Al-Ayyashi

{{short description|Shia Islam scholar from third century AH}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox religious biography | religion = Islam | region = Kufa, Baghdad, Qom and Samarqand<ref>{{cite web |title=Muhammad b. Mas'ud al-'Ayyashi |url=https://en.wikishia.net/view/Muhammad_b._Mas%27ud_al-%27Ayyashi |website=WikiShia}}</ref> | name = Muḥammad ibn Mas'ūd al-ʾAyyāshi | native_name = مُحَمَّد بن مَسْعُود العَیّاشي السَّمَرقَنْدي | birth_date = 9th century | birth_place = Samarkand | death_date = 932 | denomination = Twelver Shia | jurisprudence = Ja'fari | main_interests = Ḥadīth, Tafsir | teachers = Ali ibn Faddal | influenced = Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi | works = Tafsir Ayyashi }} {{Shia Islam}} '''Muḥammad ibn Mas'ūd al-ʾAyyāshi al-Samarqandi''' ({{langx|fa|محمد بن مسعود عیاشی سمرقندى}}) ({{langx|ar|مُحَمَّد بن مَسْعُود العَیّاشي السَّمَرقَنْدي}}) (probably died on 932), known as '''Ayyashi''' ({{langx|fa|عیاشی}}), was a 10th century Twelver Shia Muslim scholar, jurist (faqīh) and mufassir from Samarkand. He had many known works in the field of exegesis of the Quran, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Arabic literature and hadith. His exegesis of the Quran, known as Tafsir Ayyashi, is his most famous book.<ref name=mma1> {{cite web |url = http://shia-ac.com/index.php/shiite-studies/personalities/150-maghale-18 |title = زندگی نامه آفتاب سمرقند: محمد بن مسعود عیاشی – مرکز تخصصی شیعه شناسی |trans-title = |language = fa |access-date = 30 May 2021 }} </ref>

==Birthplace and lineage== His full name was ''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad Ayyashi Salami Samarqandi'' ({{langx|fa|محمد بن مسعود بن محمد عیاشی سلمی سمرقندی}}) or ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi Iraqi Kufi'' ({{langx|fa|محمد ابن مسعود بن عیاشی عراقی کوفی}}) and his kunya or teknonymy was ''Abu Nazr'' ({{langx|fa|ابوالنضر}}). From the date of his birth and the birthplace of him, has not been recorded in history and only he has been mentioned as Samarkandi, Iraqi and Kufi. However, there is a narration which tells he was from ''Tamimi tribe''.<ref name=mmab8> {{cite book |last = ابن ندیم |first = ابوالفرج محمد بن ابی‌یعقوب اسحاق بن محمد بن اسحاق |author-link = Ibn al-Nadim |date = |title = الفهرست |url = |location = بیروت |publisher = دارالمعرفه |language = |volume = |page = 274 |isbn = }} </ref><ref> {{cite book |last = نجاشی |first = احمد بن على |author-link = Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi |date = |title = رجال النجاشی، به تحقیق سیدموسی شبیری زنجانی |url = |location = |publisher = موسسه نشر اسلامی |language = |volume = 1 |page = 350 |isbn = }} </ref> The great Shiite and Sunni scholars, such as: ''Ibn al-Nadim'', ''Shaykh Tusi'', ''Najashi'', ''Ibn Shahr Ashub'', ''Allamah Al-Hilli'', ''Ibn Davoud Hilli'', ''Abdollah Mamaghani'', ''Muhammad Ardabili'', ''Abbas Qomi'', ''Agha Bozorg Tehrani'' and ''Seyyed Hassan Sadr'' consider him from Samarkand in Transoxiana<ref name=mmab10> {{cite book |last = یعقوبی |first = احمد الیعقوبی ابو العباس احمد بن اسحاق بن جعفر بن وهب بن واضح |author-link = Ya'qubi |date = |title = البلدان |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |pages = 59–70 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=fin361> {{cite book |last = ابن ندیم |first = ابوالفرج محمد بن ابی‌یعقوب اسحاق بن محمد بن اسحاق |author-link = Ibn al-Nadim |date = |title = الفهرست |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 361 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=nj247> {{cite book |last = نجاشی |first = احمد بن على |author-link = Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi |date = |title = رجال نجاشی |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 247 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=mmab9> {{cite book |last = اردبیلی |first = محمد |author-link = Muhammad Ardabili |date = |title = جامع الروات |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = 2 |page = 192 |isbn = }} </ref>

The father of ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' was from a wealthy and well-known family in Samarkand. All of his fund was ''three hundred thousand dinars'' of the common currency of that era. His son, ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'', spent all of the fund in spreading Islam science and literature and promoting the culture of Ahl al-Bayt.<ref name=fin361/><ref name=nj247/><ref> {{cite book |last = طوسی |first = محمد بن حسن |author-link = Shaykh Tusi |date = |title = رجال طوسی |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |page = 136 |isbn = }} </ref><ref> {{cite book |last = ابن شهر آشوب |first = محمد بن علی |author-link = Ibn Shahr Ashub |date = |title = معالم العُلَماء فی فهرست کُتُب الشیعَة و أسماء المُصنّفین‌ قَدیما و حَدیثا |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 29 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=ziaq2> {{cite book |last = نجاشی |first = احمد بن على |author-link = Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi |date = 1987 |title = رجال نجاشى |url = |location = قم - ایران |publisher = جماعة المدرسين في الحوزة العلمیة بقم، مؤسسة النشر الإسلامي |language = fa |volume = 1 |page = 351 |isbn = }} </ref>

''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' was proficient in fields such as Fiqh, Politeness, Tafsir and Hadith and was considered one of the leading contemporary Shiite scholars with Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni.<ref name=mmab1> {{cite book |last = عقیقی بخشایشی |first = عبدالرحیم |author-link = |date = 1993 |title = فقهای نامدار شیعه |url = |location = |publisher = کتابخانه آیت‌الله مرعشی نجفی، چاپ صدر، چاپ دوم |language = fa |volume = |page = 28 |isbn = }} </ref> Mohammad Ali Modarres Tabrizi said that Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi, the author of famous rijali book Rijal al-Kashshi, was one of the ''Ayyashi 's'' disciples. Modarres Tabrizi has also said that ''Ayyashi'' in sciences such as medicine, astronomy and jurisprudence has more than 200 volumes of books. Tafsir Ayyashi is one of his most important books, which is based on the assertions and hadiths of the Twelve Shiite Imams.<ref name=mmab2> {{cite book |last = مدرس تبریزی |first = محمدعلی |author-link = Mohammad Ali Modarres Khiabani |date = |title = ریحانة الادب |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = 4 |page = 220 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=mmab3> {{cite book |last1 = Beeston |first1 = A. F. L. |author-link1 = Alfred Felix Landon Beeston |last2 = Johnstone |first2 = T. M. |author-link2 = |last3 = Serjeant |first3 = R. B. |author-link3 = Robert Bertram Serjeant |last4 = Smith |first4 = G. R. |author-link4 = |date = 1983 |title = Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period |url = |location = |publisher = Cambridge University Press |language = en |volume = |page = 306 |isbn = }} </ref>

==Education and career== Ayashi was originally Sunni due to his birth in a predominantly Sunni area (which was around Samarkand and Bukhara), but after researching Shiite works, he converted to Shiism. He then traveled to Kufa, Baghdad and Qom to study Islamic sciences.<ref name=ziaq2b> {{cite book |last = نجاشی |first = احمد بن على |author-link = Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi |date = 1987 |title = رجال نجاشى |url = |location = قم – ایران |publisher = جماعة المدرسين في الحوزة العلمیة بقم، مؤسسة النشر الإسلامي |language = fa |volume = 1 |page = 350 |isbn = }} </ref>

After studying in the theological seminary of Kufa, Baghdad and Qom, ''Ayyashi'' returned to Samarkand and taught and promoted religious and Shiite teachings at his house.<ref name=ziaq2/> It is said that his house, like a mosque, was full of Quran readers, hadith narrators, scholars, students and commentators. He held two sessions: a scientific meeting for the general public and another assembly for the students.<ref> {{cite book |last = طوسی |first = محمد بن حسن |author-link = Shaykh Tusi |date = 1995 |title = رجال الطوسی، به تحقیق جواد قیومی اصفهانی |url = |location = قم – ایران |publisher = موسسه نشر اسلامی |language = fa |volume = 1 |page = 440 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=mmab4> {{cite book |last = عقیقی بخشایشی |first = عبدالرحیم |author-link = |date = 1993 |title = فقهای نامدار شیعه |url = |location = |publisher = کتابخانه آیت‌الله مرعشی نجفی، چاپ صدر، چاپ دوم |language = fa |volume = |page = 30 |isbn = }} </ref><ref> {{cite book |last = مدرس تبریزی |first = محمدعلی |author-link = Mohammad Ali Modarres Khiabani |date = |title = ریحانة الادب |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = 4 |page = 221 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=nj247/>

==Bibliography== Two hundred and eight works in various scientific fields such as history, jurisprudence, literature, exegesis and astronomy have been mentioned for ''Ayyashi''.<ref name=mmab8b> {{cite book |last = ابن ندیم |first = ابوالفرج محمد بن ابی‌یعقوب اسحاق بن محمد بن اسحاق |author-link = Ibn al-Nadim |date = |title = الفهرست |url = |location = بیروت |publisher = دارالمعرفه |language = |volume = |page = 277 |isbn = }} </ref><ref name=fin241> {{cite book |last = ابن ندیم |first = ابوالفرج محمد بن ابی‌یعقوب اسحاق بن محمد بن اسحاق |author-link = Ibn al-Nadim |date = |title = الفهرست |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 241 |isbn = }} </ref> Unfortunately, most of his works have been lost. The remaining book Tafsir Ayyashi includes only the first half of it up to Al-Kahf Sura, which was available in the cities of Mashhad, Zanjan, Tabriz and Kadhimiya. The masters of these versions have been removed for brevity.<ref name=mmab5> {{cite book |last = تهرانی |first = آقابزرگ |author-link = Agha Bozorg Tehrani |date = |title = الذریعه الی تصانیف الشیعه |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = 4 |page = 295 |isbn = }} </ref> Therefore, only the first volume of his exegesis works remains. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai has spoken about the possibility of a second volume of the Tafsir Ayyashi in the southern regions of Iran.<ref name=mmab6> {{cite book |last = طباطبایی |first = سید محمدحسین |author-link = Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai |date = |title = مقدمه علامه طبایی بر تفسیر عیاشی |url = |location = |publisher = |language = fa |volume = |page = 3 |isbn = }} </ref> Some of his other works are as follows:<ref name=mmab7> {{cite book |last = سید حسن |first = صدر |author-link = |date = 1997 |title = تأسیس الشیعه لعلوم الاسلام |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 260 |isbn = }} </ref>

* Mecca and the sanctuary in biography study ({{langx|fa|مکه و الحرم در سیره شناسی|links=no}}) * Opponents in poetry ({{langx|fa|المعاریض در شعر|links=no}}) * Poetry book ({{langx|fa|کتاب شعر|links=no}}) * The prophets and the saints ({{langx|ar|الانبیاء و الاولیاء|links=no}}) * Biography of Abi Bakr ({{langx|fa|سیره ابی بکر|links=no}}) * Biography of Umar ({{langx|fa|سیره عمر|links=no}}) * Biography of Uthman ({{langx|fa|سیره عثمان|links=no}}) * Biography of Muawiyah ({{langx|fa|سیره معاویه|links=no}}) * The Prayer ({{langx|ar|الصلوة|links=no}}) * The Ritual purity ({{langx|ar|الطهارة|links=no}}) * Brief of the Prayer ({{langx|ar|مختصر الصلوة|links=no}}) * The Funerals ({{langx|ar|الجنائز|links=no}}) * Brief of the Funerals ({{langx|ar|مختصر الجنائز|links=no}}) * The Rites ({{langx|ar|المناسک|links=no}}) * The scientist and the learner ({{langx|ar|العالم و المتعلم|links=no}}) * The Invitations ({{langx|ar|الدعوات|links=no}}) * The Zakat ({{langx|ar|الزکاة|links=no}}) * The Drinks ({{langx|ar|الاشربة|links=no}}) * The limit of sacrificial charity ({{langx|ar|حد الشار الاضاحی|links=no}})

==Ayyashi from the perspective of others== {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud al-Ayyashi'' was a follower of the popular religion at the beginning of his youth and heard hadith from their elders. After studying and researching, he joined the Imamiyya religion and gained knowledge from masters such as: ''Ali ibn al-Hassan ibn Fadhal'' and ''Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Khalid Tayalisi'' and a number of elders of Kufa, Baghdad and Qom.<ref name=nj247/> |author=Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi (982–1058) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' ... was one of the Imami jurists who was considered the only one of his time in the field of science and his books were very important in Khorasan. ''Junaid ibn Naeem'', known as ''Abu Ahmad'', mentions his compositions in his dissertation written for ''Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad Alavi''.<ref name=fin361/> |author=Ibn al-Nadim (~932-~995) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad ibn Ayyashi Samarkandi'', his kunya ''Abu al-Nazar'', among the scholars of the East (Khorasan and Transoxiana) in terms of knowledge, grace, literature, understanding and greatness was the highest of all the scholars of his time. He has more than two hundred ballads.<ref name=mmab13> {{cite book |last = دوانی |first = علی |author-link = Ali Davani |date = 1987 |title = مفاخر اسلام |url = |location = |publisher = |language = fa |volume = 2 |page = 312 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Shaykh Tusi (995-1067) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'' is from Samarkand. He is said to be from the tribe of ''Bani Tamim''. He is unique in the Orient in terms of grace and wisdom and has written more than 20 volumes of books, including: ''Kitab al-Tafsir'', ''Al-Alam wa Al-Muttalim'', ''Al-Dawaat'', ''Al-Taqiya'', ''Al-Jawbah Al-Muscat'' and ''Tajweed Al-Quran''.<ref> {{cite book |last = ابن شهر آشوب |first = محمد بن علی |author-link = Ibn Shahr Ashub |date = |title = معالم العُلَماء فی فهرست کُتُب الشیعَة و أسماء المُصنّفین‌ قَدیما و حَدیثا |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 99 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Ibn Shahr Ashub (1096-1192) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad ibn Ayyash Salami Samarkandi'', known as ''Ayyashi'', was from the honest and the brilliant figures, one of the prominent figures of this tribe (Shia) and one of their elders.<ref name=mmab14> {{cite book |last = حلی |first = علی بن داود |author-link = |date = |title = الرجال‌ |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 184 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Hasan ibn Davoud Hilli (1249-~1340) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud'' was one of the Imami Shiite jurists and one of the most diligent contemporary scholars and one of the roaring springs of knowledge whose works had a high status and fame in Khorasan.<ref name=mmab15> {{cite book |last = مامقانی |first = عبدالله |author-link = |date = |title = تنقیح المقال فی علم الرجال |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = 3 |page = 183 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Abdollah Mamaqani (1873-1933) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Ayyash Salami Samarkandi'', known as ''Ayyashi'', from the tribe of ''Bani Tamimi'', was a great person, full of knowledge, an expert of narration and the man of trust and confidence. Among the Imami eminents, he was famous.<ref name=mmab9/> |author=Muhammad Ardabili (1648-?) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad ibn Ayyash, Iraqi, Kufi, Samarkandi, Tamimi'', his kunya ''Abu Nadr'', known as ''Ayyashi'', Sheikh, scholar, scholarly, litterateur, exegesisor, muhaddith, honest and trusted among Shia scholars and Imami eminents of contemporary with Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni... in science, grace, understanding, literature, mastery and scientific diversity was the best of his time... and was insightful in the principles of narration, in medicine, astronomy, appearance and dream, for each of the chapters of Islamic jurisprudence has written more than two hundred books... .<ref name=mmab2/> |author=Mohammad Ali Modarres Tabrizi (1878–1954) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Ayyashi Mohammad ibn Masoud'' is one of the great men of our companions who is very famous for his many compositions and writings, and from the books he has in the field of biography and history is the books "Mecca" and "Haram" and so on. He is mentioned in the line of contemporary with Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni and the scholars of the third century AH.<ref> {{cite book |last = سید حسن |first = صدر |author-link = |date = |title = تأسیس الشیعه لعلوم الاسلام |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 332 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Seyyed Hassan Sadr (1856-1935) }} {{Blockquote |text=He is one of the elders of our companions who gained insight as a teenager and turned to the Imami religion and jurisprudence. He was one of the students of ''Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali ibn Fadhal'' and some other elders of Kufa, Baghdad and Qom. In the way of knowledge and hadith, he spent what he had inherited from his father... .<ref name=mmab16> {{cite book |last = قمی |first = شیخ عباس |author-link = Abbas Qomi |date = |title = الکنی و الالقاب |url = |location = |publisher = |language = |volume = |page = 449 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Abbas Qomi (1877-1941) }} {{Blockquote |text=''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad Ayyashi'', nicknamed ''Abu Nadr Salami Samarkandi'', known as ''Ayyashi'', has 200 writings and has heard hadith from our companions such as: ''Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali ibn Fadhal''... .<ref name=mmab5/> |author=Agha Bozorg Tehrani (1876–1970) }} {{Blockquote |text=...''Mohammad ibn Masoud'' is one of the scholars who lived in the late third century AH. All the scholars who have come after him have praised ''Ayyashi'' as the majesty, the exaltation, and the breadth of grace. Scholars of rijal have identified him as trustworthy, discerning, honest and truthful in his hadith... He became skilled in various scientific disciplines such as: Fiqh and hadith, medicine, astronomy, etc... .<ref name=mmab17> {{cite book |last = محمد بن مسعود |first = عیاشی |author-link = Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi |date = 2001 |title = تفسیر عیاشی، با تصحیح و مقدمه رسول محلاتی |url = |location = |publisher = |language = fa |volume = |page = |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai (1903-1981) }} {{Blockquote |text=Another well-known jurist of that time, who is contemporary with ''Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi'' (died 939), but he has a slight precedence in time. ''Ayyashi Samarqandi'' is the author of famous Quran exegesis. He was a comprehensive man. Although he is known for his exegesis, he is considered one of the jurists... .<ref name=mmab18> {{cite book |last = مطهری |first = مرتضی |author-link = Morteza Motahhari |date = |title = آشنایی با علوم اسلامی |url = |location = |publisher = |language = fa |volume = |page = 78 |isbn = }} </ref> |author=Morteza Motahhari (1919-1979) }}

==Demise== The exact date of death of ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi'', despite all the investigations that have been carried out, has not been determined yet, only Al-Zirikli, author of al-Aʻlām, has considered the death date of ''Ayyashi'' in 932 AD (320 AH),<ref name=mmab12> {{cite book |last = زرکلی |first = خير الدين |author-link = Al-Zirikli |date = 1989 |title = الاعلام |url = |location = بیروت |publisher = دارالعلم |language = |volume = 7 |page = 95 |isbn = }} </ref> but it is not clear from what source. It is probable that his death occurred in the same years as the death of Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864-941), considering that ''Ayyashi'' was a contemporary of him.

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [https://en.wikishia.net/view/Muhammad_b._Mas%27ud_al-%27Ayyashi Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi on WikiShia] * [https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=67460 TAFSIR AL- AYYASHI AND RECOVERY OF THE CHAIN TRANSMITTERS OF TRADITIONS OF ASANID AL- AHADITH IN THE SHAWAHID AL- TANZIL] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=2jwRFYaUAHAC&dq=Mohammad+ibn+Masoud+Ayyashi&pg=PA231 History and Historiography: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam – Google Books] * [https://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/article/viewFile/1215/1090 Reviews of Isra'iliyyat in Interpreting the "Tafsir Ayyashi"] * [https://hawzah.net/en/Article/View/79011/History-of-the-commentators-of-the-Quran History of the commentators of the Qur`an]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyashi, Mohammad ibn Masoud}} Category:10th-century Twelvers Category:932 deaths Category:Shia hadith scholars Category:Shia clerics