June 11, 2012|website=Collider|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003331/https://collider.com/frozen-movie-synopsis-disney/|archive-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref> the 21-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=16}} queen of Arendelle and Anna's elder sister who possesses magical ice powers. ** Eva Bella as 8-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=2}} Elsa<ref>{{cite news |last=Covert |first=Colin |title=Disney's animated "Frozen" is pretty chill |url=http://gazette.com/movie-review-disneys-animated-frozen-is-pretty-chill/article/1510181 |access-date=January 2, 2014 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=November 29, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103092438/http://gazette.com/movie-review-disneys-animated-frozen-is-pretty-chill/article/1510181 |archive-date=January 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="yahoocast">{{cite news |title=Frozen(2013) – Cast & Crew |url=http://ca.movies.yahoo.com/movie/frozen-2013/credits.html |access-date=January 2, 2014 |newspaper=Yahoo! Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719112434/http://ca.movies.yahoo.com/movie/frozen-2013/credits.html |archive-date=July 19, 2013 |df=mdy}}</ref> ** Spencer Lacey Ganus as 12-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=10}} Elsa<ref name="yahoocast" /> * Jonathan Groff as Kristoff,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Siegel|first=Tatiana|date=December 19, 2012|title=Broadway Star Jonathan Groff to Voice Lead Character in Disney's 'Frozen'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/broadway-star-jonathan-groff-voice-404867/|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=December 17, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503084923/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/broadway-star-jonathan-groff-voice-404867/|archive-date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> an iceman who is accompanied by a reindeer named Sven<ref name="USATodayPics" /><ref name="groff">{{cite news |title=Jonathan Groff joins Disney's Frozen Voice Cast |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=98237 |access-date=December 19, 2012 |newspaper=ComingSoon.net |date=December 19, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221015356/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=98237 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 }}</ref> ** Tyree Brown as 8-year-old{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=1}} Kristoff<ref>{{cite web |title=Tyree Brown |url=http://www.nbc.com/parenthood/about/bio/tyree-brown |website=NBC |access-date=August 26, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827005230/http://www.nbc.com/parenthood/about/bio/tyree-brown |archive-date=August 27, 2015 }}</ref> * Josh Gad as Olaf, a sentient comic-relief snowman that Elsa and Anna created as children, who dreams of experiencing summer<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarto |first=Dan |title=Oscar® Tour SoCal Day 2 Continues at Disney Feature Animation |url=http://www.awn.com/blogs/oscar-tour-travelogue/oscar-tour-socal-day-2-continues-at-disney-feature-animation |access-date=February 28, 2013 |newspaper=Animation World Network |date=February 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308154304/http://www.awn.com/blogs/oscar-tour-travelogue/oscar-tour-socal-day-2-continues-at-disney-feature-animation |archive-date=March 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="BroadwayFontana">{{cite news |last=Snetiker |first=Marc |title=Santino Fontana and Josh Gad Join Disney's Frozen, Starring Jonathan Groff & Idina Menzel |url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/170190/santino-fontana-and-josh-gad-join-disneys-frozen-starring-jonathan-groff-idina-menzel/ |access-date=June 18, 2013 |newspaper=Broadway.com |date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622015629/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/170190/santino-fontana-and-josh-gad-join-disneys-frozen-starring-jonathan-groff-idina-menzel/ |archive-date=June 22, 2013 }}</ref> * Santino Fontana as Hans, a prince from the Southern Isles<ref name="USATodayPics">{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |title="Frozen" defrosts Kristen Bell's Disney dreams |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/06/17/frozen-disney/2389171/ |access-date=June 18, 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=June 17, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618205530/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/06/17/frozen-disney/2389171/ |archive-date=June 18, 2013 }}</ref> * Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton<ref name="BroadwayFontana" /> * Ciarán Hinds as Grand Pabbie, the Troll King<ref name="WrapReview">{{cite news |last=Duralde |first=Alonso |title="Frozen" Review: Disney's Best Animated Musical Since "Beauty and the Beast" |url=https://www.thewrap.com/frozen-review-disneys-best-animated-musical-since-beauty-beast |access-date=November 3, 2013 |work=TheWrap |date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222813/http://www.thewrap.com/frozen-review-disneys-best-animated-musical-since-beauty-beast |archive-date=November 5, 2013 }}</ref> * Chris Williams as Oaken, the owner of Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna<ref>{{cite news |title="Frozen" Movie Stills – Oaken (voiced by Chris Williams) |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/photos/frozen-movie-stills-1373496821-slideshow/frozen-movie-stills-photo-1373496768892.html |access-date=July 11, 2013 |newspaper=Yahoo! |date=July 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715020051/http://movies.yahoo.com/photos/frozen-movie-stills-1373496821-slideshow/frozen-movie-stills-photo-1373496768892.html |archive-date=July 15, 2013 }}</ref> * Maia Wilson as Bulda, a troll and Kristoff's adoptive mother{{sfn|Lee|2013}}<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Frozen |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/524365c72096c |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=November 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051722/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/524365c72096c |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref> * Paul Briggs as Marshmallow, a giant snow monster<ref>{{cite web |last=Guzman |first=René |title=S.A. artist drew on personal experience for 'Big Hero 6' scene |url=http://www.expressnews.com/lifestyle/article/S-A-artist-drew-on-personal-experience-for-Big-5884086.php |work=expressnews.com |access-date=December 12, 2014 |date=November 11, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014312/http://www.expressnews.com/lifestyle/article/S-A-artist-drew-on-personal-experience-for-Big-5884086.php |archive-date=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> who guards Elsa's palace * Maurice LaMarche as King Agnarr of Arendelle, Anna and Elsa's father{{sfn|Lee|2013}}<ref name="BFI" /> * Jennifer Lee as Queen Iduna of Arendelle, Anna and Elsa's mother<ref>{{cite web |title=How Well Do You Know... Frozen? |url=http://blogs.disney.com/insider/trivia/2014/01/29/how-well-do-you-know-frozen/ |publisher=Disney Insider |access-date=January 30, 2014 |date=January 29, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173142/http://blogs.disney.com/insider/trivia/2014/01/29/how-well-do-you-know-frozen/ |archive-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref>

Non-speaking characters include Kristoff's reindeer companion Sven, horses, and wolves.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doty |first=Meriah |title=Get the Story Behind the New Mini-Snowmen in 'Frozen Fever' (Exclusive Poster and Interview) |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/get-the-story-behind-the-new-mini-snowmen-in-113262824227.html |publisher=Yahoo Movies |access-date=March 16, 2015 |date=March 10, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316044419/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/get-the-story-behind-the-new-mini-snowmen-in-113262824227.html |archive-date=March 16, 2015 }}</ref> Sven's grunts and snorts were provided by Frank Welker, who was not credited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mississauga.com/whatson-story/6704484-tickets-to-meet-voice-of-megatron-frank-welker-in-mississauga-this-july-are-now-on-sale/|title=Tickets to meet voice of Megatron Frank Welker in Mississauga this July are now on sale|date=June 2, 2016|last=Clay|first=Chris|newspaper=The Mississauga News|access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830164730/https://www.mississauga.com/whatson-story/6704484-tickets-to-meet-voice-of-megatron-frank-welker-in-mississauga-this-july-are-now-on-sale/|archive-date=August 30, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} {{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2016/02/09/frozen-holiday-special-abc-2017/|title=''Frozen'' Holiday Special to Air on ABC; Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel to Return|date=February 9, 2016|last=Iannucci|first=Rebecca|work=TVLine|access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623153629/https://tvline.com/2016/02/09/frozen-holiday-special-abc-2017/|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}} {{cite web|url=https://www.mississauga.com/whatson-story/6365918-voice-behind-megatron-famed-voice-actor-frank-welker-featured-at-transformers-convention/|title=Voice behind Megatron, famed voice actor Frank Welker, featured at Transformers convention|date=February 26, 2016|last=Clay|first=Chris|newspaper=The Mississauga News|access-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830165425/https://www.mississauga.com/whatson-story/6365918-voice-behind-megatron-famed-voice-actor-frank-welker-featured-at-transformers-convention/|archive-date=August 30, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Production == === Background === [[File:Disney's "The Snow Queen".jpg|thumb|alt=Three character sketches|Concept art from Disney's shelved hand-drawn film adaptation of ''The Snow Queen''<ref name="sf" />]]

Walt Disney Productions began exploring a possible live-action-animated biographical film of author and poet Hans Christian Andersen in late 1937, before the December premiere of its film ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (the first feature-length, hand-drawn animated film).<ref name="Solomon">{{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Charles |title=The Art of Frozen |year=2013 |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-4521-1716-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otmqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031114055/https://books.google.com/books?id=otmqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |archive-date=October 31, 2015 }}</ref>{{rp|10}} In March 1940, Walt Disney suggested a co-production to film producer Samuel Goldwyn in which Goldwyn's studio would shoot the live-action scenes of Andersen's life and Disney's studio would animate Andersen's fairy tales.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|10}} After the United States entered World War II, Disney focused on wartime propaganda; this halted development of the Disney–Goldwyn project in 1942.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|10}} Goldwyn produced the 1952 live-action film ''Hans Christian Andersen'', and Disney Animation shelved a number of unfinished animated projects (including ''The Snow Queen'').<ref name="Jim Hill">{{cite news |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2013/10/18/countdown-to-disney-quot-frozen-quot-how-one-simple-suggestion-broke-the-ice-on-the-quot-snow-queen-quot-s-decades-long-story-problems.aspx |title=Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the "Snow Queen"'s decades-long story problems |first=Jim |last=Hill |work=Jim Hill Media |date=October 18, 2013 |access-date=October 22, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022125512/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2013/10/18/countdown-to-disney-quot-frozen-quot-how-one-simple-suggestion-broke-the-ice-on-the-quot-snow-queen-quot-s-decades-long-story-problems.aspx |archive-date=October 22, 2013 }}</ref>

{{quote box|quote=Hans Christian Andersen's original version of ''The Snow Queen'' is a pretty dark tale and it doesn't translate easily into a film. For us the breakthrough came when we tried to give really human qualities to the Snow Queen. When we decided to make the Snow Queen Elsa and our protagonist Anna sisters, that gave a way to relate to the characters in a way that conveyed what each was going through and that would relate for today's audiences. This film has a lot of complicated characters and complicated relationships in it. There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from, from this desire to defend herself, you can always relate to her. "Inspired by" means exactly that. There is snow and there is ice and there is a Queen, but other than that, we depart from it quite a bit. We do try to bring scope and the scale that you would expect but do it in a way that we can understand the characters and relate to them. |source=– Producer Peter Del Vecho on the difficulties of adapting ''The Snow Queen''<ref name="Connelly">{{cite web |last=Connelly |first=Brendon |title=Inside The Research, Design, And Animation Of Walt Disney's Frozen With Producer Peter Del Vecho |url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/09/25/inside-the-research-design-and-animation-of-walt-disneys-frozen-with-producer-peter-del-vecho/ |work=Bleeding Cool |access-date=October 22, 2013 |date=September 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013234112/http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/09/25/inside-the-research-design-and-animation-of-walt-disneys-frozen-with-producer-peter-del-vecho/ |archive-date=October 13, 2013 }}</ref> |width=30%}}

Walt Disney Feature Animation began developing a new adaptation of ''The Snow Queen'' during the late 1990s,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harrison|first1=Mark|title=Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-interview-on-making-frozen/|date=December 6, 2013|work=Den of Geek!|publisher=Dennis Publishing|access-date=December 25, 2017|archive-date=October 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020172314/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/frozen/28495/chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-interview-on-making-frozen|url-status=live}}</ref> after the success of its Disney Renaissance-era films (1989–1999), but the project was scrapped in late 2002 when Glen Keane reportedly quit<ref name="sf">{{cite news |last=Fischer |first=Russ |title=Disney's "Frozen", Formerly "The Snow Queen", Will Be CG Rather Than Hand-Drawn |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/disneys-frozen-the-snow-queen-cg-handdrawn/ |access-date=January 12, 2012 |newspaper=Slash Film |date=January 11, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105043849/http://www.slashfilm.com/disneys-frozen-the-snow-queen-cg-handdrawn/ |archive-date=January 5, 2013 }}</ref> and worked on another project which became ''Tangled'' (2010). Before then, Harvey Fierstein pitched his version of the story to Disney executives but was turned down.<ref name="Jim Hill" /> Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi, Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz reportedly tried their hands at it, but failed.<ref name="Jim Hill" /> After a number of unsuccessful attempts from 2000 to 2002, Disney shelved the project again.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|10–11}} During one of those attempts, Walt Disney Company chair and CEO Michael Eisner supported the project and suggested director John Lasseter at Pixar after the expected renewal of Pixar's contract with Disney.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=James B. |title=DisneyWar |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9780684809939 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/disneywar00jame_0/page/436 436]–438 |url=https://archive.org/details/disneywar00jame_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=May 15, 2015 }}</ref> Negotiations between Pixar and Disney collapsed in January 2004, however, and the contract was not renewed.<ref name="Issacson">{{cite book |last1=Issacson |first1=Walter |title=Steve Jobs |date=2011 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781451648546 |pages=435–436 |edition=1st paperback}}</ref> Eisner's successor Bob Iger negotiated Disney's purchase of Pixar in January 2006 for $7.4 billion, and Lasseter was promoted to chief creative officer of Pixar and Disney Animation.<ref name="Catmull">{{cite book |last1=Catmull |first1=Ed |first2=Amy |last2=Wallace |title=Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration |url=https://archive.org/details/creativityincove0000catm |url-access=registration |date=2014 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0812993011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/creativityincove0000catm/page/248 248–252]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=David |title=The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company |year=2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780307278296 |pages=252–254}}</ref>

=== Development === Development began in 2008, when Lasseter convinced Chris Buck (who co-directed the 1999 film ''Tarzan'' for the studio) to return to Walt Disney Animation Studios from Sony Pictures Animation, where he had co-directed the 2007 film ''Surf's Up''. Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter that September, one of which was ''The Snow Queen''.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|6,11}} Buck later said that his initial inspiration for ''The Snow Queen'' was not the Andersen fairy tale, but he wanted "to do something different on the definition of true love ... Disney had already done the 'kissed by a prince' thing, so [I] thought it was time for something new".<ref name="buckapr8">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Mike P. |title=Chris Buck reveals true inspiration behind Disney's Frozen (exclusive) |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/chris-buck-reveals-true-inspiration-behind-disneys-frozen-135800980.html |access-date=April 8, 2014 |work=Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Yahoo! Inc. |date=April 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715042428/https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/chris-buck-reveals-true-inspiration-behind-disneys-frozen-135800980.html |archive-date=July 15, 2014 }}</ref> While working with Disney on ''Toy Story'' in the 1990s, Lasseter was blown away by early concept art for ''The Snow Queen''.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|6}} Development began as ''Anna and the Snow Queen'', and traditional animation was planned.<ref name="ColliderGadTalks">{{cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Steve |title=Josh Gad Talks FROZEN, His History with the Project, the Songs, the Status of TRIPLETS, Playing Sam Kinison, and More |url=https://collider.com/josh-gad-frozen-triplets-sam-kinison-interview/ |access-date=November 25, 2013 |newspaper=Collider.com |date=November 25, 2013 |time=0:33 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129100349/http://collider.com/josh-gad-frozen-triplets-sam-kinison-interview |archive-date=November 29, 2013 }}</ref> Josh Gad said that he first became involved with the film at that early stage, when the plot was still relatively close to the original Andersen fairy tale and Megan Mullally was going to play Elsa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Condon |first1=Seán Francis |title=Interview: Frozen's Josh Gad |url=http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/movies/features/interview-frozens-josh-gad |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107084552/http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/movies/features/interview-frozens-josh-gad |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |work=MSN Canada Entertainment |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |date=November 27, 2013}}</ref> By early 2010, the project was in development hell when the studio again failed to find a way to make the story and the Snow Queen character work.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-09-la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09-story.html |title=Disney restyles "Rapunzel" to appeal to boys |first1=Dawn C. |last1=Chmielewski |first2=Claudia |last2=Eller |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 9, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410151318/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/09/business/la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09 |archive-date=April 10, 2010 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="EmpireLion3D">{{cite news |last=de Semlyen |first=Nick |title=Exclusive: The Lion King To Go 3D |url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=28191 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=Empire Online |date=June 22, 2010 |quote='It's actually been tabled right now,' explains Hahn. 'It's on the low shelf – we can't reach it! But seriously, we don't have the story. It's a bit like ''Beauty and the Beast'', which sat there for years. We cracked ''Beauty'' finally by putting in the objects and creating more plot. ''The Snow Queen'' we've had a lot of trouble with and I've spent years on it. I love it and I think it's one of the last great fairy tales. It's kind of crappy that it's just sitting there right now.' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021034315/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=28191 |archive-date=October 21, 2013 }}</ref>

On December 22, 2011, following the success of ''Tangled'', Disney announced a new title for the film{{snd}}''Frozen''{{snd}}and a release date of November 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Walt Disney Animation Gives "The Snow Queen" New Life, Retitled "Frozen" – But Will It Be Hand Drawn? |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/walt-disney-animation-the-snow-queen-life-retitled-frozen-hand-drawn/ |access-date=December 22, 2011 |newspaper=SlashFilm |date=December 22, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216121418/http://www.slashfilm.com/walt-disney-animation-the-snow-queen-life-retitled-frozen-hand-drawn/ |archive-date=December 16, 2012 }}</ref> It was confirmed a month later that the film would be a computer-animated feature in stereoscopic 3D instead of the originally intended hand-drawn animation, due to complex elements in the script requiring strong visuals.<ref name="sf" />{{Failed verification|date=February 2024}} Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez joined the project and began writing songs for ''Frozen'' in January 2012.<ref name="WilliamsCollege">{{cite web |last1=Williams College |title=Exploring the Songs of "Frozen" with Kristen Anderson-Lopez '94 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftddAzabQMM |website=YouTube |publisher=Williams College |access-date=August 10, 2014 |date=June 30, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105001810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftddAzabQMM |archive-date=November 5, 2015 }}</ref>{{rp|44:00}} It was announced on March 5 of that year that Buck would direct the film, with Lasseter and Peter Del Vecho producing.<ref name="hr">{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kristen-bell-some-girls-frozen-disney-neil-labute-296847 |title=Kristen Bell Set to Star in Stage Adaptation "Some Girls", Animated Feature "Frozen" (Exclusive) |first=Todd |last=Gilchrist |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=March 5, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307172918/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kristen-bell-some-girls-frozen-disney-neil-labute-296847 |archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref>

One of the main challenges Buck and Del Vecho faced after Disney placed ''The Snow Queen'' into development again was the title character, who was a villain in their drafts.<ref name="Jim Hill" /> The studio traditionally screens animated films in development every twelve weeks, followed by holding lengthy "notes sessions" in which directors and screenwriters from different projects provide extensive "notes" about each other's work.<ref name="Sarto">{{cite news |last=Sarto |first=Dan |title=Directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee Talk 'Frozen' |url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/directors-chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-talk-frozen |work=Animation World Network |access-date=March 27, 2014 |date=November 7, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327055459/http://www.awn.com/animationworld/directors-chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-talk-frozen |archive-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="LeeJennifer">{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Jennifer |title=Oscars 2014: 'Frozen's' Jennifer Lee on being a female director |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-oscar-frozen-jennifer-lee-story.html |access-date=April 1, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=March 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120611/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/01/entertainment/la-et-mn-oscar-frozen-jennifer-lee |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Achilles">{{cite news |last=Achilles |first=Jordan |title=Michael, Peter, Chris and Jennifer Talk Frozen and {{sic|It|'s|nolink=y}} Success |url=http://www.kidzworld.com/article/28843-michael-peter-chris-and-jennifer-talk-frozen-and-its-success |newspaper=Kidzworld |access-date=March 26, 2014 |date=March 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327102920/http://www.kidzworld.com/article/28843-michael-peter-chris-and-jennifer-talk-frozen-and-its-success |archive-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref>

Buck and Del Vecho presented their storyboards to Lasseter, and the production team adjourned to a conference room to hear his thoughts about the project.<ref name="Jim Hill" /> Art director Michael Giaimo later called Lasseter the film's "game changer": "I remember John saying that the latest version of ''The Snow Queen'' story that Chris Buck and his team had come up with was fun, very light-hearted. But the characters didn't resonate. They aren't multi-faceted. Which is why John felt that audiences wouldn't really be able to connect with them."<ref name="Jim Hill" />

The production team then addressed the film's problems, drafting several versions of ''The Snow Queen'' until the characters and story felt relevant. The first major breakthrough at that stage was the decision to rewrite the film's protagonist, Anna (who was based on Gerda in "The Snow Queen"), as Elsa's younger sibling for a family dynamic between the characters.<ref name="Jim Hill" /><ref name="DailyNews">{{cite news |last=Lowman |first=Rob |title=Unfreezing "Frozen": The making of the newest fairy tale in 3D by Disney |url=https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2013/11/19/unfreezing-frozen-the-making-of-the-newest-fairy-tale-in-3d-by-disney/ |access-date=November 21, 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Daily News |date=November 19, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031058/http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20131119/unfreezing-frozen-the-making-of-the-newest-fairy-tale-in-3d-by-disney |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Lark">{{cite journal |last1=Lark |first1=Max |last2=Draskovic |first2=Marina |last3=Solomon |first3=Charles |title=It's a Matter of Trust: At Walt Disney Animation Studios, The 'Story Trust,' A Peer-to-Peer Feedback System, Has Taken Storytelling—And Disney Animation—To New Creative Heights |journal=Disney Twenty-three |date=Spring 2016 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=18–21 |publisher=Walt Disney Company |location=Burbank |issn=2162-5492 |oclc=698366817}}</ref> This was unusual; a relationship between sisters is rarely a major plot element of American animated films, with the exception of Disney's ''Lilo & Stitch'' (2002).<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|13}} To explore the dynamics of such relationships, Disney Animation convened a "Sister Summit" at which women from the studio who grew up with sisters were asked to discuss those relationships.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|14}}

=== Writing === Jennifer Lee, one of the writers of ''Wreck-It Ralph'', was brought in as screenwriter in March 2012.<ref name="Laporte">{{cite news |last=Laporte |first=Nicole |title=How "Frozen" Director Jennifer Lee Reinvented The Story Of The Snow Queen |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3027019/most-creative-people/how-frozen-director-jennifer-lee-reinvented-the-story-of-the-snow-queen |newspaper=Fast Company |access-date=March 27, 2014 |date=February 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314091751/http://www.fastcompany.com/3027019/most-creative-people/how-frozen-director-jennifer-lee-reinvented-the-story-of-the-snow-queen |archive-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stewart |first=Jill |title=Jennifer Lee: Disney's New Animation Queen |url=http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2013/05/15/jennifer-lee-disneys-new-animation-queen |access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=LA Weekly |date=May 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306052212/http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2013/05/15/jennifer-lee-disneys-new-animation-queen |archive-date=March 6, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="August">{{cite web |last=August |first=John |title=Episode 128: Frozen with Jennifer Lee – Transcript |url=http://johnaugust.com/2014/scriptnotes-ep-128-frozen-with-jennifer-lee-transcript |work=Scriptnotes |publisher=johnaugust.com |access-date=March 27, 2014 |author2=Aline Brosh McKenna |date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326042740/http://johnaugust.com/2014/scriptnotes-ep-128-frozen-with-jennifer-lee-transcript |archive-date=March 26, 2014 }}</ref> Efforts by the previous screen- and songwriters had "imploded" before Lee was hired,<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|9:07}} which allowed the songwriters "to put a lot of [their] DNA" into the new script.<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|30:32}} The production team "essentially started over and ... had 17 months", which resulted in a very tight schedule; "a lot of choices had to be made fast".<ref name="August" />

Lee said that several core concepts were already in place, such as the film's "frozen heart" hook: "That was a concept and the phrase ... an act of true love will thaw a frozen heart."<ref name="August" /> The ending involved true love in the sense of the emotional bond between siblings, not romance; "Anna was going to save Elsa. We didn't know how or why."<ref name="August" /> She said that Disney Animation president Edwin Catmull told her early about the film's ending: "... you have to earn that ending. If you do[,] it will be great. If you don't, it will suck".<ref name="Sarto" /> However, the final version differed significantly from the earlier ones. Elsa was evil from the start in the original version, kidnapping Anna from her own wedding to freeze her heart and later descending on the town with an army of snowmen:<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|8:42}} "The whole second act was about Anna trying to get to Hans and to kiss him and then Elsa trying to stop her".<ref name="August" /> Buck said that the original plot attempted to make Anna sympathetic by focusing on her frustration with being a "spare" in relation to the "heir".<ref name="BrewSimon">{{cite web |last=Brew |first=Simon |title=A spoiler-y, slightly nerdy interview about Disney's Frozen |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/a-spoiler-y-nerdy-interview-about-disneys-frozen/ |work=Den of Geek! |publisher=Dennis Publishing |access-date=April 5, 2014 |date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330034319/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/frozen/28567/a-spoiler-y-nerdy-interview-about-disneys-frozen |archive-date=March 30, 2014 }}</ref> The revised plot focused on musical comedy, with less action and adventure.<ref name="Laporte" />

A breakthrough was the song "Let It Go" by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, which reimagined Elsa as a more complex, vulnerable, and sympathetic character.<ref name="DailyNews" /> According to a story in ''The Daily Telegraph'', the songwriters saw Elsa not as a villain but as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift".<ref name="Everett">{{cite news |last=Everett |first=Lucinda |title=Frozen: inside Disney's billion-dollar social media hit |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10668942/Frozen-inside-Disneys-billion-dollar-social-media-hit.html |access-date=April 1, 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=March 31, 2014 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401002351/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10668942/Frozen-inside-Disneys-billion-dollar-social-media-hit.html |archive-date=April 1, 2014 }}</ref> "Bobby and Kristen ... started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]", Lee said. "And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact {{sic}} that the last moment is she's alone".<ref name="August" /> Del Vecho said that "Let It Go" changed Elsa into a person "ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive"; this caused Lee to "rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie. So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were".<ref name="Achilles"/>

Another breakthrough was developing the plot twist that Prince Hans, absent from the first drafts, would be revealed as the true villain near the end.<ref name="Achilles" /> Del Vecho said, "if we were going to make the ending so surprising[,] you had to believe at one point that Hans was the answer ... [when] he's not the answer, it's Kristoff ... [I]f you can get the audience to leap ahead and think they have figured it out[,] you can surprise them by turning it the other way".<ref name="Achilles" /> According to Lee, Hans was written as "sociopathic" and "twisted":<ref name="August" /> "It was difficult to lay the foundation for Anna's belated turn to Kristoff without also making Hans' betrayal of Anna too predictable, in that the audience had to "feel ... her feeling something but not quite understanding it ... Because the minute it is [understood,] it deflated."<ref name="August" /> In earlier drafts, Anna flirted with Kristoff at their first meeting; that was changed after Walt Disney Studios chair Alan Horn said that it would confuse and annoy viewers, since Anna was already engaged to Hans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Brooks |title=Disney Film Boss Ousted by Warner Finds Vindication in Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/business/media/alan-horn-rights-the-ship-at-disney-and-fortune-follows.html |access-date=November 9, 2014 |work=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110062721/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/business/media/alan-horn-rights-the-ship-at-disney-and-fortune-follows.html |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

Lee had to work through developing Anna's personality; some of her colleagues felt that the character should be more dysfunctional and co-dependent.<ref name="Laporte" /> Lee disagreed, but it took her almost a year to articulate that "this is what Anna's journey is. No more than that. No less than that."<ref name="August" /> She successfully argued for a simple coming-of-age story "where she goes from having a naive view of life and love – because she's lonely – to the most sophisticated and mature view of love, where she's capable of the ultimate love, which is sacrifice".<ref name="Laporte" /> Lee had to let go of ideas that she liked, such as a scene of Anna and Elsa's relationship as teenagers, because they needed to maintain the separation between the characters.<ref name="Laporte" /> To construct Anna and Elsa's relationship, Lee was inspired by her relationship with her older sister.<ref name="August" /><ref name="Flynn">{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Sean |title=Is it her time to shine? |url=http://www.newportri.com/newportdailynews/news/page_one/is-it-her-time-to-shine/article_a39a9415-c79a-54ac-bcf8-798ad87e0f9f.html |newspaper=The Newport Daily News |access-date=April 3, 2014 |date=February 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731010758/http://www.newportri.com/newportdailynews/news/page_one/is-it-her-time-to-shine/article_a39a9415-c79a-54ac-bcf8-798ad87e0f9f.html |archive-date=July 31, 2015 }}</ref> She called her older sister "my Elsa" in a ''Los Angeles Times'' op-ed, and walked the red carpet with her at the 86th Academy Awards.<ref name="LeeJennifer" /> Lee said, "[h]aving to ... lose each other and then rediscover each other as adults, that was a big part of my life".<ref name="August" />

The team changed Olaf from Elsa's obnoxious sidekick to Anna's comically-innocent one.<ref name="August" /> Lee's initial response to the original "mean" version of Olaf was "Kill the f-ing snowman", and she found him "the hardest character to deal with".<ref name="August" /> The problem of how Anna would save Elsa at the climax was solved by story artist John Ripa. At the meeting where Ripa pitched his take on the story, Lasseter said: "I've never seen anything like that before"; Ripa received a standing ovation.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|31}} The team abandoned considerable detail from earlier drafts, such as a troll with a Brooklyn accent (to explain Elsa's magical powers) and a regent Lee hoped to cast comedian Louis C.K. as.<ref name="August" /> These were cut because they contributed to a "much more complex story than really we felt like we could fit in this 90-minute film".<ref name="August" /> As Del Vecho said, "the more we tried to explain things at the beginning, the more complicated it got".<ref name="Hunsaker">{{cite web |last=Hunsaker |first=Andy |title=The Real-Life Ice Hotel That Inspired Disney's 'Frozen' |url=http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/662095-the-real-ice-hotel-that-inspired-disneys-frozen |work=CraveOnline |publisher=CraveOnline Media |access-date=April 5, 2014 |date=March 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101857/http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/662095-the-real-ice-hotel-that-inspired-disneys-frozen |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>

With Lee's extensive involvement in the development process,<ref name="Connelly" /> she was promoted to co-director by studio heads Lasseter and Catmull in August 2012.<ref name="Sarto" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Mark |title=Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen |work=Den of Geek! |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-interview-on-making-frozen/ |access-date=March 27, 2014 |date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330031209/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/frozen/28495/chris-buck-and-jennifer-lee-interview-on-making-frozen |archive-date=March 30, 2014 }}</ref> Her promotion was announced that November,<ref>{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Mike |title=Jennifer Lee to co-direct Disney Animated Film "Frozen" |url=https://deadline.com/2012/11/jennifer-lee-to-co-direct-disney-animated-film-frozen-379280/ |access-date=November 29, 2012 |newspaper=Deadline |date=November 29, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201210558/http://www.deadline.com/2012/11/jennifer-lee-to-co-direct-disney-animated-film-frozen/ |archive-date=December 1, 2012 }}</ref> making her the first woman to direct a full-length animated film from Walt Disney Animation Studios.<ref name="Connelly" /><ref name="Achilles" /><ref name="DailyNews" /> Lee later said that she was "really moved by a lot of what Chris had done" and they "shared a vision" of the story, having "very similar sensibilities".<ref name="Sarto" />

The team thought they had "cracked" the film's story by November 2012<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|155}} but according to Del Vecho, in late February 2013 it was realized that it still "wasn't working" and more rewriting was done from February through June of that year:<ref name="Hunsaker" /><ref name="Laskowski">{{cite news |last=Laskowski |first=Amy |title=Frozen Producer Heads to the Oscars |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2014/frozen-producer-heads-to-the-oscars/ |access-date=April 21, 2014 |newspaper=BU Today |date=February 28, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506151629/http://www.bu.edu/today/2014/frozen-producer-heads-to-the-oscars/ |archive-date=May 6, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |title=Disney is reanimated with 'Frozen,' 'Big Hero 6' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-disney-big-hero-6-frozen-20130508-dto,0,4722556.htmlstory |access-date=April 21, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=May 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502053753/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-disney-big-hero-6-frozen-20130508-dto%2C0%2C4722556.htmlstory |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> "[W]e rewrote songs, we took out characters and changed everything, and suddenly the movie gelled. But that was close. In hindsight, piece of cake, but during, it was a big struggle."<ref name="Hunsaker" /> Anderson-Lopez joked that she and Lopez thought they could have ended up working as "birthday party clown[s]" if the final product "pull[ed] ... down" their careers:<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|19:07}} "[W]e were really writing up until the last minute".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Gwynne |title=Frozen Composers Assess 6 Fan-Created Homages to Their Songs |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/01/frozen-bobby-lopez-kristen-anderson-lopez-rate-fan-song-versions.html |website=Vulture.com |publisher=New York Media LLC |access-date=July 14, 2014 |date=January 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704053452/http://www.vulture.com/2014/01/frozen-bobby-lopez-kristen-anderson-lopez-rate-fan-song-versions.html |archive-date=July 4, 2014 }}</ref> In June (five months before the announced release date) the songwriters got the film working when they composed "For the First Time in Forever", which, according to Lopez, "became the linchpin of the whole movie".<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|19:24}} Disney conducted test screenings that month of the partially completed film for two audiences (one of families and the other of adults)<ref name="Laskowski" /> in Phoenix, Arizona,<ref name="Flynn" /> at which Lasseter and Catmull were present.<ref name="August" /><ref name="MillerLindsay">{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Lindsay |title=On the Job With Jennifer Lee, Director of Frozen |url=http://www.popsugar.com/Frozen-Director-Jennifer-Lee-Interview-Women-Film-33515997 |work=Popsugar |access-date=March 28, 2014 |date=February 28, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328141645/http://www.popsugar.com/Frozen-Director-Jennifer-Lee-Interview-Women-Film-33515997 |archive-date=March 28, 2014 }}</ref> Lee recalled that it was the moment when they realized they "had something, because the reaction was huge".<ref name="MillerLindsay" /> Catmull told her afterwards, "You did it".<ref name="August" />

=== Casting === Kristen Bell was cast as the voice of Anna on March 5, 2012.<ref name="USATodayPics" /><ref name="hr" /> The filmmakers listened to a series of vocal tracks Bell recorded when she was young in which she performed songs from ''The Little Mermaid'', including "Part of Your World".<ref name="Chance">{{cite web |last=Chance |first=Molly |title=Kristen Bell: "Frozen" character is "awkward", "Veronica Mars" footage "looks radical" |url=http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2013/08/kristen-bell-frozen-character-is-awkward-veronica-mars-footage-looks-radical.html |work=Zap2It |access-date=October 22, 2013 |date=August 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023012120/http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2013/08/kristen-bell-frozen-character-is-awkward-veronica-mars-footage-looks-radical.html |archive-date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref> Bell completed her ''Frozen'' recording sessions while she was pregnant and rerecorded some lines after her pregnancy, when her voice had deepened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Low-key bride Kristen Bell |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/lowkey-bride-kristen-bell-29541795.html |work=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=September 13, 2013 |date=August 31, 2013 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730201214/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/lowkey-bride-kristen-bell-29541795.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was called in to re-record dialogue for the film "probably 20 times", which is normal for lead roles in Disney animated films whose scripts are evolving.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal |last=Tucker |first=April |title=Cinema Audio Society Awards Brings Us Together Again: Motion Picture – Animated, Frozen |journal=CAS Quarterly |date=Spring 2014 |pages=13–18 |url=http://cinemaaudiosociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/CAS-Spring-2014.pdf |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085315/http://cinemaaudiosociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/CAS-Spring-2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> About her approach to the role of Anna, Bell said that she had "dreamed of being in a Disney animated film" since she was four years old;<ref name="USATodayPics" /> "I always loved Disney animation, but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me. Their posture was too good and they were too well-spoken, and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward. I'm really proud of that."<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Amy |title=Kristen Bell: "Frozen" Is "The Kind Of Movie I Wanted To See As A Kid" |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1713186/kristen-bell-frozen-movie.jhtml |work=MTV News |access-date=October 22, 2013 |date=August 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030015727/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1713186/kristen-bell-frozen-movie.jhtml |archive-date=October 30, 2013 }}</ref>

{{quote box|quote=[''Frozen'' is] a bit of a feminist movie for Disney. I'm really proud of that. It has everything, but it's essentially about sisterhood. I think that these two women are competitive with one another, but always trying to protect each other – sisters are just so complicated. It's such a great relationship to have in movies, especially for young kids. |source=– Idina Menzel about ''Frozen''<ref name="Chance"/> |width=35%|align=right}} Idina Menzel, a Broadway veteran, was cast as Elsa. Menzel had auditioned for ''Tangled'', but did not get the part. ''Tangled'' casting director Jamie Sparer Roberts kept a recording of Menzel's performance on her iPhone, however, and asked her to audition with Bell for ''Frozen''.<ref name="ContactMusic">{{cite news |author=World Entertainment News Network |title=Tangled – Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/secret-phone-recording-helped-idina-menzel-land-new-disney-role_3932100 |newspaper=ContactMusic.com |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=November 1, 2013 |quote=Menzel tried out for a leading role in the 2010 fairytale film by performing an acoustic version of ''Blackbird'' by The Beatles. She didn't get the part – but a casting director was such a fan she secretly recorded the performance and then used it to persuade film bosses that the ''Rent'' star was the perfect choice for the role of Elsa in new movie ''Frozen''. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102224750/http://www.contactmusic.com/story/secret-phone-recording-helped-idina-menzel-land-new-disney-role_3932100 |archive-date=November 2, 2013 }}</ref> Before they were cast, Menzel and Bell impressed the directors and producers at an early table read; after reading the script aloud, they sang "Wind Beneath My Wings" as a duet (since no music had been composed yet).<ref name="BellAndMenzelToVoice" /><ref name="DailyNews" /><ref name="ContactMusic" /> Bell suggested that idea when she visited Menzel at her California home to prepare for the table read.<ref name="ContactMusic" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Vaux |first=Rob |title=Mania Interview: Idina Menzel |url=http://www.mania.com/mania-interview-idina-menzel_article_138829.html |work=Mania.com |publisher=Demand Media |access-date=April 1, 2014 |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050527/http://www.mania.com/mania-interview-idina-menzel_article_138829.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref> The songwriters were also present for the table read; Anderson-Lopez said that "Lasseter was in heaven" on hearing Menzel and Bell sing in harmony and said, "Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel have to be in the movie!"<ref name="WilliamsCollege" />{{rp|32:07}} Lee said, "They sung {{sic|nolink=y}} it like sisters and what you mean to me. And there wasn't a dry eye in the house after they sang."<ref name="Achilles" /> Additional casting was announced between December 2012 and June 2013, including Jonathan Groff as Kristoff,<ref name="groff" /> Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton, Santino Fontana as Prince Hans, and Josh Gad as Olaf.<ref name="BroadwayFontana" />

=== Animation === Similar to ''Tangled'', ''Frozen'' employed a unique artistic style by blending features of computer-generated imagery (CGI) and traditional hand-drawn animation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schaefer |first=Sandy |title="Frozen" Review |url=https://screenrant.com/frozen-movie-reviews-2013-disney/ |access-date=January 7, 2014 |newspaper=ScreenRant |date=November 29, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054813/http://screenrant.com/frozen-movie-reviews-2013-disney/ |archive-date=January 22, 2014 }}</ref> Buck knew that Giaimo was the best candidate to develop the style he had in mind (drawing from the best Disney hand-drawn films of the 1950s, the Disney Little Golden Books, and mid-century modern design), and persuaded him to return to Disney as ''Frozen''{{'s}} art director.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|33}} Buck, Lasseter, and Giaimo were old friends who met at the California Institute of the Arts;<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|33}} Giaimo had been the art director for Disney's ''Pocahontas'' (1995), on which Buck had worked as a supervising animator.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=John |title=Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters |date=1998 |publisher=Hyperion Books |isbn=9780786863365 |page=400 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

To create the film's look, Giaimo began pre-production research by reading about Scandinavia and visiting the Danish-themed city of Solvang, California (near Los Angeles). He focused on Norway because "80 percent" of the visuals that appealed to him were from that country.<ref name="levy">Emanuel Levy, [http://emanuellevy.com/uncategorized/frozen-setting-and-visual-look/ "Frozen: Setting and Visual Look"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152059/http://emanuellevy.com/uncategorized/frozen-setting-and-visual-look/ |date=February 24, 2014 }}, ''Emanuel Levy Cinema 24/7'', December 26, 2013.</ref> Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips.<ref name="DisneyStoryFrozen">{{cite web |title=The story behind the story of Frozen |url=http://blogs.disney.com/insider/articles/2013/07/30/the-story-behind-the-story-of-frozen/ |work=Disney Insider |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |access-date=July 31, 2013 |date=July 30, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801184926/http://blogs.disney.com/insider/articles/2013/07/30/the-story-behind-the-story-of-frozen/ |archive-date=August 1, 2013 }}</ref> Animators and special-effects specialists were sent to Jackson Hole, Wyoming, to experience walking, running, and falling in deep snow in a variety of attire, including long skirts (which men and women both tried on);<ref name="Connelly" /><ref name="levy" /><ref name="DisneyStoryFrozen" /><ref name="BurbankKyle">{{cite web |last=Burbank |first=Kyle |title=Oscar Week: Frozen's Art of Animation |url=http://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2014/02/24/oscar-week-frozens-art-of-animation/ |work=Laughing Place |access-date=March 30, 2014 |date=February 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331052543/http://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2014/02/24/oscar-week-frozens-art-of-animation/ |archive-date=March 31, 2014 }}</ref> lighting and arts teams visited Quebec City's Ice Hotel to study how light reflects and refracts on snow and ice.<ref name="Hunsaker" /> Giaimo and several artists then traveled to Norway to absorb its mountains, fjords, architecture, and culture.<ref name="DisneyStoryFrozen" /><ref name="Hogg">{{cite web |last=Hogg |first=Trevor |title=Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen |url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2014/03/snowed-under-chris-buck-talks-about.html |work=Flickering Myth |access-date=March 26, 2014 |date=March 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140326090715/http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2014/03/snowed-under-chris-buck-talks-about.html |archive-date=March 26, 2014 }}</ref> "We had a very short time schedule for this film, so our main focus was really to get the story right but we knew that John Lasseter is keen on truth in the material and creating a believable world, and again that doesn't mean it's a realistic world – but a believable one. It was important to see the scope and scale of Norway, and important for our animators to know what it's like", Del Vecho said.<ref name="Pape">{{cite web |last=Pape |first=Stefan |title=Disney Present Footage from Their Forthcoming Picture Frozen – Report |url=http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/footage-frozen-report/ |work=Hey U Guys |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=August 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105649/http://www.heyuguys.co.uk/footage-frozen-report/ |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref> "There is a real feeling of ''Lawrence of Arabia'' scope and scale to this".<ref name="Pape" />

In 2012, while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film's overall look, the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script. That problem was not solved until November of that year,<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|155}} and the script would later require more revisions.<ref name="Hunsaker" /><ref name="Laskowski" /> As a result, the "most daunting" challenge facing the animation team was a schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee's evolving shooting script into a film.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|155}} Other films (like Pixar's ''Toy Story 2'') had been completed on shorter schedules, but the short schedule meant "late nights, overtime, and stress".<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|155}} Lee estimated the size of ''Frozen''{{'s}} team at 600 to 650 people, "including around 70 lighting people[,] 70-plus animators", and 15 to 20 storyboard artists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cousineau |first=Michael |title=UNH degree played a part in Oscar-winning movie |url=http://www.newhampshire.com/article/20140329/NEWHAMPSHIRE01/140339973/-1/NEWHAMPSHIRE |access-date=April 5, 2014 |newspaper=New Hampshire Union Leader |date=March 29, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020014554/http://www.newhampshire.com/article/20140329/NEWHAMPSHIRE01/140339973/-1/NEWHAMPSHIRE |archive-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref>

Del Vecho explained the organization of the film's animation team: "On this movie we do have character leads, supervising animators on specific characters. The animators themselves may work on multiple characters but it's always under one lead. I think it was different on ''Tangled'', for example, but we chose to do it this way as we wanted one person to fully understand and develop their own character and then be able to impart that to the crew. Hyrum Osmond, the supervising animator on Olaf, is quiet but he has a funny, wacky personality so we knew he'd bring a lot of comedy to it; Anna's animator, Becky Bresee, it's her first time leading a character and we wanted her to lead Anna."<ref name="Connelly" /><ref name="DailyNews" /><ref name="Desowitz">{{cite web |last=Desowitz |first=Bill |title=Immersed in Movies: First Look: Designing the Winter Wonderland of "Frozen" |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/frozen-preview-designing-arrendelle |work=Animation Scoop |access-date=October 22, 2013 |date=October 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018044831/http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/frozen-preview-designing-arrendelle |archive-date=October 18, 2013 }}</ref> Acting coach Warner Loughlin was brought in to help the animators understand the characters they were creating.<ref name="BurbankKyle" /> To get the general feeling of each scene, some animators did their own acting. "I actually film myself acting the scene out, which I find very helpful", said animation supervisor Rebecca Wilson Bresee. This helped her discover elements that made a scene feel real and believable.<ref name="yahoomovies" /> Elsa's supervising animator was Wayne Unten, who requested that role because he was fascinated by the character's complexity.<ref name="Marcos">{{cite news |last=Marcos |first=Angie |title=Animators bask in glow of 'Frozen's' box-office and Oscar success |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/unten-607005-elsa-film.html |access-date=March 30, 2014 |newspaper=The Orange County Register |date=March 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331035735/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/unten-607005-elsa-film.html |archive-date=March 31, 2014 }}</ref> Unten carefully developed Elsa's facial expressions to bring out her fear, contrasted with Anna's fearlessness.<ref name="Marcos" /> He studied videos of Menzel's recording sessions, and animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's.<ref name="BurbankKyle" /> Head of animation Lino DiSalvo said, "The goal for the film was to animate the most believable CG characters you've ever seen".<ref>{{Citation |title=Lino DiSalvo Exclusive Interview by Monsieur Hollywood Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCVqYKAnTLs |date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |last=MonsieurHollywood.com |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420140828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCVqYKAnTLs |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the look and nature of the film's cinematography, Giaimo was influenced by Jack Cardiff's work on ''Black Narcissus'' (1947). He aimed for hyper-reality: "Because this is a movie with such scale and we have the Norwegian fjords to draw from, I really wanted to explore the depth. From a design perspective, since I was stressing the horizontal and vertical aspects, and what the fjords provide, it was perfect. We encased the sibling story in scale." Ted D. McCord's work on ''The Sound of Music'' was another influence on Giaimo. It was his idea that ''Frozen'' should be produced in CinemaScope, which was approved by Lasseter.<ref name="Desowitz" /> This made ''Frozen'' the first animated film completely produced in CinemaScope since 2000's ''Titan A.E.''. Giaimo wanted to ensure that Norway's fjords, architecture and ''rosemaling'' folk art, were central in designing the environment of Arendelle. With a background in traditional animation, he said that the art-design environment represents a unity of character and environment and he originally wanted to incorporate saturated colors (typically ill-advised in computer animation).<ref name="Desowitz" /> For further authenticity, a live reindeer named Sage was brought into the studio for the animators to study its movement and mannerisms for the character of Sven.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sarto |first=Dan |title=The Animation of Disney's 'Frozen': Striving to Capture the Performance |url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/animation-disneys-frozen-striving-capture-performance |access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=Animation World Network |date=October 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325214554/http://www.awn.com/animationworld/animation-disneys-frozen-striving-capture-performance |archive-date=March 25, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bailey |first=Caryn |title=7 Things You Didn't Know About 'Frozen' |url=http://familymovies.fandango.com/family-movie-blog/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-frozen-745011.html |access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=Fandango |date=November 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326163958/http://familymovies.fandango.com/family-movie-blog/7-things-you-didnt-know-about-frozen-745011.html |archive-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>

Another issue Giaimo insisted on addressing was costumes, since he "knew from the start" that ''Frozen'' would be a "costume film".<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|77}} To realize that vision, he brought in character designer Jean Gillmore as a dedicated "costume designer".<ref name="Kucharski">{{cite news |last=Kucharski |first=Joe |title=Costume Design in Animation – Disney's Frozen |url=http://tyrannyofstyle.com/costume-design-animation-disney-frozen |newspaper=Tyranny of Style |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=January 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323105202/http://tyrannyofstyle.com/costume-design-animation-disney-frozen |archive-date=March 23, 2014 }}</ref> Traditional animation integrates costume and character design and treats clothing as part of the characters, but computer-generated animation regards costume as a quasi-separate entity with its own properties and behaviors;<ref name="Kucharski" /> ''Frozen'' required unprecedented detail of minutiae such as fabrics, buttons, trim, and stitching.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|76}} Gillmore said that her "general approach was to meld the historic silhouettes of 1840 Western Europe (give or take), with the shapes and garment relationships and details of folk costume in early Norway, circa 19th century".<ref name="Kucharski" /> This meant using primarily wool fabric with accents of velvet, linen, and silk.<ref name="Solomon" />{{rp|75}} During production, Giaimo and Gillmore "ran around" supplying departments with real-world samples to use as references; they drew on the studio's in-house library of fabric samples and Walt Disney Parks and Resorts' costume division in Fullerton, California.<ref name="Kucharski" /> The film's "look development artists" (the Disney job title for texture artists<ref name="Hahn">{{cite book |last=Hahn |first=Don |title=The Alchemy of Animation: Making an Animated Film in the Modern Age |year=2008 |publisher=Disney Editions |location=New York |isbn=9781423104766}}</ref>{{rp|58–59}}) created digitally painted simulations of surfaces; other departments dealt with movement, rigging and weight, and thickness and lighting of textile animation.<ref name="Kucharski" />

The film's English title was changed from ''The Snow Queen'' to ''Frozen'', a decision that was compared to ''Tangled''. Peter Del Vecho said that "the title ''Frozen'' came up independently of the title ''Tangled''. It's because, to us, it represents the movie. ''Frozen'' plays on the level of ice and snow but also the frozen relationship, the frozen heart that has to be thawed. We don't think of comparisons between ''Tangled'' and ''Frozen'', though." He also mentioned that the film will still retain its original title, ''The Snow Queen'', in some countries: "because that just resonated stronger in some countries than ''Frozen''. Maybe there's a richness to ''The Snow Queen'' in the country's heritage and they just wanted to emphasize that."<ref name="Connelly" />

=== {{anchor|Technology development}}Technological development ===

The studio developed several new tools to generate realistic and believable shots, particularly the heavy and deep snow and its effect on the characters. Disney wanted an "all-encompassing", organic tool to provide snow effects which did not require switching between different methods.<ref name="fxguide">{{cite news |last=Failes |first=Ian |title=The tech of Disney's Frozen and Get a Horse! |url=http://www.fxguide.com/featured/the-tech-of-disneys-frozen-and-get-a-horse/ |access-date=January 18, 2014 |newspaper=FX Guide |date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107102250/http://www.fxguide.com/featured/the-tech-of-disneys-frozen-and-get-a-horse/ |archive-date=January 7, 2014 }}</ref> Several Disney artists and special-effects personnel traveled to Wyoming to experience walking through deep snow.<ref name="levy" /> California Institute of Technology professor Kenneth Libbrecht was invited to instruct the effects group on how snow and ice form, and why snowflakes are unique.<ref name="levy" /> Using this knowledge, the effects group created a snowflake generator that allowed them to randomly create 2,000 unique snowflake shapes for the film.<ref name="yahoomovies">{{cite news |last=Pockross |first=Adam |title=21 "Frozen" Facts That Make Us Ready for Winter |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/21-frozen-facts-us-ready-winter-010505978.html |access-date=January 6, 2014 |newspaper=Yahoo! Movies |date=October 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221619/http://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/21-frozen-facts-us-ready-winter-010505978.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref>

Another challenge for the studio was to deliver shots of heavy and deep snow that interacted believably with the characters and had a realistic, sticky quality.<ref name="fxguide" /> According to principal software engineer Andrew Selle, "[Snow]'s not really a fluid. It's not really a solid. It breaks apart. It can be compressed into snowballs. All of these different effects are very difficult to capture simultaneously."<ref name="levy" /> To achieve this, software engineers used advanced mathematics (the material point method) and physics (with assistance from mathematics researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles)<ref name="ucla">{{cite news |last1=Marquez |first1=Letisia |title=UCLA's mathematicians bring snow to life for Disney's "Frozen" |url=http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/math-wizards-create-snow-for-disney-263913.aspx |access-date=March 6, 2014 |newspaper=UCLA Today |date=February 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310163207/http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/math-wizards-create-snow-for-disney-263913.aspx |archive-date=March 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A material point method for snow simulation |url=https://disney-animation.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/production/publication_asset/72/asset/snow.pdf |publisher=Walt Disney Animation Studios |first1=Alexey |last1=Stomakhin |first2=Craig |last2=Schroeder |first3=Lawrence |last3=Chai |first4=Joseph |last4=Teran |first5=Andrew |last5=Selle |date=April 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324010000/https://disney-animation.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/production/publication_asset/72/asset/snow.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> to create Matterhorn, a snow-simulator software application. The tool was capable of depicting realistic snow in a virtual environment and was used in at least 43 scenes in the film, including several key scenes.<ref name="DailyNews" /><ref name="fxguide" /><ref name="ucla" /><ref name="cgmeetup">{{cite news |author1=Jason |title=Making of Disney's Frozen: A Material Point Method For Snow Simulation |url=http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/making-of-disneys-frozen-snow-simulation/ |access-date=January 18, 2014 |newspaper=CG Meetup |date=November 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107104144/http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/making-of-disneys-frozen-snow-simulation/ |archive-date=January 7, 2014 }}</ref> Software engineer Alexey Stomakhin called snow "an important character in the film",<ref name="ucla" /> and it received special attention from the filmmakers.<ref name="levy" /> "When you stretch it, snow will break into chunks. Since snow doesn't have any connections, it doesn't have a mesh, it can break very easily. So that was an important property we took advantage of", explained Selle. "There you see [Kristoff] walking through and see his footprints breaking the snow into little pieces and chunk up and you see [Anna] being pulled out and the snow having packed together and broken into pieces. It's very organic how that happens. You don't see that they're pieces already – you see the snow as one thing and then breaking up."<ref name="fxguide" /> The tool was particularly useful in scenes with characters walking through deep snow, ensuring that the snow reacted naturally to each step.<ref name="levy" />

Other tools designed to help artists with complicated effects included Spaces (which allowed Olaf's deconstructible parts to be moved around and rebuilt), Flourish (which allowed extra movement, such as leaves and twigs, to be art-directed), Snow Batcher (which helped preview the final look of the snow, especially when characters walked through it) and Tonic, which enabled artists to sculpt their characters' hair.<ref name="fxguide" /> Tonic also helped animate fur and hair such as Elsa's hair, which contains 420,000 computer-generated strands; the average human has 100,000 strands of hair.<ref name="levy" /> ''Frozen'' has 312 character rigs and 245 cloth costume rigs, far more than other Disney films to date.<ref name="BreaksTheIceForWomenDirectors" /><ref name="yahoomovies" /> Fifty effects and lighting artists worked together on technology to create "one single shot" in which Elsa builds her ice palace. It required 30 hours to render each frame, with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zahed |first=Ramin |title=Disney's "Frozen" to Warm Hearts This Week |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/features/disney-ice/ |access-date=March 7, 2014 |newspaper=Animation Magazine |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401195855/http://www.animationmagazine.net/features/disney-ice/ |archive-date=April 1, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Jim |title=Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : The flaky design idea behind the look of Elsa's ice palace |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2013/10/09/countdown-to-disney-quot-frozen-quot-the-flaky-design-idea-behind-the-look-of-elsa-s-ice-palace.aspx |access-date=March 7, 2014 |newspaper=Jim Hill Media |date=October 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016070219/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2013/10/09/countdown-to-disney-quot-frozen-quot-the-flaky-design-idea-behind-the-look-of-elsa-s-ice-palace.aspx |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref>

In addition to 3D effects, the filmmakers used 2D artwork and drawings for specific elements and scenes which included Elsa's magic and snow sculptures and freezing fountains and floors.<ref name="fxguide" /><ref name="cgmeetup" /> The effects group created a "capture stage" where the entire world of ''Frozen'' was displayed on monitors which can be "filmed" on special cameras to create a three-dimensional scene. "We can take this virtual set that's mimicking all of my actions and put it into any one of our scenes in the film", said technology manager Evan Goldberg.<ref name="yahoomovies" />

''Frozen'' was the final film from Walt Disney Animation Studios that used Pixar RenderMan for rendering. The studio switched to Hyperion, its new rendering software, with ''Big Hero 6''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Steven|title=Disney creates new digital animation process for 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-disney-creates-new-digital-animation-process-for-big-hero-6-20141020-story.html|access-date=October 30, 2014|work=Orlando Sentinel|date=October 20, 2014|archive-date=October 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031090029/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-disney-creates-new-digital-animation-process-for-big-hero-6-20141020-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Arendelle}}Scandinavian and Sámi inspiration === The setting is the fictional kingdom of Arendelle, which was based on Norway, and the film was influenced by Scandinavian culture.<ref name="itm269" /> Several locations in Arendelle are inspired by real-life landmarks in Norway, including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo, the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, and Bryggen in Bergen. A number of other Scandinavian cultural elements are also included in the film, such as stave churches,<ref name="itm269">{{cite news |last=Daws |first=Josh |title=6 surprises I learned about "Frozen" fresh from filmmakers at Walt Disney Animation Studios preview event |url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/11/6-surprises-i-learned-about-frozen-fresh-from-filmmakers-at-walt-disney-animation-studios-preview-event/ |access-date=March 9, 2014 |newspaper=Inside the Magic |date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309112754/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/11/6-surprises-i-learned-about-frozen-fresh-from-filmmakers-at-walt-disney-animation-studios-preview-event/ |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> trolls,{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=6}} Viking ships, a hot spring, Fjord horses,<ref>{{cite news |last=Albrough |first=Lori |title=Disney's Frozen Movie and Sitron the Fjord Horse |url=http://www.bluebirdlane.com/disneys-frozen-movie-and-sitron-the-fjord-horse.html |access-date=March 9, 2014 |newspaper=Bluebird Lane |date=November 10, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309113000/http://www.bluebirdlane.com/disneys-frozen-movie-and-sitron-the-fjord-horse.html |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> clothes,<ref name="levy" /> and foods such as lutefisk.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=43}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Mullins |first=Casey |title=Female Directors are Changing the Story in Disney Animation |url=http://www.babble.com/babble-voices/shutterlovely-casey-mullins/female-directors-are-changing-the-story-in-disney-animation/ |access-date=March 9, 2014 |newspaper=Babble |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309125742/http://www.babble.com/babble-voices/shutterlovely-casey-mullins/female-directors-are-changing-the-story-in-disney-animation/ |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> A maypole is also present in the film, and runes briefly appear in a book which Anna and Elsa's father opens to learn where the trolls live.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=6}} A scene where two men argue over whether to stack firewood bark-up or bark-down refers to a perennial Norwegian debate about properly stacking firewood.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=59}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Lyall |first=Sarah |title=Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/20/world/europe/in-norway-tv-program-on-firewood-elicits-passions.html |access-date=April 14, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 19, 2013 |page=A4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706202904/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/20/world/europe/in-norway-tv-program-on-firewood-elicits-passions.html |archive-date=July 6, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The film has several elements of Sámi culture, such as the use of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control them, clothing styles (the outfits of the ice cutters), and parts of the musical score.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sandmo |first=Espen |title=Nidarosdomen i ny Disney-film |url=http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/nidarosdomen-i-ny-disney-film-1.11225066 |access-date=December 11, 2013 |newspaper=NRK |date=September 6, 2013 |language=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212014339/http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/nidarosdomen-i-ny-disney-film-1.11225066 |archive-date=December 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lindgaard Stranden |first=Ingrid |title=Vi ligner mest med lua på |url=http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/er-kristoff-inspirert-av-magne_-1.11401626 |access-date=December 11, 2013 |newspaper=NRK |date=December 8, 2013 |language=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211062150/http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/er-kristoff-inspirert-av-magne_-1.11401626 |archive-date=December 11, 2013 }}</ref> Decorations, such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff's sled, are inspired by Sámi duodji decorations. Disney's team visited Rørosrein, a Sámi family-owned company in the town of Plassja that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events.<ref>{{cite news |last=Furuly |first=Jan Gunnar |title=Se, en samisk Disney-helt! |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/Se_-en-samisk-Disney-helt-7382085.html |access-date=January 17, 2014 |newspaper=Aftenposten |date=November 22, 2013 |language=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121022200/http://www.aftenposten.no/kultur/Se_-en-samisk-Disney-helt-7382085.html |archive-date=January 21, 2014 }}</ref> Arendelle was inspired by Nærøyfjord, a branch of Norway's longest fjord (Sognefjorden), which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site;<ref>{{cite news |last=March |first=Catherine Dawson |title=Disney's Frozen: Inspired by Norway's beauty |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/travel/disneys-frozen-inspired-by-norways-beauty/article15617632/ |access-date=January 18, 2014 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=November 26, 2013 |location=Toronto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119202739/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/travel/disneys-frozen-inspired-by-norways-beauty/article15617632/ |archive-date=January 19, 2014 }}</ref> an Oslo castle with hand-painted patterns on all four walls inspired the kingdom's castle interior.<ref>{{cite news |title=Evil Elsa, shy Kristoff? 10 "Frozen" facts you probably didn't know |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/52439-evil-elsa-shy-kristoff-10-frozen-facts/ |access-date=March 9, 2014 |newspaper=Rappler |date=March 7, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308180319/http://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/52439-evil-elsa-shy-kristoff-10-frozen-facts |archive-date=March 8, 2014 }}</ref>

The filmmakers' trip to Norway provided information for the animators to design an aesthetic in terms of color, light, and atmosphere. According to Giaimo, they acquired three important factors from the Norway research trip: the fjords and their massive, vertical rock formations, the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle; the medieval stave churches whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound; and rosemaling folk art, whose distinctive paneling and patterns informed the film's architecture, decor, and costumes.<ref name="Desowitz" />

=== Music and sound design === {{main|Frozen (soundtrack)}} thumb|alt=A smiling, bespectacled Christophe Beck|left|Christophe Beck composed the film's score.

The songs for ''Frozen'' were written by the husband-and-wife team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, both of whom had worked with Disney Animation on ''Winnie the Pooh'' (2011) (also produced by Del Vecho, who hired them for ''Frozen''<ref name="Laskowski" />) and with Disney Parks on ''Finding Nemo – The Musical'' (2007).<ref name="BellAndMenzelToVoice" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |title=Husband-wife songwriting team's emotions flow in "Frozen" |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-ca-sneaks-frozen-disney-20131103,0,7647845.story#axzz2l3HgkoPA |access-date=November 19, 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=November 1, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120003841/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-ca-sneaks-frozen-disney-20131103%2C0%2C7647845.story |archive-date=November 20, 2013 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Truax">{{cite news |last=Truax |first=Jackson |title=Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez |url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/frozen-composers-robert-lopez-and-kristen-anderson-lopez |access-date=January 4, 2014 |newspaper=Awards Daily |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213934/http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/frozen-composers-robert-lopez-and-kristen-anderson-lopez |archive-date=January 4, 2014 }}</ref> Lopez first heard Disney Animation's pitch in Los Angeles while he was working on ''The Book of Mormon''; Disney's production team traveled to New York City to pitch the film in person to Anderson-Lopez, who was raising the couple's two young daughters.<ref name="Rudulph">{{cite news |last1=Rudulph |first1=Heather Wood |title=Get That Life: How I Co-Wrote the Music and Lyrics for "Frozen" |url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/career/interviews/a39513/get-that-life-kristen-anderson-lopez/ |access-date=June 13, 2015 |work=Cosmopolitan |date=April 27, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615080944/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/career/interviews/a39513/get-that-life-kristen-anderson-lopez/ |archive-date=June 15, 2015 }}</ref> Lopez believes that Disney was particularly interested in his wife's story talent.<ref name="NgDavid">{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=David |title=Robert Lopez ranges from ribald 'Book of Mormon' to Disney's 'Frozen' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2014-feb-22-la-et-cm-robert-lopez-conversation-20140223-story.html |access-date=March 3, 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 22, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124011730/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/22/entertainment/la-et-cm-robert-lopez-conversation-20140223 |archive-date=January 24, 2015 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The decision was easy: "Whenever Disney asks if you want to do a fairy tale musical, you say yes."<ref name="NgDavid" />

About 23 minutes of the film are dedicated to their musical numbers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Sam |title=The Scrambled Sexuality of 'Frozen's "Let It Go" |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/criticwire/frozen-let-it-go-idina-menzel-demi-lovato |access-date=May 4, 2014 |newspaper=Indiewire Blogs |date=February 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504140134/http://blogs.indiewire.com/criticwire/frozen-let-it-go-idina-menzel-demi-lovato |archive-date=May 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutchison |first1=Amanda |title=5 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's 'Frozen' Soundtrack Read more: 5 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's 'Frozen' Soundtrack |url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/news-story-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-disneys-frozen-soundtrack.html |access-date=December 24, 2014 |work=MetroLyrics |date=April 15, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226055727/http://www.metrolyrics.com/news-story-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-disneys-frozen-soundtrack.html |archive-date=December 26, 2014 }}</ref> Because they live in New York City, collaborating with the production team in Burbank required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.<ref name="Hogg" /><ref name="Truax" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ziemba |first=Christine |title=Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature |url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2014/03/03/disneys-frozen-wins-academy-award-for-animated-feature/ |work=24700: News from California Institute of the Arts |publisher=California Institute of the Arts |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311225326/http://blog.calarts.edu/2014/03/03/disneys-frozen-wins-academy-award-for-animated-feature/ |archive-date=March 11, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Zorianna |title=Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters |url=http://www.studiosystemnews.com/spotlight-frozen-director-chris-buck-on-crafting-well-rounded-female-characters/ |newspaper=Studio System News |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324001614/http://www.studiosystemnews.com/spotlight-frozen-director-chris-buck-on-crafting-well-rounded-female-characters/ |archive-date=March 24, 2014 }}</ref> They recorded a demo of each song in their home studio, with both singing and Lopez accompanying on piano, and emailed it to Burbank for discussion at the next videoconference.<ref name="Kit">{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Zorianna |title=Awards Spotlight: Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson-Lopez Make Beautiful Music Together for Disney's 'Frozen' |url=http://www.studiosystemnews.com/awards-spotlight-robert-lopez-kristen-anderson-lopez-make-beautiful-music-together-for-disneys-frozen/ |access-date=April 5, 2014 |newspaper=Studio System News |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129120217/http://www.studiosystemnews.com/awards-spotlight-robert-lopez-kristen-anderson-lopez-make-beautiful-music-together-for-disneys-frozen/ |archive-date=January 29, 2014 }}</ref> Lopez and Anderson-Lopez were aware of the fact that their work would be compared to that of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman from the Disney Renaissance era and, when they felt lost, they asked "What would Ashman do?"<ref name="Burlingame">{{cite news |last=Burlingame |first=Jon |title='Frozen' Aims for Watermark notched by 'Mermaid,' 'Beauty & Beast' |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/features/frozen-aims-for-watermark-notched-by-mermaid-beauty-beast-1200799528/ |access-date=March 31, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=November 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331114309/http://variety.com/2013/film/features/frozen-aims-for-watermark-notched-by-mermaid-beauty-beast-1200799528/ |archive-date=March 31, 2014 }}</ref> They wrote 25 songs for the film, and eight were included in the final version.<ref name="Burlingame" /> One song ("For the First Time in Forever") had a reprise, and another ("Let It Go") was covered by Demi Lovato over the final credits for a total of ten songs. Seven of the 17 that did not make it were later released on the deluxe-edition soundtrack.

Christophe Beck was hired to score the film in February 2013 after his work on ''Paperman'', a Disney animated short film released the year before ''Frozen''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2013/02/19/christophe-beck-to-score-disneys-frozen/ |title=Christophe Beck to Score Disney's "Frozen" |publisher=Film Music Reporter |date=February 19, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501090108/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2013/02/19/christophe-beck-to-score-disneys-frozen/ |archive-date=May 1, 2013 }}</ref> It was announced on September 14, 2013, that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim's "Eatnemen Vuelie" would be the film's opening song, with elements of joik (a traditional Sámi singing style).<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoel |first=Ole Jacob |title=Trøndersk joik åpner Disney-film |url=http://www.adressa.no/kultur/article8274033.ece |access-date=September 15, 2013 |newspaper=Adressa.no |date=September 14, 2013 |language=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917045324/http://www.adressa.no/kultur/article8274033.ece |archive-date=September 17, 2013 }} If necessary, view a [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=no&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adressa.no%2Fkultur%2Farticle8274033.ece&act=url rough translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004528/https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=no&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adressa.no%2Fkultur%2Farticle8274033.ece&act=url |date=March 8, 2021 }} for reference.</ref> The music producers recruited Norwegian linguist and composer Christine Hals to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa's coronation,<ref name="WSJmusicpr">{{cite news |title=Walt Disney Animation Studios' "Frozen" Lets Go With Dynamic Soundtrack |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131022-904142.html |access-date=October 23, 2013 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193404/http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20131022-904142.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://christinehals.com/|title=Christine Hals {{!}} Scandinavian Film Composer and Vocalist|website=christinehals.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12|archive-date=January 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129011311/http://christinehals.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and traveled to Trondheim<ref name="Burlingame" /> to record the Cantus choir for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music.<ref name="WSJmusicpr" />

Under the supervision of sound engineer David Boucher, the lead cast members began recording the film's vocal tracks in October 2012 at the Sunset Sound recording studio in Hollywood before the songs were orchestrated; they only heard Lopez's demo piano track in their headphones as they sang.<ref name="Tingen">{{cite web |last=Tingen |first=Paul |title=Inside Track: Disney's Frozen |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr14/articles/inside-track-0414.htm |work=Sound on Sound |access-date=May 3, 2014 |date=April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184540/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr14/articles/inside-track-0414.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> Most of the dialogue was recorded at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank under the supervision of original dialogue mixer Gabriel Guy, who also mixed the film's sound effects.<ref name="Tucker" /> Some dialogue was recorded after recording songs at Sunset Sound and Capitol Studios; for scenes with Anna and Elsa, both studios had vocal isolation booths where Menzel and Bell could read dialogue in line-of-sight with one another (avoiding "bleedthrough" between their respective tracks).<ref name="Tucker" /> Additional dialogue was recorded at an ADR facility on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank (across the street from the Disney Animation building) and at the Soundtrack Group's New York studio,<ref name="Tucker" /> since the production team had to work around the schedules of the film's New York-based cast members such as Fontana.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gordon |first=David |title=Cinderella Star Santino Fontana Gets Frozen for Disney – and His Own Action Figure |url=http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/11-2013/cinderella-star-santino-fontana-gets-frozen-for-di_66734.html |access-date=May 29, 2014 |newspaper=TheaterMania |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084350/http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/11-2013/cinderella-star-santino-fontana-gets-frozen-for-di_66734.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's piano-vocal scores for the songs and the vocal tracks were sent to Salem, Oregon-based Dave Metzger for arrangement and orchestration,<ref name="Tingen" /><ref name="Stabler">{{cite news |last=Stabler |first=David |title=Disney's 'Frozen': A behind-the-scenes look at the movie's music that gets its magic from an Oregon man |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2013/11/disneys_frozen_gets_its_musica.html |access-date=March 26, 2014 |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221124/http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/index.ssf/2013/11/disneys_frozen_gets_its_musica.html |archive-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref> and Metzger orchestrated a significant portion of Beck's score.<ref name="Truax" />

For the orchestral score, Beck paid homage to the Norway- and Sápmi-inspired setting by employing regional instruments (such as the bukkehorn) and traditional vocal techniques such as kulning.<ref name="WSJmusicpr" /> Beck worked with Lopez and Anderson-Lopez on incorporating their songs into arrangements of the score, and the trio's goal "was to create a cohesive musical journey from beginning to end".<ref name="WSJmusicpr" /> Beck's scoring mixer, Casey Stone (who also supervised the recording of the score), worked with Boucher to align their microphones for seamless transitions between the songs and score despite their separate recording.<ref name="Tingen" /> The final orchestrations of songs and score were recorded at the Eastwood Scoring Stage<ref name="Tingen" /><ref name="Lambert">{{cite web |last=Lambert |first=Mel |title=CAS Launches 'Gravity' into Oscar's Orbit |url=https://www.editorsguild.com/FromtheGuild.cfm?FromTheGuildid=449 |work=From the Guild |publisher=The Editors Guild |access-date=May 3, 2014 |date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503190859/https://www.editorsguild.com/FromtheGuild.cfm?FromTheGuildid=449 |archive-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref> on the Warner Bros. Pictures studio lot in Burbank by an 80-piece orchestra with 32 vocalists, including Norwegian Christine Hals.<ref name="WSJmusicpr" /> Hals performed kulning for Beck to use it in the score when Elsa misuses her magical powers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=❄️ Frozen Singer talking about Kulning and SNOW on KOBRA SVT ❄️|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIUrfb8VoU4|website=YouTube| date=May 18, 2015 |access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603164404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIUrfb8VoU4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Boucher supervised the recording of Anderson-Lopez and Lopez's songs from July 22 to 24, 2013, and Stone supervised the recording of Beck's score on September 3–6 and 9–10. Boucher mixed the songs at the Eastwood stage, while Stone mixed the score at Beck's studio in Santa Monica, California.<ref name="Tingen" />

Director Jennifer Lee said that sound played a large part of making the film "visceral" and "transported": "In letting it tell the story emotionally, the sound of the ice when it's at its most dangerous just makes you shudder."<ref name="BrewSimon2">{{cite web |last=Brew |first=Simon |title=Jennifer Lee & Chris Buck interview: Frozen, Statham, Frozen 2 |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/jennifer-lee-chris-buck-interview-frozen-statham-frozen-2/ |work=Den of Geek! |publisher=Dennis Publishing |access-date=April 6, 2014 |date=April 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064423/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/frozen/29346/jennifer-lee-chris-buck-interview-frozen-statham-frozen-2 |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref> The complete silence at the climax of the film (right after Anna freezes) was Lasseter's idea, one he "really wanted".<ref name="BrewSimon2" /> In that scene, the ambient sound that would normally be there was removed to make it feel unusual;<ref name="BrewSimon2" /> Lee said, "[T]hat was a moment where we wanted everything to feel suspended".<ref name="BrewSimon2" />

To obtain certain snow and ice sound effects, sound designer Odin Benitez traveled to Mammoth Mountain, California, to record them at a frozen lake.<ref name="Hogg" /> The Foley work for the film was recorded on the Foley stage on the Warner Bros. Pictures lot by a Warner Bros. crew.<ref name="Tucker" /><ref name="Lambert" /> The Foley artists received daily deliveries of 50 pounds (22.6 kg) of snow and ice to help them record all the necessary snow and ice sounds.<ref name="Tucker" /> Because the film's visuals were finalized so late, five separate versions of nearly every footstep on snow were recorded (corresponding to five different types of snow); one was selected during mixing to match the snow as rendered in the final version of each scene.<ref name="Tucker" /> One issue the production team was "particular" about was the sound of Elsa's footsteps in the ice palace, which required eight attempts (including wine glasses and metal knives on ice); they ended up using a mix of three sounds.<ref name="Tucker" /> Although the vocals, music, sound effects, and almost all the dialogue were all recorded elsewhere, the final re-recording mix in Dolby Atmos format was performed at the Disney lot by Casey E. Fluhr of Disney Digital Studio Services.<ref name="Tucker" /><ref name="Lambert" />

=== Localization === Like other Disney media products which are localized by Disney Character Voices International, ''Frozen'' was translated and dubbed into 41 languages; ''The Lion King'' had been localized into 15.<ref name="Keegan">{{cite news |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |title='Frozen': Finding a diva in 41 languages |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-frozen-how-disney-makes-a-musical-in-41-languages-20140124-story.html |access-date=March 23, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 24, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324001158/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/jan/24/entertainment/la-et-mn-frozen-how-disney-makes-a-musical-in-41-languages-20140124 |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Finding sopranos capable of matching Menzel's warm vocal tone and three-octave vocal range in their native languages was a challenge.<ref name="Keegan" /><ref>{{cite web |title='Let It Go': A Global Hit In Any Language |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/02/24/282081061/let-it-go-a-global-hit-in-any-language |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR Music |access-date=March 23, 2014 |date=February 24, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409141130/http://www.npr.org/2014/02/24/282081061/let-it-go-a-global-hit-in-any-language |archive-date=April 9, 2014 }}</ref> Rick Dempsey, the unit's senior executive, called the process of translating the film "exceptionally challenging": "It's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! [It] ... requires a lot of patience and precision."<ref name="Doty">{{cite web |last=Doty |first=Meriah |title=How These Singers Around the Globe Pushed 'Frozen' Over the Top |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-news/how-these-singers-around-the-globe-pushed--frozen--over-the-top-063739448.html |work=Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=April 3, 2014 |date=March 31, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103745/https://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-news/how-these-singers-around-the-globe-pushed--frozen--over-the-top-063739448.html |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref> Lopez explained that they were told by Disney to remove complex wordplay and puns from their songs to ensure that the film was easily translatable and had universally appealing lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-composer-robert-lopez-perils-683171 |title='Frozen' Composer Robert Lopez on the Perils of Translating 'Let It Go' |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |last=Appelo |first=Tim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318193052/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-composer-robert-lopez-perils-683171 |archive-date=March 18, 2014 }}</ref> In casting the dubbed versions, Disney required native speakers in to "ensure that the film feels 'local{{'"}}.<ref name="Doty" /> Bell and Menzel's voices were the "blueprint" in casting, with efforts to match the voices "as much as possible", and about 200 singers auditioned to fill the 41 slots for Elsa.<ref name="Doty" /> Elsa's singing and speaking roles were cast separately for almost 15 dubbed versions, since not all the vocalists could act the part they were singing.<ref name="Doty" /> After casting the other roles in all 41 languages, the international cast included over 900 people who voiced their roles in about 1,300 recording sessions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Cecilia |title=Disney's global success with 'Frozen' took lots of translation, investment |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2014/11/20/disneys-global-success-with-frozen-took-lots-of-translation-investment/ |access-date=November 23, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher=WP Company LLC |date=November 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121061416/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2014/11/20/disneys-global-success-with-frozen-took-lots-of-translation-investment/ |archive-date=November 21, 2014 }}</ref> The Italian version of the film received an award for best foreign dubbing worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dimensionefumetto.it/lorena-brancucci-e-gli-adattamenti-musicali-disney/|title=Lorena Brancucci e gli adattamenti musicali Disney|last=Pasqualini|first=Mario|date=2019-04-03|website=Dimensione Fumetto|language=it-IT|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=November 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118071503/http://www.dimensionefumetto.it/lorena-brancucci-e-gli-adattamenti-musicali-disney/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="3" |''Frozen'' worldwide |- !Language !Title !Translation |- |Arabic |ملكة الثلج (Malikat Alththalj) |''The Snow Queen'' |- |Bulgarian |Замръзналото кралство ''(Zamr'aznaloto kralstvo)'' |''Frozen Kingdom'' |- |Cantonese Chinese |魔雪奇緣 (Mo syut kei yun) |''Enchanted Snow Tales'' |- |Catalan |''Frozen: El regne del gel'' |''Frozen: The Kingdom of Ice'' |- |Croatian |''Snježno kraljevstvo'' |''Snow Kingdom'' |- |Czech |''Ledové království'' |''Ice Kingdom'' |- |Danish |''Frost'' |''Frost'' |- |Dutch | align="center" colspan="2"|''Frozen'' |- |Estonian |''Lumekuninganna ja igavene talv'' |''The Snow Queen and the Eternal Winter'' |- |Finnish |''Frozen – huurteinen seikkailu'' |''Frozen – Frosty Adventure'' |- |Flemish | align="center" colspan="2"|''Frozen'' |- |French |''La Reine des neiges'' |''The Snow Queen'' |- |German |''Die Eiskönigin – Völlig unverfroren'' |''The Ice Queen – Unfrozen'' |- |Greek |Ψυχρά κι Ανάποδα ''(Psychrá ki Anápoda)'' |''Cold and Upside'' |- |Hebrew |לשבור את הקרח ''(Lishbor et ha'Kerakh)'' |''Break the Ice'' |- |Hindi |फ्रोज़न ''(Phrozan)'' |''Frozen'' |- |Hungarian |''Jégvarázs'' |''Ice Magic'' |- |Icelandic |''Frosinn'' |''Frozen'' |- |Indonesian |''Frozen – Anna dan Ratu Salju'' |''Frozen – Anna and the Snow Queen'' |- |Italian |''Frozen – Il regno di ghiaccio'' |''Frozen – The Ice Kingdom'' |- |Japanese |アナと雪の女王 ''(Ana to Yuki no Joō)'' |''Anna and the Snow Queen'' |- |Kazakh |Мұзды өлке ''(Мuzdy olke)'' |''Frozen Kingdom'' |- |Korean |겨울왕국 ''(Gyeoul Wangguk)'' |''The Kingdom of Winter'' |- |Latvian |''Ledus sirds'' |''Ice Heart'' |- |Lithuanian |''Ledo šalis'' |''Ice Country'' |- |Malay |''Anna dan Permaisuri Salji'' |''Anna and the Snow Queen'' |- |Mandarin Chinese | 冰雪奇缘 ''(Bīng xuě qí yuán)'' | ''Magical Tales of Ice and Snow'' |- |Norwegian |''Frost'' |''Frost'' |- |Polish |''Kraina lodu'' |''Land of Ice'' |- |Portuguese (Brazil) |''Frozen – Uma Aventura Congelante'' |''Frozen – A Freezing Adventure'' |- |Portuguese (Europe) |''Frozen – O Reino do Gelo'' |''Frozen – The Kingdom of Ice'' |- |Romanian |''Regatul de gheață'' |''Kingdom of Ice'' |- |Russian |Холодное сердце ''(Kholodnoe syertse)'' |''Cold Heart'' |- |Serbian |Залеђено краљевство ''(Zaleđeno kraljevstvo)'' |''Frozen Kingdom'' |- |Slovak |''Ľadové kráľovstvo'' |''Ice Kingdom'' |- |Slovene |''Ledeno Kraljestvo'' |''Icy Kingdom'' |- |Spanish (Europe) |''Frozen: El reino del hielo'' |''Frozen: The Kingdom of Ice'' |- |Spanish (Latin America) |''Frozen: Una aventura congelada'' |''Frozen: A Frozen Adventure'' |- |Swedish |''Frost'' |''Frost'' |- |Thai |''Frozen'' – ผจญภัยแดนคำสาปราชินีหิมะ ''(Phachonphai Daen Khamsap Rachini Hima)'' |''Frozen – Adventure in the Snow Queen's Cursed Land'' |- |Turkish |''Karlar Ülkesi'' |''Snow Country'' |- |Ukrainian |Крижане серце ''(Kryzhane sertse)'' |''Icy Heart'' |- |Vietnamese |''Nữ hoàng băng giá'' |''Ice Queen'' |} Some local TV stations and independent studios have created unofficial dubs in Albanian,<ref>{{citation |last=Disney Albania |title=Frozen – Let It Go – Albanian Version {{!}} Mbretëresha e Dëborës – Dubluar në Shqip |date=December 11, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWpbMPRkPJU |access-date=August 24, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223204319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWpbMPRkPJU |archive-date=February 23, 2016 }}</ref> Arabic (TV), Karachay-Balkar,<ref>{{citation |last=Lucas Zúñiga |title=Frozen – Let It Go (Karachay) [Movie Version] |date=June 26, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOtKre2NGv4 |access-date=August 24, 2016 |archive-date=June 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619040746/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOtKre2NGv4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Persian<ref>{{citation |last=Glory Tehran |title=Frozen Persian Dub – Behind the Mic – Glory دوبله گلوری |date=October 16, 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25IQqJaqrjs |access-date=August 24, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201102201/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25IQqJaqrjs |archive-date=February 1, 2017 }}</ref> and Tagalog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synchresis-inc.com/#!about/c2414 |title=Synchresis Inc. {{!}} Dubbing {{!}} Philippines |website=Synchresis Inc. {{!}} Dubbing {{!}} Philippines |access-date=August 24, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824010656/http://www.synchresis-inc.com/#!about/c2414 |archive-date=August 24, 2016 }}</ref>

== Release == {{multiple image |direction = vertical |align = right |width = 220  |image1 = Frozen premier.jpg |alt1 = Three people, smiling for the camera |caption1 = Producer Peter Del Vecho, writer and director Jennifer Lee, and director Chris Buck at the film's premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood |image2 = |alt2 = A plane coming in for a landing |caption2 = Advertisement for ''Frozen'' on a WestJet Boeing 737-8CT at John F. Kennedy International Airport }}

''Frozen'' was released theatrically in the United States on November 27, 2013, with ''Get a Horse!'' (a new Mickey Mouse animated short film).<ref>{{cite web |work=Chicago Tribune |title='Frozen,' 'Get a Horse!' female directors mark firsts for Disney |author=Keegan, Rebecca |date=November 22, 2013 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-frozen-get-a-horse-female-director-20131124-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225081106/http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-frozen-get-a-horse-female-director-20131124-story.html |archive-date=December 25, 2016 }}</ref> The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 19, 2013,<ref name="WarmsUpAudience" /> with a five-day limited release there beginning on November 22 before its wide release.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Stewart|first=Andrew|title=Disney's 'Frozen' Glides Into El Capitan for Exclusive Early Release|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/disneys-frozen-glides-into-el-capitan-for-exclusive-early-release-1200702902/|access-date=December 17, 2023|magazine=Variety|date=October 7, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003191952/https://variety.com/2013/film/news/disneys-frozen-glides-into-el-capitan-for-exclusive-early-release-1200702902/|archive-date=October 3, 2023}}</ref><ref name=limited>{{cite news |title=Disney's Frozen to Open Five Days Early at the El Capitan Theatre |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=109866 |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=Coming Soon |date=October 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165927/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=109866 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

Before the release, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's "Let It Go" and "In Summer" were previewed at the 2013 D23 Expo; Idina Menzel performed "Let It Go" live.<ref>{{cite news |last=Graser |first=Marc |title=D23 Expo: Disney Fanfest Starts Off Strong with Animation Lineup |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/d23-expo-disney-fanfest-starts-off-strong-with-animation-lineup-1200576269/ |access-date=October 23, 2013 |newspaper=Variety |date=August 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018121623/http://variety.com/2013/film/news/d23-expo-disney-fanfest-starts-off-strong-with-animation-lineup-1200576269/ |archive-date=October 18, 2013 }}</ref> A teaser trailer was released on June 18, 2013,<ref>{{cite news |last=Nilles |first=Billy |title="Frozen" teaser trailer: Disney releases first look at new animated film |url=http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2013/06/frozen-teaser-trailer-disney-releases-first-look-at-new-animated-film.html |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=Zap2it |date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215013843/http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2013/06/frozen-teaser-trailer-disney-releases-first-look-at-new-animated-film.html |archive-date=February 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Teaser Trailer for Disney's Frozen |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=105586 |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=Coming Soon |date=June 18, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122060818/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=105586 |archive-date=January 22, 2014 }}</ref> followed by the trailer on September 26, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney's Frozen Official Trailer |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbQm5doF_Uc |publisher=YouTube |access-date=February 6, 2014 |author=Disney Animation |format=Video |date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206002908/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbQm5doF_Uc |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |author-link = Walt Disney Animation Studios}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=De Graeve |first1=Nikki |title=Walt Disney's Frozen – Official Trailer |url=http://www.entertainmentoutlook.com/2013/09/27/walt-disneys-frozen-official-trailer/ |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=Entertainment Outlook |date=September 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304195759/http://www.entertainmentoutlook.com/2013/09/27/walt-disneys-frozen-official-trailer/ |archive-date=March 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Jason |title=Disney's Frozen Official Trailer |url=http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/frozen-official-trailer/ |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=CG Meetup |date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061049/http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/frozen-official-trailer/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' was promoted at several Disney theme parks, including Disneyland's Fantasyland, Disney California Adventure's ''World of Color'', Epcot's Norway pavilion, and Disneyland Paris' ''Disney Dreams!'' show;<ref name="PRWoC" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bevil |first=Dewayne |title="Frozen" characters set to visit Epcot's Norway, be seen in Magic Kingdom show |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2013/10/07/frozen-characters-set-to-visit-epcots-norway-be-seen-in-magic-kingdom-show/ |access-date=November 29, 2013 |newspaper=Orlando Sentinel |date=October 7, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204020451/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-10-07/the-daily-disney/os-disney-parks-frozen-20131007_1_magic-kingdom-norway-sarah-marshall |archive-date=December 4, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brigante |first=Ricky |title=Anna and Elsa joined by animated Olaf for "Frozen" character meet-and-greet in Royal Reception at Disneyland |url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/11/anna-and-elsa-joined-by-animated-olaf-for-frozen-character-meet-and-greet-in-royal-reception-at-disneyland/ |access-date=February 2, 2014 |newspaper=Inside the Magic |date=November 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226105108/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2013/11/anna-and-elsa-joined-by-animated-olaf-for-frozen-character-meet-and-greet-in-royal-reception-at-disneyland/ |archive-date=February 26, 2014 }}</ref> Disneyland and Epcot had meet-and-greet sessions with Anna and Elsa.<ref name="Tully">{{cite news |last=Tully |first=Sarah |title="Frozen" characters draw unprecedented lines at Disneyland |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/line-602644-wait-minutes.html |access-date=March 10, 2014 |newspaper=Orange County Register |date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303034218/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/line-602644-wait-minutes.html |archive-date=March 3, 2014 }}</ref> On November 6, 2013, Disney Consumer Products released a line of toys and other film-related merchandise at the Disney Store and other retailers.<ref name="DCP">{{cite news |last=Disney Consumer Products |title=Press release: Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now |url=https://www.disneyconsumerproducts.com/Home/display.jsp?contentId=dcp_home_pressroom_pressreleases_dcp_home_pr_us_dcp_frozen_products_110613&forPrint=false&language=en&preview=false&imageShow=0&pressRoom=US&translationOf=null&region=0&ccPK=dcp_home_pressroom_press_room_all_US |access-date=January 29, 2014 |newspaper=Disney Consumer Products |date=November 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221221029/https://www.disneyconsumerproducts.com/Home/display.jsp?contentId=dcp_home_pressroom_pressreleases_dcp_home_pr_us_dcp_frozen_products_110613&forPrint=false&language=en&preview=false&imageShow=0&pressRoom=US&translationOf=null&region=0&ccPK=dcp_home_pressroom_press_room_all_US |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref>

On January 31, 2014, a sing-along version of ''Frozen'' was released in 2,057 theaters in the United States. It had on-screen lyrics, and viewers were invited to follow the bouncing snowflake and sing along with songs from the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/01/22/frozen-sing-along/4783327/ |title=Sing-along "Frozen" coming to theaters |first=Bryan |last=Alexander |work=USA Today |date=January 22, 2014 |access-date=January 23, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123010718/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/01/22/frozen-sing-along/4783327/ |archive-date=January 23, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cinemark – Frozen Sing-a-long |url=http://www.cinemark.com/frozen-sing-a-long |publisher=Cinemark |access-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221191727/http://www.cinemark.com/frozen-sing-a-long |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref><ref name="hrsingalong">{{cite news |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Box Office: "Frozen" Sing-Along Hits High Note in Friday Matinee Sales |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-frozen-sing-along-676174 |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=January 31, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201001733/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-frozen-sing-along-676174 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 }}</ref> After its wide release in Japan on March 14, 2014, a similar sing-along version of ''Frozen'' was released on April 26. In Japanese-dubbed versions, Japanese lyrics of the songs appeared onscreen for audiences to sing along with the characters.<ref name="wsjapr17">{{cite news |last1=Hongo |first1=Jun |title=Q&A: Disney Executive Tells of 'Frozen' Success in Japan |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/04/17/qa-disney-executive-tells-of-frozen-success-in-japan/ |access-date=April 17, 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company, Inc. |date=April 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423061906/https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/04/17/qa-disney-executive-tells-of-frozen-success-in-japan/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 }}</ref> A sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on November 28, 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=DISNEY HAS THE NATION SINGING, ENCOURAGING FROZEN FANS TO HAVE A GO AT 'LET IT GO' |url=http://www.primarytimes.net/news/2014/11/disney-has-the-nation-singing-encouraging-frozen-fans-to-have-a-go-at-let-it-go- |access-date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=Primary Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103046/http://www.primarytimes.net/news/2014/11/disney-has-the-nation-singing-encouraging-frozen-fans-to-have-a-go-at-let-it-go- |archive-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref>

=== Home media === Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released ''Frozen'' for digital download on February 25, 2014, and on Blu-ray and DVD on March 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Bryan |date=February 10, 2014 |title=Exclusive: ''Frozen'' brings new song, making-of video |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/02/10/frozen-bobby-kristen-lopez-new-song/4662505/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211010439/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/02/10/frozen-bobby-kristen-lopez-new-song/4662505/ |archive-date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Physical copies have behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, the film's teaser trailer, a "Let It Go" music video, and ''Get A Horse!''<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2014 |title=My Say On Blu-Ray: ''Frozen'' Collector's Edition |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/my-say-on-blu-ray-frozen-collectors-edition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809224931/https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/my-say-on-blu-ray-frozen-collectors-edition/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=CBS News}}</ref> After an August 12, 2014, announcement, a sing-along reissue of ''Frozen'' was released on DVD and digital download on November 18 of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney to Release 'Frozen' Sing-Along Edition |url=https://www.awn.com/news/disney-release-frozen-sing-along-edition |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Animation World Network |language=en |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112230914/https://www.awn.com/news/disney-release-frozen-sing-along-edition |url-status=live }}</ref> A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray version was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strowbridge |first=C.S. |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Home Market Releases for October 1st, 2019 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/news/241830830-Home-Market-Releases-for-October-1st-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506235840/https://www.the-numbers.com/news/241830830-Home-Market-Releases-for-October-1st-2019 |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=The Numbers}}</ref>

''Frozen'' sold 3.2 million units on its Blu-ray and DVD release day, one of the decade's biggest home-video sellers and Amazon's best-selling children's disc of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |title='Frozen' Sells Massive 3.2 Million Discs in One Day |url=https://www.thewrap.com/frozen-heats-home-entertainment-market-sells-massive-3-2-million-units/ |access-date=March 29, 2014 |work=TheWrap |date=March 19, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329220712/http://www.thewrap.com/frozen-heats-home-entertainment-market-sells-massive-3-2-million-units/ |archive-date=March 29, 2014 }}</ref> The film's digital-download version was the fastest-selling digital release of all time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |title='Frozen' Sells 3.2 Million Blu-ray, DVD Units in First Day |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-sells-32-million-blu-689770 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=March 20, 2014 |date=March 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321190204/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-sells-32-million-blu-689770 |archive-date=March 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=J. McLean |first=Thomas |title='Frozen' Makes Huge Debut on Disc |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/home-entertainment/frozen-makes-huge-debut-on-disc/ |access-date=March 20, 2014 |newspaper=Animation Magazine |date=March 19, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320173702/http://www.animationmagazine.net/home-entertainment/frozen-makes-huge-debut-on-disc/ |archive-date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' finished its first week at number one in unit sales in the United States, selling more than three times as many units as the other 19 titles in Nielsen's sales chart combined.<ref name="march26">{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Thomas K. |title='Frozen' Easily Tops Home Video Sales Charts |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/frozen-easily-tops-home-video-sales-charts-1201148058/ |access-date=May 27, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=March 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526123512/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/frozen-easily-tops-home-video-sales-charts-1201148058/ |archive-date=May 26, 2014 }}</ref> The film sold 3,969,270 Blu-ray units ($79,266,322) during its first week,<ref>{{cite web |title=Blu-ray Weekly Sales Chart – The Numbers |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/weekly-bluray-sales-chart |website=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |access-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605021612/http://www.the-numbers.com/weekly-bluray-sales-chart |archive-date=June 5, 2014}}</ref> half of its opening home-media sales.<ref name="march26" /> By May 4, 2014, it had topped the U.S. home-video sales charts for six of its seven weeks of release.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnold |first1=Thomas K. |title='Frozen' Barely Beats 'Legend of Hercules' to Stay on Top of Home Video Sales Charts |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/frozen-barely-beats-legend-of-hercules-to-stay-on-top-of-home-video-sales-charts-1201174819/ |access-date=June 5, 2014 |work=Variety |date=May 7, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010029/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/frozen-barely-beats-legend-of-hercules-to-stay-on-top-of-home-video-sales-charts-1201174819/ |archive-date=June 7, 2014 }}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ''Frozen'' debuted at number one in Blu-ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=Daniel |title=The Desolation Of Smaug knocks Frozen off Number 1 |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-desolation-of-smaug-knocks-frozen-off-number-1-2923/ |access-date=May 27, 2014 |newspaper=Official Charts Company |date=April 14, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230110/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-desolation-of-smaug-knocks-frozen-off-number-1-2923/ |archive-date=May 27, 2014 }}</ref> According to the Official Charts Company, over 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two-day opening (March 31 – April 1, 2014).<ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=Daniel |title=Disney's Frozen smashes though half-a-million DVD and Blu-ray sales |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/disneys-frozen-smashes-though-half-a-million-dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-2879/ |access-date=May 27, 2014 |newspaper=Official Charts Company |date=April 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230008/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/disneys-frozen-smashes-though-half-a-million-dvd-and-blu-ray-sales-2879/ |archive-date=May 27, 2014 }}</ref> During its first three weeks of release in the United Kingdom, ''Frozen'' sold more than 1.45 million units and was 2014's biggest-selling video title.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=Daniel |title=Frozen reclaims Official Video Chart top spot |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/frozen-reclaims-official-video-chart-top-spot-2946/ |access-date=May 27, 2014 |newspaper=Official Charts Company |date=April 22, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230027/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/frozen-reclaims-official-video-chart-top-spot-2946/ |archive-date=May 27, 2014 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' sold 2,025,000 Blu-ray-DVD combination sets in Japan in four weeks, the fastest-selling home video to sell two million copies (surpassing ''Spirited Away''{{'s}} record of 11 weeks. ''Frozen'' holds the records for highest number of home video units sold on the first day and the first week of sales in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-14/frozen-home-video-tops-spirited-away-as-fastest-to-sell-2-million-copies-in-japan/.77587 |title=Frozen Home Video Tops Spirited Away as Fastest to Sell 2 Million Copies in Japan |date=August 14, 2014 |work=Anime News Network |access-date=August 14, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814183517/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-14/frozen-home-video-tops-spirited-away-as-fastest-to-sell-2-million-copies-in-japan/.77587 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2014, the film had $308,026,545 in U.S. home-media sales.<ref>{{cite the numbers |title=Frozen |id=Frozen-(2013)#tab=video-sales |access-date=January 27, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231213316/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Frozen-(2013)#tab=video-sales |archive-date=December 31, 2014 }}</ref> It is one of the bestselling home-media releases, selling over 18 million units by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Combined DVD and Blu-ray Sales Chart for Week Ending March 8, 2015 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/home-market/packaged-media-sales-chart/2015/03/08 |website=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |access-date=March 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143648/http://www.the-numbers.com/home-market/packaged-media-sales-chart/2015/03/08 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' was the all-time bestselling Blu-ray release in the United States by July 2018 with over 7.5 million units sold, slightly ahead of ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Combined DVD and Blu-ray Sales Chart for Week Ending March 8, 2015 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/alltime-bluray-sales-chart |website=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |access-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124215524/https://www.the-numbers.com/alltime-bluray-sales-chart |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nielsen Media Research, which records streaming viewership on some U.S. television screens, calculated that between January and June 2025, ''Frozen'' accumulated 3.056 billion minutes of viewing time, ranking as the ninth most-streamed film in that period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |date=2025-07-14 |title=Streaming Ratings: 'Bluey' Reign Continues in First Half of 2025, 'Squid Game' Leads Originals |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bluey-most-streamed-shows-first-half-2025-1236313869/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=2025-07-14 |title='Bluey' Tops Streaming Rankings Dominated By Acquired Titles From 'Supernatural' To 'South Park' In First Half Of 2025, Nielsen Says |url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/nielsen-streaming-first-half-2025-rankings-bluey-supernatural-south-park-1236456896/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Deadline Hollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Lawsuit against Phase 4 Films === {{Main|Phase 4 Films#Trademark infringement lawsuit}} The Walt Disney Company filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit in California federal court against Phase 4 Films in late December 2013, seeking an injunction against the distribution of ''The Legend of Sarila'', a Canadian film which had been retitled ''Frozen Land'' in the United States and had a logo similar to the Disney film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amidi |first1=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |title=Disney Files Trademark Lawsuit Over "Frozen Land" |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/bad-ideas/disney-files-trademark-lawsuit-over-frozen-land-93389.html |access-date=July 30, 2014 |work=Cartoon Brew |publisher=Cartoon Brew, LLC |date=December 29, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707090839/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/bad-ideas/disney-files-trademark-lawsuit-over-frozen-land-93389.html |archive-date=July 7, 2014 }}</ref> By late January 2014, the companies had settled the lawsuit; the distribution and promotion of ''The Legend of Sarila'' and related merchandise had to use its original title, and Phase 4 could not use trademarks, logos or other designs confusingly similar to Disney's release.<ref name="wdwjan18">{{cite news |last1=Burgin |first1=Jack |title=Walt Disney Settles Trademark Lawsuit over "Frozen" |url=http://blog.wdwinfo.com/2014/01/18/walt-disney-settles-trademark-lawsuit-over-frozen/ |access-date=July 30, 2014 |work=WDW Info |publisher=Werner Technologies, LLC. |date=January 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825061103/http://blog.wdwinfo.com/2014/01/18/walt-disney-settles-trademark-lawsuit-over-frozen/ |archive-date=August 25, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Gardner">{{cite news |last1=Gardner |first1=Eriq |title=Disney Lawsuit Ices 'Frozen Land' Movie |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/disney-lawsuit-ices-frozen-land-673259 |access-date=July 30, 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=January 22, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033312/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/disney-lawsuit-ices-frozen-land-673259 |archive-date=August 8, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title=Phase 4 Films settles Frozen Land lawsuit with Disney |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2014/01/27/phase-4-films-settles-frozen-land-lawsuit-with-disney-2/ |access-date=July 30, 2014 |work=Playback |publisher=Brunico Communications Ltd. |date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022929/http://playbackonline.ca/2014/01/27/phase-4-films-settles-frozen-land-lawsuit-with-disney-2/ |archive-date=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> Phase 4 was required to pay Disney $100,000 by January 27, 2014, and make "all practicable efforts" to remove copies of ''Frozen Land'' from stores and online distributors before March 3 of that year.<ref name="wdwjan18" /><ref name="Gardner" />

== Reception == === Box office === During its original theatrical release, ''Frozen'' earned $400.7 million in North America and an estimated $880 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,280,802,282.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frozen - Original Release |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr1177113093/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232736/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=frozen2013.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Calculating all expenses, ''Deadline Hollywood'' estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/frozen-thor-dark-world-monsters-university-profit-most-profitable-movies-2013-701699/ |title=2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster – #7 'Monsters University' Vs. #10 'Thor: The Dark World'; #2 'Frozen' Vs. #15 'The Great Gatsby' |author=Mike Fleming Jr |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=March 21, 2014 |access-date=March 22, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406085417/http://deadline.com/2014/03/frozen-thor-dark-world-monsters-university-profit-most-profitable-movies-2013-701699/ |archive-date=April 6, 2015 }}</ref> It is the fifth-highest-grossing film,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses |website=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=April 30, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228223109/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |archive-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> the highest-grossing animated film,<ref name="THRMarch30">{{cite news |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Box Office Milestone: 'Frozen' Becomes No. 1 Animated Film of All Time |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-milestone-frozen-becomes-692156 |access-date=March 30, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 30, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330185602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-milestone-frozen-becomes-692156 |archive-date=March 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="BOMarch30">{{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'Captain America' Takes $75.2M Debut Ahead of North American Release; 'Noah' on the Verge of Hitting $100M; 'Frozen' is the Top Animated Film of All Time; 'Rio 2' Takes Record Breaking Brazilian Debut to Climb to $29.7M |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-03-30-global-captain-america-takes-752m-debut-ahead-of-north-american-release-noah-on-the-verge-of-hitting-100m-frozen-is-the-top-animated-film-of-all-time-rio-2-takes-record-breaking-brazilian-debut-to-climb-to-297m |access-date=April 3, 2014 |newspaper=Boxoffice.com |date=March 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402185057/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-03-30-global-captain-america-takes-752m-debut-ahead-of-north-american-release-noah-on-the-verge-of-hitting-100m-frozen-is-the-top-animated-film-of-all-time-rio-2-takes-record-breaking-brazilian-debut-to-climb-to-297m |archive-date=April 2, 2014 }}</ref> the highest-grossing 2013 film,<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2013&p=.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520195701/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2013&p=.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2014 }}</ref> the third highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the eighth-highest-grossing film distributed by Disney.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bacle |first=Ariana |title="Frozen" hits $1 billion mark at worldwide box office |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/03/03/frozen-billion-worldwide-box-office/ |access-date=March 4, 2014 |newspaper=Entertainment Weekly |date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306040545/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/03/03/frozen-billion-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=March 6, 2014 }}</ref> The film earned $110.6 million worldwide on its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/worldwideopenings.htm |title=All Time Worldwide Opening Records |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=December 18, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801031300/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/worldwideopenings.htm |archive-date=August 1, 2013 }}</ref> On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark{{snd}}the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film,<ref>{{cite web |last=Subers |first=Ray |title=Weekend Report: Neeson Beats Jesus, "Frozen" Hits $1 Billion |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3789&p=.htm |access-date=March 2, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo |date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303004742/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3789&p=.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2014 }}</ref> the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after ''Iron Man 3''), and the first animated film since ''Toy Story 3'' to do so.<ref>{{cite news |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Box Office Milestone: "Frozen" Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-milestone-frozen-crosses-684847 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305094713/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-milestone-frozen-crosses-684847 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 }}</ref> ''Bloomberg Business'' reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film's total cost at $323 million to $350 million for production, marketing, and distribution, and projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box-office ticket sales, digital downloads, discs, and television rights.<ref name="Palmeri">{{cite news |title=Disney's 'Frozen' Passing $1 Billion Cements Rebound |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-13/disney-s-frozen-passing-1-billion-cements-rebound |access-date=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=Bloomberg Business |date=March 14, 2014 |last1=Palmeri |first1=Christopher |last2=Sakoui |first2=Anousha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309024306/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-13/disney-s-frozen-passing-1-billion-cements-rebound |archive-date=March 9, 2015 }}</ref>

==== North America ==== ''Frozen'' was Fandango's top advance-ticket seller among original animated films, ahead of previous record-holder ''Brave'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2013-11-26-catching-fire-and-frozen-heat-up-fandangos-fanticipation-with-brisk-advance-ticket-sales-for-thanksgiving-weekend |title="Catching Fire" and "Frozen" Heat Up Fandango's Fanticipation with Brisk Advance Ticket Sales for Thanksgiving Weekend |magazine=Boxoffice.com |date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115734/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2013-11-26-catching-fire-and-frozen-heat-up-fandangos-fanticipation-with-brisk-advance-ticket-sales-for-thanksgiving-weekend |archive-date=December 6, 2013 }}</ref> and became the top-selling animated film in the company's history in late January 2014.<ref name="hrsingalong" /> The film's sing-along version later topped the ticket service's best-selling list again for three days.<ref name="hrsingalong" /> ''Frozen'' opened on November 22, 2013, at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five-day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on November 27.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3756&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Catching Fire" Burns Bright, Sets November Record |website=Box Office Mojo |date=November 24, 2013 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213142433/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3756&p=.htm |archive-date=December 13, 2013 }}</ref> It earned $243,390 during the three-day weekend, the seventh-largest per-theater average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/theateravg.htm?page=THTRAVOPN&p=.htm |title=TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219042043/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/theateravg.htm?page=THTRAVOPN&p=.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2013 }}</ref> The film earned $15.2 million on the opening day of its wide release<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=frozen2013.htm |title=Frozen (2013) – Daily Box Office Results |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216103742/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=frozen2013.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2013 }}</ref> (including $1.2 million from Tuesday late-night shows)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-interstellar-big-hero-746607 |title=Box Office: 'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Blast Off to Big Thursday Night Numbers |date=November 7, 2014 |access-date=November 7, 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107212159/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-interstellar-big-hero-746607 |archive-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref> and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, ahead of ''Tangled'' ($11.9 million).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/29/catching-fire-breaks-thanksgiving-day-record-frozen-holds-tough/ |title="Catching Fire", "Frozen" Chase Thanksgiving Box Office Records |date=November 29, 2013 |first=Scott |last=Mendelson |access-date=December 16, 2013 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216085810/http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/29/catching-fire-breaks-thanksgiving-day-record-frozen-holds-tough/ |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> It had the second-largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday of all films, behind ''Catching Fire'' ($20.8 million). The film finished second over the traditional three-day weekend (Friday to Sunday) with $67.4 million, setting an opening weekend record for Walt Disney Animation Studios films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/box-office-report/frozen-smashes-disney-animation-records-91624.html |title="Frozen" Smashes Disney Animation Opening Weekend Records |date=December 1, 2013 |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |last=Amidi |access-date=December 16, 2013 |publisher=Cartoon Brew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021914/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/box-office-report/frozen-smashes-disney-animation-records-91624.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref> It had the second-largest opening weekend of films that did not debut at number one.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/opennot1.htm |title=Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at No. 1 |website=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=December 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201114506/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/opennot1.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NA-opng">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3758&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Set Thanksgiving Records |first=Ray |last=Subers |website=Box Office Mojo |date=December 1, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235906/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3758&p=.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref> Female audiences accounted for 57 percent of ''Frozen''{{'}}s total audiences on the first weekend, and family audiences were 81 percent.<ref name="NA-opng" /><ref name="varietydec1" /> It set three-day ($67.4 million from Friday to Sunday)<ref>[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3dayopen&p=.htm Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128111429/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3dayopen&p=.htm |date=November 28, 2016 }}. ''Box Office Mojo''. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> and five-day records ($93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday) records for films that opened during Thanksgiving.<ref>[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=5dayopen&p=.htm Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128234955/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=5dayopen&p=.htm |date=November 28, 2016 }}. ''Box Office Mojo''. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> It had the second-largest three-day<ref>[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3day&p=.htm Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210154019/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3day&p=.htm |date=December 10, 2014 }}. ''Box Office Mojo''. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> and five-day<ref>[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=5day&p=.htm Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210154023/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=5day&p=.htm |date=December 10, 2014 }}. ''Box Office Mojo''. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</ref> Thanksgiving grosses of all films, behind ''Catching Fire''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2013-11-28-north-america-the-hunger-games-catching-fire-and-frozen-both-on-pace-for-record-breaking-thanksgiving-weekend-performances |title=NORTH AMERICA: Studio Weekend Estimates: "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" Sets New Five-Day Thanksgiving Weekend Record With $110.2M; "Frozen" Ices Expectations With $93.0M Five-Day Start |magazine=Boxoffice.com |date=December 1, 2013 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212182852/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2013-11-28-north-america-the-hunger-games-catching-fire-and-frozen-both-on-pace-for-record-breaking-thanksgiving-weekend-performances |archive-date=December 12, 2013 }}</ref>

It declined 53 percent to $31.6 million during the second weekend of wide release but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of ''Toy Story 2'' ($27.8 million).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3761&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Frozen" Beats "Fire," "Furnace" Melts |first=Ray |last=Subers |website=Box Office Mojo |date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=December 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211000858/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3761&p=.htm |archive-date=December 11, 2013 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' was the first film since ''Avatar'' to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3769&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Frozen" Chills "Paranormal" Spin-Off This Weekend |date=January 5, 2014 |first=Ray |last=Subers |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032215/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3769&p=.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2014 }}</ref> The film remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends,<ref name="Frozen-1073">{{cite news |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/disneys-frozen-and-marvels-captain-america-winter-soldier-heat-box-offices-around-world |title=Disney's 'Frozen' and Marvel's 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' Heat Up Box Offices Around the World |date=March 31, 2014 |first=Janelle |last=Tipton |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331210740/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/disneys-frozen-and-marvels-captain-america-winter-soldier-heat-box-offices-around-world |archive-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=frozen2013.htm |title=Frozen (2013) – Weekend Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=March 18, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314121716/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=frozen2013.htm |archive-date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref> (the longest run by any film since 2002<ref name="BOMarch30" />) and had large weekend grosses from its fifth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3767&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Hobbit," "Frozen" Top "Wolf," "Mitty" on Final Weekend of 2013 |date=December 29, 2013 |first=Ray |last=Subers |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 30, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235354/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3767&p=.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2013 }}</ref> to twelfth weekends of wide release compared to other films during their respective weekends.<ref>Top Grossing Movies in their 5th to 12th Weekends at the Box Office: * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=5&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118081941/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=5&p=.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2010 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=6&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 6th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203151732/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=6&p=.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2010 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=7&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 7th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 23, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203152548/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=7&p=.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2010 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=8&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 8th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 23, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123074920/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=8&p=.htm |archive-date=January 23, 2014 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=9&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 9th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104901/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=9&p=.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=10&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 10th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131090312/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=10&p=.htm |archive-date=January 31, 2014 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=11&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 11th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104912/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=11&p=.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }} * {{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=12&p=.htm |title=Top Grossing Movies in Their 12th Weekend at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104914/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/moreweekends.htm?page=12&p=.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> On April 25, 2014, ''Frozen'' became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3829&p=.htm |date=April 26, 2014 |title=Friday Report: 'Other Woman' On Pace for $25 Million Debut |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234230/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3829&p=.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2014 }}</ref>

''Frozen'' is the twenty-sixth-highest-grossing film in North America,<ref>{{cite web |title=All Time Domestic Box Office Results |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707234738/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2012 }}</ref> the third-highest-grossing 2013 film,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2013&p=.htm |title=2013 Domestic Grosses, 2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |access-date=January 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111185411/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2013&p=.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2013 }}</ref> the fifth-highest-grossing animated film,<ref name="animationbom">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm |title=Animation Movies at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=July 14, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823022307/http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm |archive-date=August 23, 2010 }}</ref> the highest-grossing 2013 animated film, the twelfth-highest-grossing 3-D film,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=3d.htm |title=3D Movies at the Box Office |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 5, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126193506/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=3d.htm |archive-date=January 26, 2017 }}</ref> and the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film.<ref name="wdasgross">{{cite web |title=Walt Disney Animation Studios Movies at the Box Office |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=disneyanimation.htm |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=March 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313020953/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=disneyanimation.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2014 }}</ref> Excluding re-releases, it has the highest-grossing initial run of non-sequel animated films (a record previously held by ''Finding Nemo'')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3776&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Runs Over "I, Frankenstein" |date=January 26, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 26, 2014 |first=Ray |last=Subers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128011001/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3776&p=.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="11th-wknd-ovrs">{{cite news |url=http://www.screendaily.com/box-office/frozen-leads-intl-bo-on-24m/5066517.article?blocktitle=INTERNATIONAL-BOX-OFFICE-NEWS&contentID=40079 |title=Frozen leads int'l BO on $24m |date=February 9, 2014 |first=Jeremy |last=Kay |access-date=February 9, 2014 |work=Screen Daily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212102658/http://www.screendaily.com/box-office/frozen-leads-intl-bo-on-24m/5066517.article?blocktitle=INTERNATIONAL-BOX-OFFICE-NEWS&contentID=40079 |archive-date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> and Walt Disney Animation Studios films (a record previously held by ''The Lion King'').<ref>{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen' |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316722023392130 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 12, 2014 |quote=This past weekend, as the movie's domestic total hit $317.7 million, "Frozen" surpassed "The Lion King" to become the highest-grossing Disney-produced animated film of all time, not accounting for inflation or re-releases. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216020315/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316722023392130 |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref> Box Office Mojo estimated that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=July 13, 2016 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frozen2013.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |title=Frozen (2013) |website=Box Office Mojo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065626/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=frozen2013.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2016 }}</ref>

==== Outside North America ==== ''Frozen'' is the fifth-highest-grossing film,<ref name="osgross">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/?pagenum=1&sort=osgross&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Results (Sorted by overseas grosses) |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 31, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104213159/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/?pagenum=1&sort=osgross&order=DESC&p=.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2016 }}</ref> the highest-grossing animated film,<ref name="osgross" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3825&p=.htm |title=Weekend Report: 'Captain' Three-peats, 'Heaven' Rises Over Easter Weekend |date=April 20, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=May 21, 2014 |first=Ray |last=Subers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140421151923/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3825&p=.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2014 }}</ref> and the highest-grossing 2013 film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2013&sort=osgross&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=2013 Yearly Box Office Results |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519003504/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2013&sort=osgross&order=DESC&p=.htm |archive-date=May 19, 2014 }}</ref>  It is the highest-grossing animated film in South Korea, Denmark, and Venezuela.<ref name="KoreaRecord">{{cite news |last=Hyo-won |first=Lee |title="Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-crosses-75-million-south-685320 |access-date=March 7, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303221510/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-crosses-75-million-south-685320 |archive-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Subers |first=Ray |title=Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Avoids "Awkward Moment," Three-peats Over Super Bowl Weekend |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3780&p=.htm |access-date=February 6, 2014 |newspaper=Box Office Mojo |date=February 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207082455/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3780&p=.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2013 Venezuela Yearly Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/venezuela/yearly/?yr=2013&p=.htm |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=May 29, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529123117/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/venezuela/yearly/?yr=2013&p=.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> It is also the highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories,<ref name="11th-wknd-ovrs" /> including Latin America (Mexico and Brazil), the UK, Ireland, Malta, Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and China.<ref name="Frozen-6th-wknd">{{cite news |url=http://www.screendaily.com/box-office/hobbit-2-soars-past-500m-intl/5065025.article?blocktitle=INTERNATIONAL-BOX-OFFICE-NEWS&contentID=40079 |title=Hobbit 2 soars past $500m int'l |date=January 5, 2014 |first=Jeremy |last=Kay |work=Screen Daily |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106163233/http://www.screendaily.com/box-office/hobbit-2-soars-past-500m-intl/5065025.article?blocktitle=INTERNATIONAL-BOX-OFFICE-NEWS&contentID=40079 |archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-01-12-global-frozen-breaks-hobbit-streak-crosses-700m-big-china-debut-for-despicable-me-2-12-years-a-slave-1-in-the-uk |date=January 12, 2014 |title=UPDATED GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks "Hobbit" Streak, Crosses $700M; Big China Debut For "Despicable Me 2"; "12 Years A Slave" #1 In The UK |access-date=January 15, 2014 |magazine=Boxoffice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116040433/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-01-12-global-frozen-breaks-hobbit-streak-crosses-700m-big-china-debut-for-despicable-me-2-12-years-a-slave-1-in-the-uk |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-01-26-global-frozen-breaks-800m-i-frankenstein-opens-strong-in-russia |title=GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks $800M; "I, Frankenstein" Opens Strong In Russia |date=January 26, 2014 |magazine=Boxoffice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131165033/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-01-26-global-frozen-breaks-800m-i-frankenstein-opens-strong-in-russia |archive-date=January 31, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Subers |first=Ray |title=Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie" |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3783&p=.htm |access-date=February 10, 2014 |newspaper=Box Office Mojo |date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092449/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3783&p=.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2014 }}</ref>

The film premiered outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release, and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets.<ref name="NA-opng" /> It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014: January 10–12 ($27.8 million)<ref>{{cite news |last=Subers |first=Ray |title=Weekend Report: Audiences Flock to "Lone Survivor," Avoid "Hercules," "Her" |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3771&p=.htm |access-date=January 15, 2014 |newspaper=Box Office Mojo |date=January 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140115064721/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3771&p=.htm |archive-date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> and February 7–9 ($24 million).<ref>{{cite web |last=Subers |first=Ray |title=Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie" |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3783&p=.htm |access-date=March 2, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo |date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302013736/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3783&p=.htm |archive-date=March 2, 2014 }}</ref> ''Frozen''{{'s}} largest opening weekends were in China (a five-day opening earning $14.3 million),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/Default.aspx?week=2014-02-03 |title=Weekly box office |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=EntGroup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204927/http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/Default.aspx?week=2014-02-03 |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> Russia and the CIS ($11.9 million, including previews from previous weekend, where the film set an opening-weekend record for Disney animated films),<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/russia/2013-12-18-russia-frozen-off-to-a-hot-start|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219191826/http://www.boxoffice.com/russia/2013-12-18-russia-frozen-off-to-a-hot-start |title=RUSSIA: "Frozen" Off To A Hot Start |date=December 18, 2013 |magazine=Boxoffice.com |access-date=December 19, 2013|url-status=dead |archive-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref> and Japan (a three-day opening earning $9.73 million).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-sets-disney-opening-weekend-688959 |title='Frozen' Sets Disney Opening Weekend Record in Japan |date=March 17, 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=March 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317121618/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-sets-disney-opening-weekend-688959 |archive-date=March 17, 2014 |first=Gavin J. |last=Blair}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=frozen2013.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=February 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232736/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=frozen2013.htm |archive-date=August 9, 2014 }}</ref> It set an opening-weekend record for animated films in Sweden.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-02-02-global-frozen-continues-to-dominate-passes-500m-overseas |title=GLOBAL: "Frozen" Continues To Dominate, Passes $500M Overseas |date=February 2, 2014 |access-date=February 2, 2014 |magazine=Boxoffice.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204044332/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-02-02-global-frozen-continues-to-dominate-passes-500m-overseas |archive-date=February 4, 2014 }}</ref> In total earnings, the film's top market after North America was Japan ($247.6 million), followed by South Korea ($76.6 million) and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($65.7 million).<ref name="ja">Japanese Box Office Reports: * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' Swings to $369M After North American Debut; 'Rio 2' Closes in on $400M; 'Divergent' Reaches $250M Mark |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-04-global-the-amazing-spider-man-2-swings-to-369m-after-north-american-debut-rio-2-closes-in-on-400m-divergent-reaches-250m-mark |access-date=May 5, 2014 |newspaper=Boxoffice.com |date=May 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505181643/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-04-global-the-amazing-spider-man-2-swings-to-369m-after-north-american-debut-rio-2-closes-in-on-400m-divergent-reaches-250m-mark |archive-date=May 5, 2014 }} * {{cite news |last1=Tartaglione |first1=Nancy |title=Intl Box Office: 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' Snares $54M In 1st China Week; 'Neighbors' Parties With $33.7M Open; 'Rio 2' Flies Past $300M; Auds Faithful To 'The Other Woman'; 'Spanish Affairs' Sets New Record; More |url=https://deadline.com/2014/05/international-box-office-neighbors-takes-the-party-overseas-taps-bevy-of-1-bows-728190/ |access-date=June 2, 2014 |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=May 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529070051/http://www.deadline.com/2014/05/international-box-office-neighbors-takes-the-party-overseas-taps-bevy-of-1-bows/ |archive-date=May 29, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title='Frozen' Tops Japanese Box Office for 10th Consecutive Weekend |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-18-frozen-tops-japanese-box-office-for-10th-consecutive-weekend |access-date=May 19, 2014 |newspaper=Boxoffice.com |date=May 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519061925/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-18-frozen-tops-japanese-box-office-for-10th-consecutive-weekend |archive-date=May 19, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Breaks 'Avatar' Record as Fox International's Biggest Overseas Debut of All Time |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-25-global-x-men-days-of-future-past-breaks-avatar-record-as-foxs-biggest-overseas-debut-of-all-time |access-date=May 26, 2014 |newspaper=Boxoffice.com |date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601163622/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-05-25-global-x-men-days-of-future-past-breaks-avatar-record-as-foxs-biggest-overseas-debut-of-all-time |archive-date=June 1, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'Maleficent' Edges Out X-Men for Box Office Crown with $100.6M Day-and-Date Debut Overseas |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-01-global-maleficent-edges-out-x-men-for-box-office-crown-with-1006m-day-and-date-debut-overseas |access-date=June 1, 2014 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=June 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200240/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-01-global-maleficent-edges-out-x-men-for-box-office-crown-with-1006m-day-and-date-debut-overseas |archive-date=June 2, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'Edge of Tomorrow' Leads the Overseas Box Office, Reaches $140.1M Global Cume Following North American Release |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-08-global-edge-of-tomorrow-leads-the-overseas-box-office-reaches-1401m-global-cume-following-north-american-release |access-date=June 9, 2014 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=June 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616025204/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-08-global-edge-of-tomorrow-leads-the-overseas-box-office-reaches-1401m-global-cume-following-north-american-release |archive-date=June 16, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: 'Godzilla' Takes Over China, Crosses $400M Worldwide |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-15-overseas-box-office-update-6-15-2014 |access-date=June 15, 2014 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=June 15, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620032227/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-15-overseas-box-office-update-6-15-2014 |archive-date=June 20, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-22-global-june-22-update |access-date=June 22, 2014 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=June 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626023210/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-06-22-global-june-22-update |archive-date=June 26, 2014 }} * {{cite news |title='Transformers: Age of Extinction' Crushes the Competition with $301.3M Global Bow |work=Boxoffice.com |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-06-29-transformers-age-of-extinction-crushes-the-competition-with-3013m-global-bow |access-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701085741/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-06-29-transformers-age-of-extinction-crushes-the-competition-with-3013m-global-bow |archive-date=July 1, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=frozen2013.htm |title=Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=August 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232736/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=frozen2013.htm |archive-date=August 9, 2014 }}</ref> In South Korea, ''Frozen'' is the second-largest foreign film both in attendance and gross,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hyo-won |first=Lee |title=South Korea Box Office: "Frozen" Becomes Second Most Watched Foreign Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korea-box-office-frozen-681543 |access-date=February 19, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110818/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korea-box-office-frozen-681543 |archive-date=February 20, 2014}}</ref> the largest Disney release<ref name="BOMarch30" /> and the first animated film with more than ten million admissions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hyo-won |first=Lee |title="Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-crosses-75-million-south-685320 |access-date=March 3, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303221510/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-crosses-75-million-south-685320 |archive-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref> It is the third-highest-grossing film of all time in Japan, the second-highest-grossing imported film (behind ''Titanic''), and the highest-grossing Disney film.<ref>{{cite news |title=GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China |work=Boxoffice |date=June 22, 2014 |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-06-22-global-june-22-update |access-date=June 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625190104/http://www.boxoffice.com/latest-news/2014-06-22-global-june-22-update |archive-date=June 25, 2014 }}</ref> The film topped Japan's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends<ref name="ja" /> until it was passed by another Disney release, ''Maleficent''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Frozen' Gives Up Top Spot in Japan to 'Maleficent' After 16 Consecutive Frames |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-07-06-frozen-gives-up-top-spot-in-japan-to-maleficent-after-16-consecutive-frames |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=July 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714235648/http://www.boxoffice.com/news/2014-07-06-frozen-gives-up-top-spot-in-japan-to-maleficent-after-16-consecutive-frames |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref>

==== Commercial analysis ==== Ray Subers compared ''Frozen'' on Box Office Mojo to Disney's 2010 animated feature, ''Tangled'', saying that the film's plot was not as "immediately interesting" and "marketing has yet to sell this to boys the way ''Tangled'' did".<ref name="Subers">{{cite news |last1=Subers |first1=Ray |title=Holiday 2013 Forecast |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3748&p=.htm |access-date=November 6, 2013 |work=Box Office Mojo |publisher=IMDb |date=November 6, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230351/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3748&p=.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref> Noting that the 2013 holiday season (Thanksgiving and Christmas) lacked compelling family content, Subers predicted that the film would "play well all the way through Christmas" and gross $185 million in North America (similar to ''Wreck-It Ralph'').<ref name="Subers" /> ''Boxoffice'' noted the success of previous Disney's animated films released during the holiday season (''Tangled'' and ''Wreck-It Ralph''), but said that ''Frozen''{{'s}} cast might not attract audiences due to its lack of stars.<ref name="BoxOffice Staff">{{cite news |author1=BoxOffice Staff |title=Long Range Forecast: 'Black Nativity', 'Frozen', 'Homefront', & 'Oldboy' |url=http://www.boxoffice.com/featured_stories/2013-10-long-range-forecast-black-nativity-frozen-homefront-oldboy |access-date=October 4, 2013 |work=Boxoffice.com |date=October 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013060835/http://www.boxoffice.com/featured_stories/2013-10-long-range-forecast-black-nativity-frozen-homefront-oldboy |archive-date=October 13, 2013 }}</ref> The magazine made a $170,000,000 North America box-office forecast for the film.<ref name="BoxOffice Staff" /> Chris Agar of ''ScreenRant'' expressed a similar opinion, citing a string of recent box-office successes from the studio; he thought that ''Frozen'' would fill a void of kid-friendly films in the marketplace, but did not expect it to surpass ''Catching Fire'' in box-office gross.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agar |first1=Chris |title=Box Office Prediction: 'Frozen' vs. 'The Hunger Games: Catching Fire' |url=https://screenrant.com/frozen-movie-box-office-catching-fire-hunger-games/ |access-date=November 27, 2013 |work=ScreenRant |publisher=Screen Rant, LLC |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127111258/http://screenrant.com/frozen-movie-box-office-catching-fire-hunger-games/ |archive-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref>

Clayton Dillard of ''Slant Magazine'' said that although its trailers made the film seem "pallid", positive reviews could attract interest from "core demographics" and adult audiences and ''Frozen'' might break ''Tangled''{{'}}s Thanksgiving three-day opening record.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dillard |first1=Clayton |title=Box Office Rap: Frozen and the Frost-y Showdown |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2013/26/box-office-rap-frozen-and-the-frost-y-showdown |access-date=November 26, 2013 |work=Slant Magazine |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128065039/http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2013/26/box-office-rap-frozen-and-the-frost-y-showdown |archive-date=November 28, 2013 }}</ref> Brad Brevet of ''Ropeofsilicon.com'' called the film's marketing "severely hit and miss", possibly affecting its box-office performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brevet |first1=Brad |title=Box Office Predictions: 'Hunger Games: Catching Fire' to Top 'Frozen' for Second Weekend Win |url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/box-office-predictions-hunger-games-catching-fire-top-frozen-second-weekend-win/ |access-date=November 28, 2013 |work=Rope of Silicon |publisher=RopeofSilicon.com LLC. |date=November 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130121610/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/box-office-predictions-hunger-games-catching-fire-top-frozen-second-weekend-win/ |archive-date=November 30, 2013 }}</ref> After ''Frozen'' finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving, most box-office watchers predicted that it would gross between $250 and $300 million in North America.<ref name="vulture">{{cite news |last1=Ebiri |first1=Bilge |title=The Eight Reasons Frozen Is Unstoppable |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/01/why-is-frozen-such-a-big-hit.html |access-date=January 10, 2014 |work=Vulture |publisher=New York Media, LLC |date=January 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109205105/http://www.vulture.com/2014/01/why-is-frozen-such-a-big-hit.html |archive-date=January 9, 2014 }}</ref> ''Box Office Mojo'' repeated its $250 million gross prediction for North America.<ref name="NA-opng" /> The website called it "the exclusive choice for family audiences" and attributed its successful opening to strong word of mouth and studio marketing, which highlighted ''Frozen''{{'s}} humor and its connections to ''Tangled'' and ''Wreck-It Ralph''.<ref name="NA-opng" />

=== Critical response === ''Frozen'' opened to positive reviews,<ref name="zuckerman1">{{cite news|last=Zuckerman|first=Esther|date=November 4, 2013|title=Is "Frozen" a New, Bona Fide Disney Classic?|newspaper=The Atlantic Wire|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2013/11/frozen-new-bona-fide-disney-classic/71243/|url-status=dead|access-date=November 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012200/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2013/11/frozen-new-bona-fide-disney-classic/71243/|archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> and several critics compared it favorably to Disney Renaissance films such as ''The Little Mermaid'', ''Beauty and the Beast'', ''Aladdin'', and ''The Lion King''.<ref name="WrapReview" /><ref name="Sharkey" /><ref name="EWReview" /><ref name="DBReview">{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Fallon |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/25/frozen-is-the-best-disney-film-since-the-lion-king.html |title="Frozen" is the Best Disney Film Since "The Lion King" |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=November 25, 2013 |access-date=November 30, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127233455/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/25/frozen-is-the-best-disney-film-since-the-lion-king.html |archive-date=November 27, 2013 |url-access=limited}}</ref> According to some journalists, the film's success heralded a second Disney Renaissance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peterson |first=Jeff |title='Frozen' makes history two times over on Oscar weekend |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865597825/6Frozen7-makes-history-two-times-over-on-Oscar-weekend.html |access-date=April 21, 2014 |newspaper=Deseret News |date=March 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233333/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865597825/6Frozen7-makes-history-two-times-over-on-Oscar-weekend.html |archive-date=April 22, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen' |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316722023392130 |access-date=April 21, 2014 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216020315/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316722023392130 |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref> It was praised for its visuals, themes, musical numbers, screenplay and vocal performances, especially those by Bell, Menzel, and Gad.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Morgenstern |date=November 28, 2013 |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304747004579223991264665968 |title=Splendid Sights, Musical Might Melt "Frozen" |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=January 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106080327/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304747004579223991264665968 |archive-date=January 6, 2015 }}</ref> The "Let It Go" musical sequence was also particularly praised by critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131127/ENT02/311270014 |title="Frozen" mixes music and animation to create a soaring holiday delight |newspaper=The Detroit News |date=November 27, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |first=Tom |last=Long |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112030904/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131127/ENT02/311270014 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/best-movie-moments-of-2013_n_4461945.html |title=17 Best Movie Moments Of 2013 |publisher=HuffPost |date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |first1=Matthew |last1=Jacobs |first2=Christopher |last2=Rosen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112033521/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/best-movie-moments-of-2013_n_4461945.html |archive-date=January 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/best-movie-moments-2013/ |title=Best Movie Moments of 2013 Included Scenes from Iron Man 3, Gravity, Fast & Furious 6, and More |website=Collider |date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106131308/http://collider.com/best-movie-moments-2013 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 }}</ref> On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 89% of 251 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Beautifully animated, smartly written, and stocked with singalong songs, Frozen adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon."<ref name="rt">{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=frozen_2013|type=m|title=Frozen (2013)|access-date=May 13, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021457/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/frozen_2013|archive-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Metacritic, which determines an out-of-100 rating from reviews by mainstream critics, calculated a score of 75 from 48 reviews; this indicated "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite Metacritic |id=frozen-2013 |type=movie |title=Frozen (2013) |access-date=January 26, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113012942/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/frozen-2013 |archive-date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare A+ grade on an A+-to-F scale.<ref name="varietydec1">{{cite news |last=Stewart |first=Andrew |title=Thanksgiving Box Office: "Catching Fire," "Frozen" Serve Up Holiday Records |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/thanksgiving-box-office-catching-fire-frozen-serve-up-holiday-records-1200906315/ |access-date=December 2, 2013 |newspaper=Variety |date=December 1, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201185422/http://variety.com/2013/film/news/thanksgiving-box-office-catching-fire-frozen-serve-up-holiday-records-1200906315/ |archive-date=December 1, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="hollywoodreporter1">{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-frozen-opens-stellar-660689 |title=Box Office: "Frozen" Opens to Stellar $15.2 Million Wednesday; "Catching Fire" Still No. 1 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=November 29, 2013 |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130004118/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-frozen-opens-stellar-660689 |archive-date=November 30, 2013 }}</ref> Surveys by ''Fandango'' of 1,000 ticket buyers indicated that 75 percent of purchasers had seen the film at least once, and 52 percent had seen it twice. Fifty-five percent of audiences identified "Let It Go" as their favorite song; "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" and "For the First Time in Forever" were favored by 21 and nine percent, respectively.<ref name="hrsingalong" /> ''Frozen'' was ranked the seventh-best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of ''Time''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/12/04/arts-and-entertainment/ |title=Top 10 Best Movies |last=Corliss |first=Richard |magazine=Time |date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204234841/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/12/04/arts-and-entertainment/ |archive-date=December 4, 2013 }}</ref> and Kyle Smith of the ''New York Post''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/kyle-smith-and-lou-lumenicks-top-10-lists/ |title=Kyle Smith and Lou Lumenick's Top 10 lists |last=Adams |first=Ryan |publisher=AwardsDaily.com |date=December 7, 2013 |access-date=December 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210053225/http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/kyle-smith-and-lou-lumenicks-top-10-lists/ |archive-date=December 10, 2013 }}</ref>

Alonso Duralde of ''TheWrap'' wrote that the film is "the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman, whose work on ''The Little Mermaid'' and ''Beauty and the Beast'' helped build the studio's modern animated division into what it is today". According to Duralde, "[W]hile it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion, the script ... really delivers; it offers characters to care about, along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way."<ref name="WrapReview" /> Todd McCarthy of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' called ''Frozen'' a true musical: "You can practically see the Broadway musical ''Frozen'' is destined to become while watching Disney's 3D animated princess tale." McCarthy called the film "energetic, humorous and not too cloying, as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming, this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and, beginning with its Thanksgiving opening, should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio's hoped-for holiday-spanning blockbusters".<ref>{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |title=Frozen: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/frozen/review/652699 |access-date=November 3, 2013 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 24, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104141532/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/frozen/review/652699 |archive-date=November 4, 2013 }}</ref> Scott Mendelson of ''Forbes'' wrote, "''Frozen'' is both a declaration of Disney's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity. It's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title="Frozen" Is Disney's Triumphant Reaffirmation Of Its Cultural Legacy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/19/review-frozen-is-disneys-best-toon-in-years/ |access-date=November 21, 2013 |newspaper=Forbes |date=November 19, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121050313/http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/19/review-frozen-is-disneys-best-toon-in-years/ |archive-date=November 21, 2013 }}</ref>

The ''Los Angeles Times'' praised the film's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical scenes, calling ''Frozen'' "a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios".<ref name="Sharkey">{{cite news |last=Sharkey |first=Betsy |title=Review: "Frozen" an icy blast of fun from the first snowflake |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-frozen-20131122,0,2982612.story|access-date=November 24, 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=November 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123164802/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-frozen-20131122%2C0%2C2982612.story |archive-date=November 23, 2013 |url-access=limited}}</ref> ''Entertainment Weekly''{{'}}s Owen Gleiberman gave the film a B+ grade and called it a "squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what's fresh in animation can shift".<ref name="EWReview">{{cite news |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |title=Movie Review : Frozen (2013) |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/14/frozen-movie |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=Entertainment Weekly |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201013149/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C20721940%2C00.html |archive-date=December 1, 2013 }}</ref> Richard Corliss of ''Time'' wrote, "It's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew: creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt [Disney] tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present".<ref>{{cite news |last=Corliss |first=Richard |title=Frozen: This Disney Princess Movie Is Thaw-some |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/23/frozen-this-disney-princess-movie-is-thaw-some/ |access-date=November 25, 2013 |newspaper=Time |date=November 23, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126003900/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/23/frozen-this-disney-princess-movie-is-thaw-some/ |archive-date=November 26, 2013 }}</ref> Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an "absolute delight from start to finish".<ref>{{cite news |last=Roeper |first=Richard |title=Richard Roeper & the Movies: "Frozen" Review |url=http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/frozen.aspx |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=The Chicago Sun-Times |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202045435/http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/frozen.aspx |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref> Both Michael Phillips of the ''Chicago Tribune'' and Stephen Holden of ''The New York Times'' praised the film's characters and musical numbers, which were comparable to the theatrics in ''Wicked''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Michael |title='Frozen': Defying meteorology |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/11/26/frozen-defying-meteorology-9733/ |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127131014/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-11-26/entertainment/chi-frozen-1127-20131126_1_elsa-snow-queen-idina-menzel |archive-date=November 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Holden |first=Stephen |title=From the Heat of Royal Passion, Poof! It's Permafrost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/27/movies/disneys-frozen-a-makeover-of-the-snow-queen.html |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193402/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/27/movies/disneys-frozen-a-makeover-of-the-snow-queen.html |archive-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy gave the film five out of five stars and called it "a new Disney classic ... an exhilarating, joyous, human story that's as frequently laugh-out-loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant. Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary, it's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best."<ref>{{cite web |last=Dibdin |first=Emma |title="Frozen" review: Heartfelt fairytale musical is a new Disney classic |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/review/a528722/frozen-review-heartfelt-fairytale-musical-is-a-new-disney-classic.html |website=Digital Spy |access-date=November 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109045033/http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/review/a528722/frozen-review-heartfelt-fairytale-musical-is-a-new-disney-classic.html |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |date=November 4, 2013 }}</ref> ''Frozen'' was cited by Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture to a broad audience in a good way. Composer Frode Fjellheim was praised by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film during the president's 2014 New Year's speech.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Sámi thing: President's New Year speech |url=http://www.sametinget.no/Om-Sametinget/Organisasjonsstruktur/Sametingsraadet/Sametingspresidentens-nyttaarstale |publisher=Sametinget |access-date=January 17, 2014 |date=January 1, 2014 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112142803/https://www.sametinget.no/Om-Sametinget/Organisasjonsstruktur/Sametingsraadet/Sametingspresidentens-nyttaarstale |archive-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Frode pushed down Beyoncé |url=http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/frode-dyttet-beyonce-ned-1.11472873 |publisher=Sametinget |access-date=January 17, 2014 |date=January 16, 2014 |language=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201115400/http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/frode-dyttet-beyonce-ned-1.11472873 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 }}</ref>

Scott Foundas of ''Variety'' called the film "formulaic", praising its voice acting and technical artistry: "The tactile, snow-capped Arendelle landscape, including Elsa's ice-castle retreat is ''Frozen''{{'}}s other true marvel, enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen – a nod to the CinemaScope richness of ''Sleeping Beauty'' and ''Lady and the Tramp'' ... That's almost but not quite enough to make up for the somewhat slack plotting and the generic nature of the main characters. Neither princess here is a patch on ''Tangled''{{'}}s babe-in-the-woods Rapunzel, while both Hans and Kristoff are cut from pretty standard-issue hero cloth until a reasonably surprising third-act twist somewhat ups the ante. Only Olaf is unimpeachable: Get this snowman a spinoff feature to call his own."<ref>{{cite news |last=Foundas |first=Scott |title=Film Review: "Frozen" |url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/frozen-review-1200782020/ |access-date=November 3, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=November 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517190554/http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/frozen-review-1200782020/ |archive-date=May 17, 2016 }}</ref> ''The Seattle Times'' gave the film two out of four stars: "While it is an often gorgeous film with computer-generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors, the important thing that glues all this stuff together – story – is sadly lacking".<ref>{{cite news |last=Keogh |first=Tom |title="Frozen": Visuals are solid, but narrative is on thin ice |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/entertainment/2022337118_frozenmovielongxml.html |access-date=November 30, 2013 |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=November 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204070913/http://seattletimes.com/html/entertainment/2022337118_frozenmovielongxml.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 }}</ref> Joe Williams of the ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' also called ''Frozen''{{'s}} plot the film's weakest point.<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Joe |title="Frozen" is pretty but pointless |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/frozen-is-pretty-but-pointless/article_8b6827ee-1598-5064-ad9f-c974a8b7ed8e.html |access-date=November 27, 2013 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105004523/http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/frozen-is-pretty-but-pointless/article_8b6827ee-1598-5064-ad9f-c974a8b7ed8e.html |archive-date=November 5, 2015 }}</ref> On Roger Ebert's website, Christy Lemire posted a mixed review and gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four.<ref name="Lemire">Christy Lemire (November 27, 2013). [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/frozen-2013 "Frozen"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328161728/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/frozen-2013 |date=March 28, 2014 }}. ''RogerEbert.com.'' Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved December 26, 2013.</ref> Lemire praised the visuals, the performance of "Let It Go" and the film's positive messages, but called the film a "cynical ... attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much" and noted a similarity between Elsa and Carrie White (another well-known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated).<ref name="Lemire" />

=== {{anchor|Controversies}}Criticism === ==== Portrayal of emotions ==== Sexism was alleged after ''Frozen'' head of animation Lino DiSalvo said to Fan Voice's Jenna Busch, "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty".<ref name="timelaura">{{cite magazine |last=Stampler |first=Laura |title=Do Animated Female Characters Need to Be 'Pretty'? |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/10/14/do-animated-female-characters-need-to-be-pretty/ |magazine=Time |date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030132111/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/10/14/do-animated-female-characters-need-to-be-pretty/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="cartoonbrew">{{cite web |last=Amidi |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |title='Frozen' Head of Animation Says Animating Women is 'Really, Really Difficult' |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/frozen-head-of-animation-says-animating-women-is-really-really-difficult-89467.html |publisher=Cartoon Brew |date=October 8, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |quote="Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty and they're very sensitive to – you can get them off a model very quickly. So, having a film with two hero female characters was really tough, and having them both in the scene and look very different if they're echoing the same expression; that Elsa looking angry looks different from Anna being angry." – Lino DiSalvo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202024055/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/frozen-head-of-animation-says-animating-women-is-really-really-difficult-89467.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Thewrap">{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Todd |title=Disney's 'Frozen' Animator Draws Heat for Female Character Comments |url=https://www.thewrap.com/disneys-frozen-animator-female-characters-really-really-difficult/ |work=TheWrap |access-date=November 27, 2013 |date=October 9, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214045137/http://www.thewrap.com/disneys-frozen-animator-female-characters-really-really-difficult/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 }}</ref> A Disney spokesperson later told ''Time'' that DiSalvo's quote was widely misinterpreted, saying that he was "describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters".<ref name="timelaura" /><ref name="Thewrap" /> Director Lee said that DiSalvo's words were taken out of context when he was speaking in very technical terms about CG animation: "It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him", she said.<ref name="BreaksTheIceForWomenDirectors" /> In an August 2014 interview, DiSalvo reiterated the difficulty of turning any animated character from a series of sketches on a 2D emotion model sheet into a properly rigged 3D character model: "Translating that emotional range onto a CG character is one of the most difficult parts of the process. Male. Female. Snowman. Animal."<ref name="BaileyIan">{{cite news |last1=Bailey |first1=Ian |title=Q&A: For this animator, working on Frozen created a tricky career legacy |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/qa-vancouver-film-school-alum-ready-to-move-on-from-frozen/article20072363/ |access-date=September 22, 2014 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=August 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322091859/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/qa-vancouver-film-school-alum-ready-to-move-on-from-frozen/article20072363/ |archive-date=March 22, 2015 }}</ref> He added, "The really sad thing is people took that ... catchy headline and they just repopulated it everywhere. People didn't get back to me for comments and the sad thing is that's the way the internet works. They don't want the truth."<ref name="BaileyIan" />

==== Perceived LGBTQ parallels ==== A few conservative Christian commentators accused ''Frozen'' of promoting homosexuality,{{r|Gettell}}<ref name="Petersen">{{cite news |last=Petersen |first=Kierran |title=Disney's Frozen and the 'gay agenda' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-26759342 |newspaper=BBC News |date=March 27, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328044825/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-26759342 |archive-date=March 28, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Dickson">{{cite news |last1=Dickson |first1=Caitlin |title=Is 'Frozen' The Gayest Movie of the Year? |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/is-frozen-the-gayest-movie-of-the-year |work=The Daily Beast |date=12 March 2014 |url-access=limited |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511052928/https://www.thedailybeast.com/is-frozen-the-gayest-movie-of-the-year |url-status=live }}</ref> saying that the themes of Elsa's being different from others,{{r|Gettell}} her ostracism from society,{{r|Dickson}} and her independence and rejection of male suitors<ref name="Dockterman">{{cite magazine |last=Dockterman |first=Eliana |title=Pastor Claims Frozen Will Turn Your Children Gay |url=https://time.com/21516/pastor-claims-frozen-will-turn-your-children-gay/ |access-date=May 21, 2014 |magazine=Time |date=March 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520224100/http://time.com/21516/pastor-claims-frozen-will-turn-your-children-gay/ |archive-date=May 20, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Pulver">{{cite news |last=Pulver |first=Andrew |title=Frozen lambasted as pro-gay propaganda by Christian pastor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/12/frozen-gay-propaganda-christian-pastor-colorado |access-date=May 21, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=March 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606050024/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/mar/12/frozen-gay-propaganda-christian-pastor-colorado |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> are metaphors for lesbianism.{{r|Dickson}}<ref name="Denham">{{cite news |last=Denham |first=Jess |title=Disney's Frozen is 'very evil' gay propaganda, says Christian pastor |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/disneys-frozen-is-very-evil-gay-propaganda-says-christian-pastor-9189043.html |access-date=May 21, 2014 |newspaper=The Independent |date=March 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320133534/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/disneys-frozen-is-very-evil-gay-propaganda-says-christian-pastor-9189043.html |archive-date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref> Her song "Let it Go" was compared to coming out of the closet.{{r|Petersen|Dockterman|Denham}} Other viewers argued that Elsa represents a role model for LGBT youth.{{r|Petersen}} The claims had a mixed reaction from audiences and the LGBT community.<ref name="Petersen" />{{pb}}Akash Nikolas wrote in ''The Atlantic'' that Disney films (including ''Frozen'') "subtly appeal[ed] to queer children" with protagonists who are often social outcasts set apart by unusual desires and who reject traditional expectations of marriage.<ref name="Nikolas">{{cite web |last1=Nikolas |first1=Akash |title=It's Not Just ''Frozen'': Most Disney Movies Are Pro-Gay |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/04/its-not-just-frozen-disney-has-always-been-subtly-pro-gay/361060/ |website=The Atlantic |date=23 April 2014 |url-access=limited |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526034041/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/04/its-not-just-frozen-disney-has-always-been-subtly-pro-gay/361060/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Robert Geal wrote in ''Film International'' that although the film has a superficially-progressive vision of homosexuality, it perpetuates conservative notions of sexuality and gender: Elsa's female homosexuality is visually pleasurable to a male gaze, but male transgressions of heterosexuality are negatively coded.<ref name="Geal">{{cite journal |title=Frozen, Homosexuality and Masochism |first=Robert |last=Geal |journal=Film International |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=99–111 |date=June 1, 2016 |doi=10.1386/fiin.14.2.99_1 |hdl=2436/620365 |hdl-access=free|issn = 1651-6826 }}</ref> Asked about perceived homosexual undertones in the film, Lee was noncommittal: "I don't like to say anything [...] let the fans talk. I think it's up to them". The film should have a "2013 point of view", she said.<ref name="Gettell">{{cite news |last=Gettell |first=Oliver |title=Conservative radio hosts: 'Frozen' promotes gay agenda, bestiality |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-christian-radio-frozen-gay-agenda-20140312-story.html |access-date=May 5, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=March 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421045857/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/12/entertainment/la-et-mn-christian-radio-frozen-gay-agenda-20140312 |archive-date=April 21, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="MacKenzie">{{cite news |last=MacKenzie |first=Steven |title=Frozen: Disney's icebreaker |url=http://www.bigissue.com/features/3593/frozen-disney-s-icebreaker |access-date=May 5, 2014 |newspaper=The Big Issue |date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312140944/http://www.bigissue.com/features/3593/frozen-disney-s-icebreaker |archive-date=March 12, 2014 }}</ref>

==== "Let It Go" lawsuit ==== Chilean singer Jaime Ciero sued Demi Lovato, Idina Menzel, Walt Disney Animation Studios and others involved with the song "Let It Go" on November 24, 2017, accusing them of infringing his 2008 song "Volar". In May 2018, it was ruled in court that songwriters Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez would be released from the lawsuit due to the three-year statute of limitations for copyright claims. Ciero had been told he could amend his original complaint to address only infringements within the three-year timeframe, and he dropped the suit in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/let-it-go-singer-copyright-jaime-ciero-frozen-1203209335/ |last=Maddaus |first=Gene |date=May 8, 2019 |title=Let It Go: Singer Drops Copyright Suit Over 'Frozen' Song |work=Variety |access-date=November 12, 2019 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510040801/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/let-it-go-singer-copyright-jaime-ciero-frozen-1203209335/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accolades === [[File:41st Annie Awards, Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho-crop.jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling, formally-dressed Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho|Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho at the 41st Annie Awards]] {{main|List of accolades received by Frozen (2013 film)|l1=List of accolades received by ''Frozen''}} ''Frozen'' was nominated for a number of awards and received several. The song "Let It Go" was singled out for praise. The film was nominated for two awards at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and received the Best Animated Feature award, the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category.<ref name="goldenglobe">{{cite news|date=January 12, 2014|title=Golden Globes 2014: And the winners are ...|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/01/12/golden-globes-winners/4424169/|url-status=live|access-date=January 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116063937/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/01/12/golden-globes-winners/4424169/|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> It received Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"),<ref name="oscar86">{{cite news |author= |title=2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?view=allcategories&yr=2013&p=.htm |access-date=March 2, 2014 |newspaper=Box Office Mojo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228152810/http://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?view=allcategories&yr=2013&p=.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2014 }}</ref> the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards,<ref name="bafta">{{cite news |title=Film in 2014 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/film |access-date=January 8, 2014 |newspaper=BAFTA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009150753/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/film |archive-date=October 9, 2014 }}</ref> five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature),<ref name="annie">{{cite news |last=Times staff writers |title=Annie Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-et-mn-complete-list-of-2013-annie-award-noms-20131202,0,3639869.story#axzz2sTG8rWoA |access-date=February 5, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204204510/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-et-mn-complete-list-of-2013-annie-award-noms-20131202%2C0%2C3639869.story |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=King |first=Susan |title="Frozen" wins Annie Award for best animated film, several others |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-et-mn-frozen-wins-annie-award-best-animated-film-20140131,0,1741428.story#axzz2sTG8rWoA |access-date=February 5, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205045501/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/moviesnow/la-et-mn-frozen-wins-annie-award-best-animated-film-20140131%2C0%2C1741428.story |archive-date=February 5, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> and Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go").<ref name="bfca">{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2014-critics-choice-awards-winners-671707 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=January 17, 2014 |date=January 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017063852/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2014-critics-choice-awards-winners-671707 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 }}</ref> The film received similar nominations at the Satellite Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards™ |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-international-press-academy-announces-nominations-for-the-18th-annual-satellite-awards-234075351.html |access-date=December 3, 2013 |newspaper=PR Newswire |date=December 2, 2013 |author=International Press Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131202183712/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-international-press-academy-announces-nominations-for-the-18th-annual-satellite-awards-234075351.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref> At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, the ''Frozen'' soundtrack won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media and was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media (crediting Christophe Beck as composer); "Let It Go" received the Best Song Written For Visual Media award, with credits to Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez as songwriters and Idina Menzel as performer.<ref name="ABC Grammys">{{cite web|title=SHOW BITS: : 'Frozen' Soundtrack Fires up With 2 Grammy Wins|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/show-bits-frozen-soundtrack-fires-grammy-wins-28817993|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209035036/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/show-bits-frozen-soundtrack-fires-grammy-wins-28817993|archive-date=February 9, 2015|access-date=February 9, 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees |url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees |access-date=December 7, 2014 |work=The Grammy |publisher=The Recording Academy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207032519/http://www.grammy.com/nominees |archive-date=December 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Christopher |title=Grammy Nominations: Sam Smith, Beyonce Lead The Pack |url=https://variety.com/2014/music/news/grammy-nominations-full-list-1201371990/ |access-date=December 7, 2014 |work=Variety |date=December 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209045903/http://variety.com/2014/music/news/grammy-nominations-full-list-1201371990/ |archive-date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The 2015 Grammy nomination list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/12/05/2015-grammy-nomination-list/19954729/ |access-date=December 7, 2014 |work=USA Today |date=December 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207022708/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/12/05/2015-grammy-nomination-list/19954729/ |archive-date=December 7, 2014 }}</ref>

== Legacy == === Cultural impact === [[File:ElsaAnnaFrozen.jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling Elsa and Anna|Elsa and Anna at a 2013 Disneyland meet-and-greet]] It was observed during the spring and summer of 2014 that ''Frozen'' was popular with children in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last=Notte |first=Jason |title=Why 'Let It Go' From Disney's 'Frozen' Needs an Oscar |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/12457079/1/why-let-it-go-from-disneys-frozen-needs-an-oscar.html |work=The Street |publisher=The Street, Inc. |access-date=May 14, 2014 |date=February 26, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514161416/http://www.thestreet.com/story/12457079/1/why-let-it-go-from-disneys-frozen-needs-an-oscar.html |archive-date=May 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Healy |first=Vikki Ortiz |title=What to do about 'Frozen' fatigue |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/04/08/what-to-do-about-frozen-fatigue/ |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=April 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155342/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-04-08/entertainment/chi-what-to-do-about-frozen-fatigue-20140408_1_pop-music-music-professor-elsa |archive-date=May 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Silva |first=Estey |title='Frozen' fatigue: Coping with kids songs on repeat |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/Modern-Parenthood/2014/0508/Frozen-fatigue-Coping-with-kids-songs-on-repeat-video |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=May 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514091252/http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/Modern-Parenthood/2014/0508/Frozen-fatigue-Coping-with-kids-songs-on-repeat-video |archive-date=May 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Joanna |title=Kids Are Icebound by 'Frozen' Fervor: Disney's Animated Film 'Frozen' Has Some Children Obsessed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/fashion/disneys-animated-film-frozen-has-some-children-obsessed.html |access-date=May 17, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517141242/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/fashion/disneys-animated-film-frozen-has-some-children-obsessed.html |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> and the UK,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kay |first=Karen |title=Frozen: How Disney's animated fairytale is conquering the world |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/frozen-how-disneys-animated-fairytale-3492323 |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=Daily Mirror |date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512233630/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/frozen-how-disneys-animated-fairytale-3492323 |archive-date=May 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="G-mania">{{cite news |last=Lynskey |first=Dorian |title=Frozen-mania: how Elsa, Anna and Olaf conquered the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/may/13/frozen-mania-elsa-anna-olaf-disney-emo-princess-let-it-go |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=May 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513233529/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/may/13/frozen-mania-elsa-anna-olaf-disney-emo-princess-let-it-go |archive-date=May 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mainwaring |first1=Rachel |title=Will you Let It Go! My kids singing Frozen song gives me chills |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/lifestyle-opinion/frozen-disney-song-go-childrens-7318645 |access-date=July 10, 2014 |work=WalesOnline |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=June 27, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192845/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/lifestyle-opinion/frozen-disney-song-go-childrens-7318645 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref> where the film was watched repeatedly and its songs memorized and sung by children (distressing some parents, teachers and classmates). The phenomenon (called "''Frozen''-mania" by ''The Guardian'') was noted by journalists and individuals who included UK prime minister David Cameron<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2015 |title=David Cameron suggests he has heard Frozen's 'Let it Go' too many times |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/11392854/David-Cameron-suggests-he-has-heard-Frozens-Let-it-Go-too-many-times.html |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/11392854/David-Cameron-suggests-he-has-heard-Frozens-Let-it-Go-too-many-times.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=The Telegraph |language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and actors Ben Affleck,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2014 |title=Dad Ben Affleck is as sick of 'Frozen' as you are |url=http://www.today.com/popculture/dad-ben-affleck-sick-frozen-you-are-2D80183717 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Today |language=en}}</ref> Kevin Costner,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Nahas |first1=Aili |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Kevin Costner: My Home Is 'Frozen Obsessed' |website=People |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/01/29/kevin-costner-kids-frozen-obsessed/ |url-status=dead |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329220743/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/01/29/kevin-costner-kids-frozen-obsessed/ |archive-date=March 29, 2015}}</ref> and Vince Vaughn,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Lily |date=March 5, 2015 |title=Vince Vaughn Jokes That Frozen Is Probably Damaging His Daughter Lochlyn—Watch! |work=E! Online |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/632599/vince-vaughn-jokes-that-frozen-is-probably-damaging-his-daughter-lochlyn-watch |url-status=live |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308194121/http://www.eonline.com/news/632599/vince-vaughn-jokes-that-frozen-is-probably-damaging-his-daughter-lochlyn-watch |archive-date=March 8, 2015}}</ref> who found themselves dealing with their children's preoccupation with the film. When Terry Gross mentioned the phenomenon to songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez in an April 2014 NPR interview, they said they could not have known how popular their work on ''Frozen'' would become;<ref name="Gross">{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=Transcript: Songwriters Behind 'Frozen' Let Go Of The Princess Mythology |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=301420227 |work=Fresh Air |publisher=NPR |access-date=May 14, 2014 |date=April 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519123546/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=301420227 |archive-date=May 19, 2014 }}</ref> they were "just trying to tell a story that resonated" and "didn't suck".<ref name="Gross" /> The film's popularity and its status as a popular culture phenomenon was attributed to its emphasis on classic Disney animation elements, the female characters, songs, and the absence of a typical villain. Its sibling relationships and themes of self-acceptance and sacrifice also resonated with audiences worldwide.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="G-mania" /><ref name="vulture" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Remsen |first=Nick |date=March 18, 2014 |title=What If Disney's Frozen Had Fashion? |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/what-if-disney-frozen-had-fashion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108080916/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/what-if-disney-frozen-had-fashion |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nobody saw it coming ... 10 reasons Frozen became the highest grossing animation ever |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/nobody-saw-it-coming-10-reasons-frozen-became-the-highest-grossing-animation-ever-1.4086680 |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108080916/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/nobody-saw-it-coming-10-reasons-frozen-became-the-highest-grossing-animation-ever-1.4086680 |archive-date=November 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Delizo |first=Michael Joe T. |date=June 26, 2014 |title='Suman Girl' makes wave on social media |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/suman-girl-makes-wave-on-social-media/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629004554/http://www.mb.com.ph/suman-girl-makes-wave-on-social-media/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=Manila Bulletin}}</ref><ref name="thewrapmay29">{{cite news |last1=Cunningham |first1=Todd |date=May 29, 2014 |title='Frozen' Riding 'Perfect Storm' to $200 Million at Japan Box Office |work=TheWrap |url=https://www.thewrap.com/frozen-hits-200-million-at-japanese-box-office-thanks-to-perfect-storm/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531073304/http://www.thewrap.com/frozen-hits-200-million-at-japanese-box-office-thanks-to-perfect-storm/ |archive-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyo-won |first=Lee |date=March 31, 2014 |title='Frozen' Producer Talks Franchise Rumors, Disney Strategy, Bizarre Popularity in South Korea (Q&A) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/frozen-producer-talks-franchise-rumors-692198/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220225133513/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/frozen-producer-talks-franchise-rumors-692198/ |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |access-date=November 15, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

In May, columnist Joel Stein of ''Time'' magazine wrote about his son Laszlo's frustration with the "cultural assault" of ''Frozen'' at preschool and social and extracurricular activities, and Stein's Skype call to lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film had been made.<ref name="Stein">{{cite news |last=Stein |first=Joel |title=Ice, Ice, Laszlo: How my son – traumatized by the Frozen soundtrack – learned to let it go |url=https://time.com/100541/joel-stein-ice-ice-laszlo/ |access-date=May 19, 2014 |newspaper=Time |date=May 26, 2014 |page=62 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519031515/http://time.com/100541/joel-stein-ice-ice-laszlo/ |archive-date=May 19, 2014 }}</ref> When Laszlo asked if Bell knew when she made ''Frozen'' that it would take over kids' lives, she replied: "I did not know that people would not let it go. No pun intended."<ref name="Stein" /> In a December 2014 interview with ''The Hollywood Reporter'', Lee acknowledged that she had transitioned from thanking people when they expressed their appreciation for ''Frozen'' to having to apologize when they said: "[W]e're still listening to those songs" (with their children).<ref name="leedec14">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Stacey |title='Frozen' Director Apologizes to Parents for "Let It Go" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-director-apologizes-parents-let-756614 |access-date=December 16, 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=December 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216092718/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-director-apologizes-parents-let-756614 |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Frozen Director Now Apologizes to Parents for 'Let It Go' |url=https://time.com/3633301/frozen-director-apologizes-let-it-go/ |access-date=December 16, 2014 |magazine=Time |date=December 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216011328/http://time.com/3633301/frozen-director-apologizes-let-it-go/ |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Domanico |first1=Anthony |title='Frozen' director Jennifer Lee is really sorry for 'Let It Go' |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/frozen-director-jennifer-lee-is-really-sorry-for-let-it-go/ |access-date=December 16, 2014 |work=CNET |date=December 15, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216082300/http://www.cnet.com/news/frozen-director-jennifer-lee-is-really-sorry-for-let-it-go/ |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref> Lee said that she used the film and its strong female characters to inspire her daughter (who had experienced bullying at school), and she had also been bullied as a child;<ref name="leedec14" /> they were true to themselves, like Anna and Elsa.<ref name="leedec14" />

In a mid-2014 BabyCenter list of the 100 most-used baby names, Elsa was ranked 88th; it was the first time the name had appeared on the website's chart.<ref name="eonlinenames">{{cite news |title=People Are Naming Their Babies After ''Frozen'' Characters Now |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/551416/people-are-naming-their-babies-after-frozen-characters-now |first=Jenna |last=Mullins |date=June 16, 2014 |access-date=June 16, 2014 |work=E! Online |publisher=E! Entertainment Television, LLC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617121058/http://www.eonline.com/news/551416/people-are-naming-their-babies-after-frozen-characters-now |archive-date=June 17, 2014 }}</ref> BabyCenter managing director Sarah Barrett said that although the film's heroine is Anna, "Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model".<ref name="babycentre">{{cite news |title=Mid Year Results: BabyCentre Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names of 2014; Emily and Oliver top the chart |url=http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a25009957/mid-year-results-babycentre-top-20-boys-and-girls-names-of-2014-emily-and-oliver-top-the-chart |work=Babycentre.co.uk |publisher=BabyCenter, L.L.C. |date=June 16, 2014 |access-date=June 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619220326/http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a25009957/mid-year-results-babycentre-top-20-boys-and-girls-names-of-2014-emily-and-oliver-top-the-chart |archive-date=June 19, 2014 }}</ref> A number of new parents said that their name choices were "heavily influenced" by the siblings. Disney UK vice president Anna Hill later said, "We're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it's lovely to hear that for many families, it is actually their siblings who have chosen it", and "Elsa's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond" were relevant to many families.<ref name="babycentre" /> On 2014 year-end Google list, ''Frozen'' was the year's most-searched film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/googles-year-in-hollywood-search-frozen-game-of-thrones-jlaw-robin-williams-1201320661/ |title=Google's Year In Hollywood Search: 'Frozen,' 'Game of Thrones,' JLaw, Robin Williams |first1=David |last1=Bloom |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=December 16, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216172717/http://deadline.com/2014/12/googles-year-in-hollywood-search-frozen-game-of-thrones-jlaw-robin-williams-1201320661/ |archive-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/trends/2014/story/movies.html |title=Movies {{!}} Google Year in Search 2014 |work=Google |publisher=Google Inc. |access-date=December 18, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095751/https://www.google.com/trends/2014/story/movies.html |archive-date=December 17, 2014 }} For a full list of trends, see [https://www.google.com/trends/2014/ Google | Year in Search 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219014434/http://www.google.com/trends/2014/ |date=December 19, 2014 }}.</ref> At the Google Play store, ''Frozen'' and its soundtrack were named the movie and album of the year: the best-selling titles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/google-play-top-movie-tv-music-book-2014-frozen-the-walking-dead-the-fault-in-our-stars-1201320438/ |title=Google Play's 2014 Stars: 'Frozen,' 'Frozen' Again, #TFIOS And 'The Walking Dead' |first1=David |last1=Bloom |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218112224/http://deadline.com/2014/12/google-play-top-movie-tv-music-book-2014-frozen-the-walking-dead-the-fault-in-our-stars-1201320438/ |archive-date=December 18, 2014 }}</ref> The Writers Guild Foundation listed ''Frozen'' as having one of the best scripts of 2010s film and television, praising it as subverting "rigidly established story and character tropes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-21|title=10 out of '10s: Our Favorite Scripts of the Decade|url=https://www.wgfoundation.org/blog/2019/12/18/6swixeccqnhjimlobcjk7o4nen96qo|access-date=2021-02-04|website=The Writers Guild Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref>

''Frozen'' also became the subject of "a wealth of academic debate", including "a number of academic publications discussing the film's aesthetics, industrial significance and gender politics".<ref name="Lester_Page_193">{{cite book |last1=Lester |first1=Catherine |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=Amy M. |title=Discussing Disney |date=2019 |publisher=John Libbey Publishing |location=New Barnet |isbn=9780861969623 |pages=193–216 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TGyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |access-date=24 February 2024 |chapter=Chapter 10: Frozen Hearts and Fixer Uppers: Villainy, Gender, and Female Companionship in Disney's Frozen}} (At p. 193.)</ref> The University of East Anglia hosted "Symfrozium", a May 12, 2015 academic conference which was covered by the British news media.<ref name="Pallant_Page_239">{{cite book |last1=Pallant |first1=Chris |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=Amy M. |title=Discussing Disney |date=2019 |publisher=John Libbey Publishing |location=New Barnet |isbn=9780861969623 |pages=239–255 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TGyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |access-date=24 February 2024 |chapter=Chapter 12: Disney Pluralism: Beyond Disney-Formalism}} (At p. 239.)</ref>

=== Franchise === {{Main|Frozen (franchise)}}

[[File:Frozenfandemonium.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of people onstage, seen from the audience|''Frozen''{{'s}} directors, composers, producers, and several stars at the "''Frozen'' FANdemonium: A Musical Celebration" presentation at the 2015 D23 Expo, celebrating the film's songs]]

In January 2014, Iger announced that ''Frozen'' would be adapted into a Broadway musical.<ref name="CNN Frozen Franchise">{{cite news |last=Reingold |first=Jennifer |title=Disney CEO Iger: Frozen has restored our mojo |url=http://fortune.com/2014/01/13/disney-ceo-iger-frozen-has-restored-our-mojo/ |access-date=January 13, 2014 |magazine=Fortune |date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604115101/http://fortune.com/2014/01/13/disney-ceo-iger-frozen-has-restored-our-mojo/ |archive-date=June 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cox |first=Gordon |title=Disney Considering "Frozen" for Broadway, Obviously |url=https://variety.com/2014/legit/news/disney-considering-frozen-for-broadway-obviously-1201052489/ |access-date=January 13, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=January 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114040305/http://variety.com/2014/legit/news/disney-considering-frozen-for-broadway-obviously-1201052489/ |archive-date=January 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rothman |first=Lily |quote=Disney has already announced plans to bring a musical version to Broadway, and theme-park incarnations have been hinted at. |title=Ice, Ice, Baby: ''Frozen'' inspires a totally chilled-out cult following |magazine=Time |date=February 24, 2014 |volume=183 |issue=7 |pages=48–59}}</ref> In one business quarter, Iger went from speaking of ''Frozen''{{'}}s "franchise potential" (in February 2014)<ref name="DisneyConfCall">{{cite web |title=Transcript of the Walt Disney Company Q1 FY14 Earnings Conference Call |url=http://cdn.media.ir.thewaltdisneycompany.com/2014/q1/q1-fy14-earnings-transcript.pdf |access-date=April 3, 2014 |author=The Walt Disney Company |date=February 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404164806/http://cdn.media.ir.thewaltdisneycompany.com/2014/q1/q1-fy14-earnings-transcript.pdf |archive-date=April 4, 2014 }}</ref>{{rp|8,13}} to saying that it was "probably" one of Disney's "top five franchises" (in May).<ref name="Fritz">{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=Disney's Film Business Gets Big Boost From 'Frozen': Operating Income at Film Unit More Than Quadruples; Musical in the Works |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304101504579546090651005438 |access-date=May 8, 2014 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215182821/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304101504579546090651005438 |archive-date=December 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disney plans to milk 'Frozen' success |first=Patrick M. |last=Sheridan |work=CNNMoney |date=May 12, 2014 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/05/12/news/companies/frozen-disney/ |access-date=May 13, 2014 |quote='This is definitely up there in terms of our top, probably, five franchises,' said Disney CEO Bob Iger in a conference call last week after Disney reported a 27% surge in profits. 'So you can expect us to take full advantage of that over the next at least five years.' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513062832/https://money.cnn.com/2014/05/12/news/companies/frozen-disney/ |archive-date=May 13, 2014 }}</ref> The film's popularity resulted in a merchandise shortage in the United States<ref name="Berr">{{cite news |last=Berr |first=Jonathan |title=Want to buy "Frozen" merchandise? Be prepared to wait or pay up |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/want-to-buy-frozen-merchandise-be-prepared-to-wait/ |work=CBS MoneyWatch |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc. |access-date=April 13, 2014 |date=April 11, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142034/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/want-to-buy-frozen-merchandise-be-prepared-to-wait/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Liddane">{{cite news |last=Liddane |first=Lisa |title=Most-wanted dress in the U.S.: 'Frozen's' Elsa frock |url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/costume-609376-costumes-stores.html |access-date=April 13, 2014 |newspaper=Orange County Register |date=April 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141838/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/costume-609376-costumes-stores.html |archive-date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Kavilanz">{{cite news |last=Kavilanz |first=Parija |title='Frozen' Elsa dress selling for $1,000 on eBay |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/04/10/news/companies/frozen-elsa-dress/ |access-date=April 11, 2014 |newspaper=CNNMoney |date=April 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412182343/https://money.cnn.com/2014/04/10/news/companies/frozen-elsa-dress/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Palmeri2">{{cite news |last=Palmeri |first=Christopher |title=Elsa's Frozen Dress: The Hottest Gown in Town |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-17/elsas-frozen-dress-the-hottest-gown-in-town |access-date=April 21, 2014 |newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek |date=April 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421005612/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-17/elsas-frozen-dress-the-hottest-gown-in-town |archive-date=April 21, 2014 }}</ref> and several other industrialized countries in April 2014,<ref>{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=Alice |title=Frozen merchandise shortage spells trouble for parents |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/10757721/Frozen-merchandise-shortage-spells-trouble-for-parents.html |access-date=April 13, 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=April 10, 2014 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413201131/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/10757721/Frozen-merchandise-shortage-spells-trouble-for-parents.html |archive-date=April 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Zoe |title=Frozen: parental panic as unexpected Disney hit leads to merchandise sellout |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/may/17/frozen-film-disney-success-merchandise-sellout |access-date=May 18, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=May 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518023349/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/may/17/frozen-film-disney-success-merchandise-sellout |archive-date=May 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=March |first=Catherine Dawson |title=Frozen-out in the toy aisle: Why merch for Disney's hit film is in short supply |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/frozen-out-in-the-toy-aisle-why-merch-for-disneys-hit-film-is-in-short-supply/article18054075/ |access-date=April 20, 2014 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=April 17, 2014 |location=Toronto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421024812/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/frozen-out-in-the-toy-aisle-why-merch-for-disneys-hit-film-is-in-short-supply/article18054075/ |archive-date=April 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mayoh |first=Lisa |title=Australian supplies of Frozen dolls have dried up |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/australian-supplies-of-frozen-dolls-have-dried-up/story-fni0cx12-1226929187496 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=May 24, 2014 |location=Sydney |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524012447/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/australian-supplies-of-frozen-dolls-have-dried-up/story-fni0cx12-1226929187496 |archive-date=May 24, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Han |first1=Esther |title=S'no joke for parents as stocks of Frozen movie merchandise sell out |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/sno-joke-for-parents-as-stocks-of-frozen-movie-merchandise-sell-out-20140523-38uds.html |access-date=July 10, 2014 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=July 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627022920/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/sno-joke-for-parents-as-stocks-of-frozen-movie-merchandise-sell-out-20140523-38uds.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kenny |first=Katie |title=Do you want to buy a snowman? |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/10047347/Do-you-want-to-buy-a-snowman |work=Stuff.co.nz |publisher=Fairfax New Zealand Limited |access-date=May 17, 2014 |date=May 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Quennesson |first=Perrine |title=La Reine des Neiges : un succès qui rend fou |url=http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/La-Reine-des-Neiges-rend-fou-3988006 |work=Premiere |publisher=Lagardère Group |access-date=April 26, 2014 |language=fr |date=April 24, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232001/http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/La-Reine-des-Neiges-rend-fou-3988006 |archive-date=April 26, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ang |first=Benson |title='Frozen' dress sold out in Singapore |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/more-lifestyle-stories/story/frozen-dress-sold-out-singapore-20140420 |access-date=April 22, 2014 |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=April 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421020604/http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/more-lifestyle-stories/story/frozen-dress-sold-out-singapore-20140420 |archive-date=April 21, 2014 }}</ref> which increased resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition ''Frozen'' dolls and costumes to over $1,000 on eBay.<ref name="Kavilanz" /><ref name="Palmeri2" /> By the time the merchandise shortage was resolved in early November 2014,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Andrew |title=Chillax parents, the great 'Frozen' toy shortage has thawed |url=http://www.today.com/money/frozen-doll-toy-shortage-finally-over-1D80258148 |access-date=November 1, 2014 |work=Today.com |publisher=NBCUniversal Media, LLC |date=November 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101185749/http://www.today.com/money/frozen-doll-toy-shortage-finally-over-1D80258148 |archive-date=November 1, 2014 }}</ref> Disney had sold over three million ''Frozen'' costumes in North America.<ref name="Byron">{{cite news |last1=Byron |first1=Ellen |first2=Paul |last2=Ziobro |title=Elsa Dominates Anna in 'Frozen' Merchandise Sales |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elsa-dominates-anna-in-frozen-merchandise-sales-1415131605 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215063557/http://www.wsj.com/articles/elsa-dominates-anna-in-frozen-merchandise-sales-1415131605 |archive-date=December 15, 2014 }}</ref> Wait times for meet-and-greets at Disney parks regularly exceeded four hours in February 2014, compelling management to indefinitely extend what was originally intended as a temporary promotion.<ref name="Tully" /><ref name="Berr" /> Disney Parks staged ''Frozen Summer Fun'' at Disney's Hollywood Studios,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brigante |first1=Ricky |title=Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf appear in delightful new shows |url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/07/frozen-summer-fun-event-debuts-at-walt-disney-world-as-anna-elsa-kristoff-and-olaf-appear-in-delightful-new-shows/ |access-date=July 10, 2014 |work=Inside the Magic |publisher=Distant Creations Group, LLC |date=July 5, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708202612/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/07/frozen-summer-fun-event-debuts-at-walt-disney-world-as-anna-elsa-kristoff-and-olaf-appear-in-delightful-new-shows/ |archive-date=July 8, 2014 }}</ref> and announced on September 12, 2014, that the Maelstrom ride at Epcot's Norway pavilion would be closed and replaced with a ''Frozen''-based attraction which opened in early 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bilbao |first=Richard |title=Disney replacing Epcot's Maelstrom with Frozen ride |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/blog/2014/09/disney-replacing-epcots-maelstrom-with-frozen-ride.html |newspaper=Orlando Business Journal |access-date=September 12, 2014 |date=September 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913124612/http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/blog/2014/09/disney-replacing-epcots-maelstrom-with-frozen-ride.html |archive-date=September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brigante |first1=Ricky |title="Frozen" ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot, "Frozen" Christmas also revealed |url=http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/09/frozen-ride-officially-announced-for-walt-disney-world-to-replace-maelstrom-in-norway-at-epcot/ |access-date=September 14, 2014 |work=Inside the Magic |date=September 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914014821/http://www.insidethemagic.net/2014/09/frozen-ride-officially-announced-for-walt-disney-world-to-replace-maelstrom-in-norway-at-epcot/ |archive-date=September 14, 2014 }}</ref> A live ''Frozen'' musical stage show opened at the Hyperion Theater in Disney California Adventure on May 27, 2016, replacing ''Aladdin''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-frozen-california-adventure-20160303-story.html |title='Frozen' show at California Adventure sets its opening date: May 27 |last=Ng |first=David |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015184102/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-frozen-california-adventure-20160303-story.html |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |date=March 4, 2016 |url-access=limited}}</ref> By August 2014, Random House had sold over eight million ''Frozen''-related books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Legaspi |first1=Althea |title=Anna And Elsa Of 'Frozen' Are Coming To A Bookstore Near You |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1894025/frozen-books-anna-elsa/ |access-date=August 10, 2014 |work=MTV News |publisher=Viacom International Inc. |date=August 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810215358/http://www.mtv.com/news/1894025/frozen-books-anna-elsa/ |archive-date=August 10, 2014 }}</ref> Tour operators, including Adventures by Disney, added more tours of Norway in response to increasing 2014 demand.<ref name="Baran">{{cite news |last1=Baran |first1=Michelle |title=Disney's 'Frozen' is sending tourists packing for Norway |url=http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Tour-Operators/Frozen-is-sending-tourists-packing-for-Norway/ |access-date=July 20, 2014 |work=Travel Weekly |publisher=Northstar Travel Media, LLC |date=July 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105010502/http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Tour-Operators/Frozen-is-sending-tourists-packing-for-Norway/ |archive-date=November 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Jessica |title=Disney's 'Frozen' fires up Norway's tourism |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/06/20/disneys-frozen-fires-up-norways-tourism.html |access-date=July 20, 2014 |work=CNBC |publisher=CNBC LLC |date=June 20, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701062653/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101776203 |archive-date=July 1, 2014 }}</ref>

Showrunners of ''Once Upon a Time'' (produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios) conceived of and obtained authorization from ABC and Disney for a ''Frozen''-inspired crossover story arc in the series' fourth season, which was broadcast from September to December 2014.<ref name="PhilianaNg">{{cite news |last=Ng |first=Philiana |title='Once Upon a Time' Bosses on 'Frozen' Reveal: We Want to Do It Justice (Q&A) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-finale-frozen-elsa-season-4-703314 |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515025524/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-finale-frozen-elsa-season-4-703314 |archive-date=May 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Rothman">{{cite news |last=Rothman |first=Lily |title=Was That Elsa from Frozen on Once Upon a Time? |url=https://time.com/96021/frozen-once-upon-a-time-elsa/ |access-date=May 14, 2014 |newspaper=Time |date=May 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514001212/http://time.com/96021/frozen-once-upon-a-time-elsa/ |archive-date=May 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="SecretOUAT">{{cite magazine |title=How the Producers of Once Upon a Time Kept That Frozen Shocker a Secret |url=https://time.com/96491/elsa-frozen-once-upon-a-time-secret/ |magazine=Time |access-date=May 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221321/http://time.com/96491/elsa-frozen-once-upon-a-time-secret/ |archive-date=May 12, 2014 }}</ref> ABC broadcast ''The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic'', a one-hour making-of special, on September 2 of that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn the Story of Frozen and Find Out What's Next for Anna and Elsa |url=http://blogs.disney.com/insider/2014/08/13/learn-the-story-of-frozen-and-find-out-whats-next-for-anna-and-elsa/ |publisher=Disney Insider |access-date=August 13, 2014 |date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814104246/http://blogs.disney.com/insider/2014/08/13/learn-the-story-of-frozen-and-find-out-whats-next-for-anna-and-elsa/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hibberd |first1=James |title=ABC to show how Disney made 'Frozen' |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/08/13/abc-making-frozen/ |access-date=August 15, 2014 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814061622/http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/08/13/abc-making-frozen/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Prudom |first1=Laura |title=ABC to Air 'The Story of Frozen' Behind-the-Scenes Special |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/abc-frozen-behind-the-scenes-special-1201282018/ |access-date=August 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=August 13, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815031510/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/abc-frozen-behind-the-scenes-special-1201282018/ |archive-date=August 15, 2014 }}</ref> Lasseter announced at the end of the telecast that the production team would reunite to make ''Frozen Fever'', a short film which debuted in theaters with ''Cinderella'' on March 13, 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |title='Frozen' short will play before 'Cinderella' |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/12/03/frozen-fever-short-will-play-before-cinderella/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=December 10, 2014 |date=December 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204052527/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/12/03/frozen-fever-short-will-play-before-cinderella/ |archive-date=December 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-characters-to-return-in-frozen-fever-animated-short-1201296499/ |title='Frozen' Characters to Return in 'Frozen Fever' Animated Short |first1=Marc |last1=Graser |work=Variety |date=September 2, 2014 |access-date=September 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904015015/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-characters-to-return-in-frozen-fever-animated-short-1201296499/ |archive-date=September 4, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakarin |first1=Jordan |title=Disney's New 'Frozen' Short Film Will Premiere in Spring 2015 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/disney-announces-frozen-short-film-for-spring-2015/ |access-date=September 3, 2014 |work=TheWrap |date=September 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903152214/http://www.thewrap.com/disney-announces-frozen-short-film-for-spring-2015/ |archive-date=September 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |title='Frozen Fever': Disney to bring back Elsa and Anna for animated short |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/09/02/frozen-fever-disney-to-bring-back-elsa-and-anna-for-animated-short/ |access-date=September 3, 2014 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=September 2, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903044335/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/09/02/frozen-fever-disney-to-bring-back-elsa-and-anna-for-animated-short/ |archive-date=September 3, 2014 }}</ref> On September 4, 2014, Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice presented the world premiere of a touring ice-skating show based on the film at Amway Center in Orlando, Florida.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palm |first1=Matthew |title='Disney on Ice presents Frozen' has world premiere in Orlando |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/os-frozen-disney-on-ice-orlando-20140830,0,2430704.story |access-date=September 7, 2014 |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=September 3, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907125906/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/os-frozen-disney-on-ice-orlando-20140830%2C0%2C2430704.story |archive-date=September 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palm |first1=Matthew |title=Review: 'Disney on Ice presents Frozen' from Feld Entertainment |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-frozen-disney-on-ice-review-orlando-20140826,0,3562137.story |access-date=September 7, 2014 |work=Orlando Sentinel|date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907130041/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-frozen-disney-on-ice-review-orlando-20140826%2C0%2C3562137.story |archive-date=September 7, 2014 }}</ref>

During the airing of ''The Making of Frozen: Return to Arendelle'' on ABC, it was announced that a holiday special entitled ''Olaf's Frozen Adventure'' was in production and scheduled for release in winter 2017. In June 2017, John Lasseter said that the 21-minute special would instead have a limited-time<ref name="Booth">{{cite web|last=Booth|first=Kaitlyn|title=Olaf's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21-Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco|url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2017/06/13/olafs-frozen-adventure-trailer-featurette-front-coco/|publisher=Bleeding Cool|access-date=December 3, 2017|date=June 13, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061131/https://www.bleedingcool.com/2017/06/13/olafs-frozen-adventure-trailer-featurette-front-coco/|archive-date=December 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> theatrical release. The featurette premiered in theaters with Pixar's ''Coco'' on November 22, 2017,<ref name="Snetiker">{{cite magazine |last=Snetiker |first=Marc |title=John Lasseter talks Olaf's Frozen Adventure, debuts first look |url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/06/13/olafs-frozen-adventure-john-lasseter-exclusive/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=June 13, 2017 |date=June 13, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613201807/http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/13/olafs-frozen-adventure-john-lasseter-exclusive/ |archive-date=June 13, 2017 }}</ref> and made its television debut on ABC on December 14.<ref name="Broadwayworld">{{cite web|title=OLAF'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Makes Broadcast Television Debut on ABC, 12/14|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/OLAFS-FROZEN-ADVENTURE-Makes-Broadcast-Television-Debut-on-ABC-1214-20171208|publisher=broadwayworld.com|access-date=December 8, 2017|date=December 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209010509/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/OLAFS-FROZEN-ADVENTURE-Makes-Broadcast-Television-Debut-on-ABC-1214-20171208|archive-date=December 9, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Arendelle was a world in ''Kingdom Hearts III'', a 2019 video game which adapts the film's plot. ''Frozen''{{'s}} voice cast reprised their roles for the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/01/08/kingdom-hearts-3-voice-cast-includes-haley-joel-osments-return-as-sora|title=Kingdom Hearts 3 English Voice Cast Revealed|last=Dornbush|first=Jonathon|publisher=IGN|date=January 8, 2019|access-date=November 8, 2019}}</ref>

== Musical parody == In November 2014, the parody musical ''Wicked Frozen'' premiered in New York City, the show was a satire of both ''Frozen'' and the musical ''Wicked''.<ref name=B>{{cite web|publisher=BroadwayWorld|title=Parody Mash-Up Musical WICKED FROZEN! to Premiere at the PIT Today|author=Fuller, Sally Henry|date=November 9, 2014|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Parody-Mash-Up-Musical-WICKED-FROZEN-to-Premiere-at-the-PIT-Today-20141109}}</ref>

''Time Out'' magazine described ''Wicked Frozen'', "Like an ice capade infused with psychedelic drugs, this musical parody of Wicked and Frozen goes wild to hit every mark a fan could desire."<ref>{{cite web|work=Time Out|title=15 fabulous things to do in NYC this weekend|author=Picht, Jennifer|date=March 29, 2018|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/15-fabulous-things-to-do-in-nyc-this-weekend-032918}}</ref>

== Sequels == {{main|Frozen 2{{!}}''Frozen 2''|Frozen 3{{!}}''Frozen 3''}}

''Frozen 2'', a feature-length sequel, was released on November 22, 2019.<ref name="Frozen2DateChange">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=November 1, 2018 |title=''Frozen II'' Release Date Moves Up a Week |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/frozen-2-release-1203017475/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101220158/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/frozen-2-release-1203017475/ |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> It outgrossed the first film at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=January 5, 2020 |title=''Frozen 2'' Is Now the Highest-Grossing Animated Movie Ever |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/frozen-2-biggest-animated-movie-ever-disney-box-office-1203456758/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106170906/https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/frozen-2-biggest-animated-movie-ever-disney-box-office-1203456758/ |archive-date=January 6, 2020 |access-date=August 19, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> and had a positive critical and audience response.<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}}|type=m|title=Frozen II|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|publisher_hide=yes}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> ''Frozen 3'' will be released in November 2027,<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 13, 2024 |title=''Frozen 3'' Gets Official Thanksgiving 2027 Release; Pixar's ''Hoppers'' Sets Spring 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/frozen-3-release-date-1236039148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813174243/https://deadline.com/2024/08/frozen-3-release-date-1236039148/ |archive-date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> while a fourth film is in development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=November 16, 2023 |title=''Frozen 4'' in the Works at Disney, Bob Iger Reveals |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/frozen-4-confirmed-disney-bob-iger-1235792515/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116193813/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/frozen-4-confirmed-disney-bob-iger-1235792515/ |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=November 16, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref>

==Notes== {{notelist}}

== References == {{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Charles |title=The Art of Frozen |publisher=Chronicle Books |date=December 3, 2013 |location=San Francisco |isbn=9781452117164 |oclc=843955758}} * {{cite web |last=Lee |first=Jennifer |title=''Frozen''{{'}}s Final Shooting Draft |url=http://waltdisneystudiosawards.com/downloads/frozen-screenplay.pdf |publisher=Walt Disney Animation Studios |access-date=February 20, 2014 |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401054119/http://waltdisneystudiosawards.com/downloads/frozen-screenplay.pdf |archive-date=April 1, 2014 }}

==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote|Frozen (2013 film)}} * {{Official website|https://movies.disney.com/frozen?}} * {{IMDb title|2294629|Frozen}} * {{TCMDb title|889117|Frozen}} * {{DisneyAtoZ|title=''Frozen''}} * [http://www.disneyanimation.com/projects/frozen ''Frozen''] at Walt Disney Animation Studios

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