{{short description|Species of moth}} {{For |the other species with this common name |Amphipyra pyramidoides{{!}}''Amphipyra pyramidoides''}} {{Speciesbox | name = ''Amphipyra pyramidea'' | image = Amphipyra.pyramidea.jpg | image_caption = | taxon = Amphipyra pyramidea | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) }} The '''copper underwing''', '''humped green fruitworm''' or '''pyramidal green fruitworm''' ('''''Amphipyra pyramidea''''') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''.

==Distribution== This species can be found across the Palaearctic region including Europe, North Africa, the Near East, Iran, southern Siberia, northern India, Korea and Japan.<ref name=Funet>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |date=28 July 2019 |url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/amphipyrinae/amphipyra/#pyramidea |title=''Amphipyra pyramidea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202013/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=449277 ''Fauna Europaea'']</ref> It is rather common over the southern half of Britain.<ref name=UK/>

==Description== This species has a wingspan of 47–54&nbsp;mm,<ref name=UK>{{cite web |last=Kimber |first=Ian |url=https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/species/amphipyra-pyramidea |title=73.062 BF2297 Copper Underwing ''Amphipyra pyramidea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=UKMoths |accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref> the female usually slightly larger than the male. The forewings are brown marked with paler fascia and a pale, dark-centred stigma. The hindwings are a rich bright copper colour (hence the common name of "copper underwing").

It is very similar to Svensson's copper underwing (''Amphipyra berbera'') but identification is usually fairly straightforward by looking at some markings on the forewings,<ref>[http://www.entomart.be/synthese/Amphipyrapyramidea.html ''Entomart'']</ref> the detail of the labial palps<ref name=UK/> and at the underside of the hindwings. This species has a pale area in the centre of the hindwings, contrasting with much darker marginal areas, while in ''A. berbera'' the whole underwing is more or less uniform in colour. See Townsend et al.<ref>Martin C. Townsend, Jon Clifton and Brian Goodey (2010). [https://butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/Difficult_species_guide_page_70.pdf ''British and Irish Moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172113/https://butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/Difficult_species_guide_page_70.pdf |date=2021-10-24 }}. (covering the use of genitalia characters and other features) Butterfly Conservation.</ref> The larva is green with white markings and a pointed hump at the rear end.

==Differentiation of ''A. pyramidea'' from ''A. berbera'' == <gallery widths="220" heights="160"> File:Amphipyra pyramidea - differenciation from Amphipyra berbera 01.jpg|''A. pyramidea'' - red arrow points out a difference File:Amphipyra pyramidea - differenciation from Amphipyra berbera 02.jpg|''A. berbera'' - red arrows point out a difference File:Amphipyra pyramidea - berbera larvae.jpg|Caterpillars of ''A. pyramidea'' (top) and ''A. berbera'' </gallery>

==Biology== It is a univoltine species. Hatching season is as early as June in some climates but they usually hatch July to October. Eggs are laid in deciduous trees. Larva can be found as early as April in some climates but usually emerge in May–June. ''A pyramidea'' flies at night from August to October{{ref|flight_season}} and is attracted to light and strongly to sugar.<ref name=UK/> It feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs, including ash tree (''Fraxinus''), privet (''Ligustrum''), honeysuckle (''Lonicera''), apple (''Malus''), oak (''Quercus''), ''Rhododendron'', rose, wild service tree (''Sorbus'') and lilac (''Syringa'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Gaden S. |last2=Ackery |first2=Phillip R. |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian J. |last4=Beccaloni |first4=George W. |last5=Hernández |first5=Luis M. |date=2010 |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants |title=Search the database - introduction and help |website=HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants |publisher=Natural History Museum, London}}</ref><ref name=UK/><ref name=Funet/><ref>Mazzei, Paolo; Morel, Daniel & Panfili, Raniero. [http://www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/AmphiPyram.htm ''Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa'']</ref> The species overwinters as an egg.

# {{Note|flight_season}} ''The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.''

==Gallery== <gallery widths="240" heights="180"> File: Amphipyra pyramidea larva.jpg|Larva File: Noctuidae - Amphipyra pyramidea.JPG|Moth File:Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg|Mounted specimen File: F Nemos OBA Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg|Illustration </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}} *{{cite book |last=Chinery |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Chinery |date=1991 |title=Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe}} *{{cite book |last=Skinner |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Skinner (entomologist) |date=1984 |title=The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles}}

==External links== {{Commonscat|Amphipyra pyramidea}} *[http://www.pieris.ch/seiten/main.php?page=art&art=noct_pyramidea ''Butterflies & Moths of Switzerland''] *[http://www.lepiforum.de/cgi-bin/lepiwiki.pl?Amphipyra_Pyramidea ''Lepiforum e. V.''] Includes photo of genitalia. *[http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/art/pyramidea_s.htm ''Portal für Schmetterlinge und Raupen'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q735875}}

Category:Amphipyrinae Category:Moths of North America Category:Moths of Europe Category:Moths of Asia Category:Moths of Africa Category:Moths described in 1758 Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus