Rosa pendulina

{{Short description|Species of plant}} {{Speciesbox | image = Rosa pendulina PID1949-1.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = "IUCN2765725">{{Cite journal | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203449/2765725 |title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Alpen-Rose|journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date = August 2013}}</ref> | genus = Rosa | species = pendulina | authority = L.<ref>Sp. Pl. 1:492. 1753</ref> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list | *''Ozanonia alpina'' (L. ex Hartm.) Gand. *''Ripartia pyrenaica'' Gand. *''Rosa adenophora'' Kit. *''Rosa adjecta'' D‚s‚gl. *''Rosa affinis'' Sternb. *''Rosa alpina'' L. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''aculeata'' Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' subsp. ''aculeata'' (Ser.) Arcang. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''adjecta'' (D‚s‚gl.) Nyman *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''bordereana'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''glandulosa'' (Bellardi ex Ser.) Nyman *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''globosa'' Desv. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''gratianopolitana'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''heterophylla'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''humilis'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''intermedia'' Gren. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''laevis'' Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' subsp. ''laevis'' (Ser.) Arcang. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''lagenaria'' (Vill.) Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''lamotteana'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''latifolia'' Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''lixoniensis'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''macroacantha'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''macrophylla'' Hagenb. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''monspeliaca'' (Gouan) Steud. *''Rosa alpina'' subsp. ''monspeliaca'' (Gouan) Nyman *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''montisludovici'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''norica'' J.B.Keller *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''nuda'' Gren. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''nudipes'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''ovoidea'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''pendulina'' (L.) Loisel. & Michel *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''provincialis'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''pseudopyrenaica'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''pubescens'' Gren. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''pyrenaica'' (Gouan) Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' subsp. ''pyrenaica'' (Gouan) Nyman *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''rotundifolia'' Boullu *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''setosa'' Ser. *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''subglobosa'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''sublaevis'' Rouy *''Rosa alpina'' var. ''vestita'' Gren. *''Rosa alpiniformis'' Haynald ex Borb s *''Rosa aucuparioides'' Debeaux *''Rosa balcanica'' Dimitrov *''Rosa balsamea'' Kit. *''Rosa brandisii'' J.B.Keller ex Wiesb. *''Rosa cinnamomea'' L. *''Rosa cinnamomea'' var. ''globosa'' Desv. *''Rosa coccialba'' Kmet *''Rosa croatica'' Kit. ex Kanitz *''Rosa detonsa'' Debeaux *''Rosa diplacantha'' (Borb s) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa filispina'' Debeaux *''Rosa glandulosa'' Bellardi *''Rosa hybrida'' Vill. *''Rosa inermis'' Turra *''Rosa × intercalaris'' D‚s‚gl. *''Rosa laevis'' (Ser.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. *''Rosa lagenaria'' Vill. *''Rosa majalis'' var. ''globosa'' (Desv.) P.V.Heath *''Rosa × malyi'' A.Kern. *''Rosa monspeliaca'' Gouan *''Rosa odoratissima'' Scop. *''Rosa pendula'' Salisb. *''Rosa pendula'' Roth *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''aculeata'' (Ser.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''adenophora'' (Kit.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''alpina'' (L. ex Hartm.) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''balsamea'' (Kit.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''borbasii'' R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''bosniaca'' (J.B.Keller & Wiesb.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''croatica'' (Kit.) Borb s *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''curtidens'' (H.Christ) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''ebelii'' (Heinr.Braun) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' subsp. ''ebelii'' Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''globosa'' (Desv.) Hayek *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''imhoofii'' R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''intercalaris'' (D‚s‚gl.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''intermedia'' (Gren.) C.Vicioso *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''laevis'' (Ser.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''lagenaria'' (Vill.) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' subsp. ''mediterranea'' Kl št. *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''norica'' (J.B.Keller) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''opaca'' Chrshan. *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''ovoidea'' (Rouy) C.Vicioso *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''popovii'' Chrshan. *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''pseudopyrenaica'' (Rouy) C.Vicioso *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''pubescens'' (W.D.J.Koch) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''pyrenaica'' (Gouan) Fiori *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''rupestris'' Crantz ex Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''scabriuscula'' (H.Christ) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''setosa'' (Ser.) R.Keller *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''sternbergii'' (Heinr.Braun) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa pendulina'' var. ''sublaevis'' (Rouy) C.Vicioso *''Rosa pimpinellifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'' L. ex Hartm. *''Rosa pyrenaica'' <big>Gouan</big> *''Rosa recurva'' Kit. *''Rosa reversa'' W.D.J.Koch *''Rosa rubrifolia'' var. ''glandulosa'' Bellardi ex Ser. *''Rosa rupestris'' Crantz *''Rosa semisimplex'' (Borb s) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa semisimplex'' var. ''adenophora'' (Kit.) Borb s ex R.Keller *''Rosa setosa'' (Ser.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. *''Rosa stenodonta'' (Borb s) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa tenuiflora'' (Borb s) Heinr.Braun *''Rosa turbinata'' Vill. *''Rosa villarsii'' Tratt. ex Link }} | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-8976 |title=Rosa pendulina L. |website=The Plant List }}</ref> }}

'''''Rosa pendulina''''', (syn. ''Rosa alpina''), the '''Alpine rose''' or '''mountain rose''', is a species of wild rose found in the mountains of central and southern Europe. It appears to have survived in glacial refugia in the Alps and Carpathians, and spread out from there.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Daneck|first1= Hana|last2= Fér|first2= Tomáš|last3= Marhold Fls|first3= Karol|title= Glacial survival in northern refugia? Phylogeography of the temperate shrub ''Rosa pendulina'' L. (Rosaceae): AFLP vs. Chloroplast DNA variation|journal= Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|year= 2016|volume= 119|issue= 3|pages= 704–718|doi=10.1111/bij.12619 |doi-access= free}}</ref> A climbing shrub with deep pink flowers and relatively few thorns, it has had a history of cultivation as an ornamental plant. thumb|left|Botanical illustration

==Description== ''Rosa pendulina'' is a climbing (or rambling) shrub between 0.5 and 2{{nbsp}}m, rarely 3{{nbsp}}m tall. The flowers are typically semi-doubled and deep pink to fuchsia, brightening towards the center. It can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its relative lack of thorns (prickles), especially higher up on the plant, its oblong fruits (hips) which hang downwards (are pendulous, hence the specific epithet), its hispid peduncles and petioles, and its smooth stems and branches.<ref> {{cite book |last=Wilkes |first=John |date=1827 |title=Encyclopædia Londinensis, Vol 22 |page=374 }}</ref> The chromosome number is 4n = 28.<ref>{{cite book |date= 7 November 2007|title= Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region|page=257 |isbn=9781402053610 |last1= Bojnanský|first1= Vít|last2= Fargašová|first2= Agáta}}</ref> thumb|right|Ripe hips

== Distribution == It prefers to grow in relatively warmer, shadier, and wetter areas alongside streams, in openings in forests, or on rock piles, between 350 and 2,500{{nbsp}}m above sea level.<ref name="IUCN2765725"/>

It is mostly found in the subalpine zone of the mountains of Central and Southern Europe: the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, the Alps (at elevations of up to 2300–2600{{nbsp}}m in the various parts of the range), throughout the Carpathians (up to 1800{{nbsp}}m in the Tatras), in Czechia and adjacent areas of Germany and Poland, in the Apennines and in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (at elevations of 1000–2500{{nbsp}}m in Bulgaria).<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Kurtto| first1 = Arto| last2 = Lampinen| first2 = Raino| last3 = Junikka| first3 = Leo| date = 2004| title = Atlas florae Europaeae, distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 13: Rosaceae (Spiraea to Fragaria, excl. Rubus)| publisher = Committee for mapping the flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica| location = Helsinki| isbn = 978-951-9108-14-8|pages = 55–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Meusel| first1 = Hermann| last2 = Jäger| first2 = E.| last3 = Weinert| first3 = E.| date = 1965| title = Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropäischen Flora| volume = [Band I]| publisher = Fischer| location = Jena| at = T535, K224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Dimitrov| first = Stojan| chapter = Shipka – Rosa L.| title = Flora na Narodna Republika Bǎlgarija|volume = V| year = 1973| editor-last1 = Vǎlev| editor-first1 = Stoju| editor-last2 = Asenov| editor-first2 = Ivan| place = Sofia| publisher = Bulgarian Academy of Sciences| language = Bulgarian| pages = 158–59}}</ref>

It has been introduced to New England and can be found growing as a garden escapee elsewhere.

==Cultivation== Often called by its synonym ''Rosa alpina'', the Alpine rose has been in cultivation for hundreds of years (c.{{nbsp}}1683), with many varieties that are practically forgotten today.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9781552977873 |page=101 |title=The Rose: An Illustrated History |last1=Harkness |first1=Peter |year=2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=9781429012928|title=Aristocrats of the Garden|last1=Wilson|first1=Ernest Henry|date=1917|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Joseph |date=1851 |title=The Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine |location=London |publisher=Whittaker and Co. |page=154 }}</ref> It has contributed genetically to an unknown, but large, number of extant rose cultivars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Raymond|first1= Olivier|last2= Gouzy|first2= Jérôme|last3= Just|first3= Jérémy|last4= Badouin|first4= Hélène|last5= Verdenaud|first5= Marion|last6= Lemainque|first6= Arnaud|last7= Vergne|first7= Philippe|last8= Moja|first8= Sandrine|last9= Choisne|first9= Nathalie|last10= Pont|first10= Caroline|last11= Carrère|first11= Sébastien|last12= Caissard|first12= Jean-Claude|last13= Couloux|first13= Arnaud|last14= Cottret|first14= Ludovic|last15= Aury|first15= Jean-Marc|last16= Szécsi|first16= Judit|last17= Latrasse|first17= David|last18= Madoui|first18= Mohammed-Amin|last19= François|first19= Léa|last20= Fu|first20= Xiaopeng|last21= Yang|first21= Shu-Hua|last22= Dubois|first22= Annick|last23= Piola|first23= Florence|last24= Larrieu|first24= Antoine|last25= Perez|first25= Magali|last26= Labadie|first26= Karine|last27= Perrier|first27= Lauriane|last28= Govetto|first28= Benjamin|last29= Labrousse|first29= Yoan|last30= Villand|first30= Priscilla|display-authors= 29|title= The ''Rosa'' genome provides new insights into the domestication of modern roses|journal= Nature Genetics|year= 2018|volume= 50|issue= 6|pages= 772–777|doi=10.1038/s41588-018-0110-3 |pmid= 29713014|pmc= 5984618}}</ref> It flowers early, has a pleasing, strong fragrance, and is nearly thornless, all desirable traits for rose breeders. An undesirable trait is that it has weak pedicels supporting the flowers, which leads to the pendulous habit of the fruits. It is hardy to USDA Zone 4a.

==Varieties== Numerous varieties (and even subspecies) were described for ''R. pendulina'' and ''R. alpina'' (see list of synonyms), but these have all been collapsed into ''R. pendulina''.

==Hybrids== ''Rosa pendulina'' is said to be the parent of a number of hybrids. *''Rosa × anachoretica'' Schmidely (''R. montana'' × ''R. pendulina'')<ref>Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève 7: 147. 1894</ref> *''Rosa × buseri'' Rouy (''R. pendulina'' × ''R. sherardii'')<ref>Fl. Fr., 6: 410. 1900</ref> *''Rosa × brueggeri'' Killias (''R. glauca'' × ''R. pendulina'')<ref>Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubünd., N.F., 31, Beil.: 58. 1889</ref> *''Rosa × hispidocarpa'' (J.B. Keller) G. Beck (''R. canina'' × ''R. pendulina'')<ref>Fl. Nieder-Österr.: 776. 1892 (non Chabert in Cariot, 1865; nom. inval.)</ref> *''Rosa × intercalaris'' Déségl. (''R. pendulina'' × ''R. villosa'')<ref>Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire 28: 104. 1873</ref> *''Rosa × iserana'' Rouy (''R. pendulina'' × ''R. rubiginosa'')<ref>Fl. Fr., 6 : 408. 1900</ref> *''Rosa × lheritierana'' Thory (''R. chinensis'' × ''R. pendulina'')<ref>Redouté, P.J. Les Roses 3: 21. 1824</ref> *''Rosa × reversa'' Kit. (''R. pendulina'' × ''R. spinosissima'')<ref>Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 293–294, t. 264. 1810-11</ref> *''Rosa × salaevensis'' Rapin (''R. dumalis'' × ''R. pendulina'')<ref>Bull. Soc. Haller. 3: 178. 1853</ref> *''Rosa × spinulifolia'' Dematra (''R. pendulina'' × ''R. tomentosa'')<ref>Ess. Monogr. Ros. Frib.: 8. 1818</ref> *''Rosa × wasserburgensis'' Kirschleger (''R. trachyphylla'' × ''R. pendulina'' × ''R. tomentosa'')<ref>Fl. Als., 1: 247. 1852</ref>

==Cultivars== Many of these cultivars are quite old and would be assessed differently using modern standards. Rose fanciers tended to call all sports, chance seedlings, regional variants, natural hybrids, and artificial hybrids "varieties" rather than "cultivars". Some, such as the Boursault roses, would probably be considered Groups today. Simply having some ''R. pendulina'' ancestry, such as with the Moomin rose (''Rosa'' 'Tove Jansson'), does not make a rose a cultivar of ''R. pendulina''. *'Amadis' (Crimson Boursault. The Boursaults are said to be ''R. chinensis'' × ''R. pendulina'' with some uncertainty)<ref>{{cite book |title= Botanica's Roses: Over 1,000 Pages & over 2,000 Roses Listed|page=607 |isbn=9781571456618 |year = 2000}}</ref><ref name = "MRV">{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Roy E. |last2=Meikle |first2=Catherine E. |last3=Rowley |first3=Gordon |date=1958 |title=Modern Roses V: A Concise Descriptive List of All Roses in Commerce or of Historical or Botanical Importance |location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=J. Horace McFarland Company in Cooperation with The American Rose Society }}</ref>{{rp|7}} *'Bourgogne'<ref>{{cite book |date= 14 December 2012|title= Right Rose, Right Place: 3509 Perfect Choices for Beds, Borders, Hedges, and Screens, Containers, Fences, Trellises, and More|page=46 |isbn=9781603420471|last1= Schneider|first1= Peter}}</ref> *'Calypso' (Blush Boursault)<ref name = "Plantsman1984">{{cite book |date=1984 |title=The Plantsman |page=123 }}</ref> *'Harstad'<ref>{{cite web|title= ''Rosa pendulina'' 'Harstad' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/355576/i-Rosa-pendulina-i-Harstad/Details |access-date=25 May 2020 |quote=Tentatively accepted name}}</ref> *'Inermis', also called 'Morletti' or 'Morlettii'<ref name = "Plantsman1984"/><ref name = "MRV"/>{{rp|166}} *'Mount Everest'<ref name = "MRV"/>{{rp|259}} *'Nana'<ref>{{cite web|title= ''Rosa pendulina'' 'Nana' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/183376/i-Rosa-pendulina-i-Nana/Details |access-date=25 May 2020 }}</ref> *'Plena'<ref>{{cite web|title= ''Rosa pendulina'' 'Plena' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/237888/Rosa-pendulina-var-plena/Details |access-date=30 May 2020 |quote=Name Status Unchecked}}</ref> (could be 'Inermis')

==References== {{Reflist}}

pendulina Category:Flora of Europe Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus