Allar, Jerusalem

{{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Allar | native_name = علار | native_name_lang = ar | settlement_type =   | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Mandatory Palestine | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Allar, Jerusalem (click the buttons) | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|31|43|23|N|35|03|41|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 155/125  | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Jerusalem  | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = October 22, 1948<ref name=Morris>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR20 xx], village #346. Also gives cause of depopulation.</ref> | established_title2 = Repopulated dates  | unit_pref = dunam | area_total_dunam = 12,356  | population_as_of = 1945 | population_total = 440<ref name=1945p24>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p24.jpg 24]</ref>  | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by Yishuv forces | blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Mata,<ref name=Khalidi266>Khalidi, 1992, p. 266</ref> Bar Giora<ref name=Khalidi266/> }}

'''Allar''' ({{langx|ar|علار}}) or 'Allar el-Fawqa ("Upper Allar"), also known as 'Allar el Busl,<ref>Based on Palestine Exploration Fund Map of 1880</ref> was a Palestinian Arab village located southwest of the Old City of Jerusalem near Wadi Surar ("Valley of Pebbles"), along ''Wadi Tannur''. The name was shared by the twin village of Allar al-Sifla ("Lower Allar") or Khirbat al-Tannur, with official imperial ledgers often listing them both under the single entry of Allar.<ref name=Petersenp92>Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324182652/https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C |date=2019-03-24 }}</ref>

Habitation in the village spanned centuries and is attested in architectural remains and documents from the Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman and Mandate Palestine periods. Allar was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the area was incorporated into the State of Israel, with the moshavs of Mata and Bar Giora established on its former lands.

==History== The older of the two villages appears to have been Lower Allar. Remains of a Crusader-era church and cloister made up of five other vaulted buildings attest to habitation there in the 12th century. One of these buildings is thought to be a Cistercian house, a sister house of Belmont built in 1161, known as ''Saluatio''.<ref name=Pringlep46>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47 47]-51</ref>

From the 13th to 16th centuries, the villages were ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo and appear together in a document dating to circa 1264 that lists land grants made in Palestine by the sultan Baybars to his emirs.<ref name=Petersenp92/>

===Ottoman era=== Toward the beginning of four centuries of rule over the area by the Ottoman Empire, in August 1553, two leaders of Allar were held accountable for the village failure to pay taxes and were arrested by the imperial authorities.<ref name=Singerp44>Singer, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA44 44]</ref> The imperial tax register of 1596 lists Allar as part of the ''nahiya'' ("subdistrict") of Jerusalem with 37 households, an estimated 204 inhabitants, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed 33,3% tax−rate on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, molasses, goats, and beehives; a total of 11,400 akçe. All of the revenue went to a waqf.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.113, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.266</ref><ref name=Khalidi>Khalidi, 1992, pp. 266-267</ref>

The waqf custodian of the mosque in Allar (and that of Bayt Nuba) in 1810 was appointed by the Ottoman authorities, and hailed from the Jerusalem family of notables, the Dajanis.<ref name=Kushnerp111>Kushner, 1986, p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&pg=PA111 111]</ref> Also in the village was a shrine dedicated to al-Shaykh Ibrahim ("Abraham the Sheikh").<ref name=Khalidi/>

Western travellers who wrote of the village include Edward Robinson, who travelled throughout Palestine and Syria in 1838 and Victor Guérin, whose travels spanned many years in the latter half of the 19th century. Both describe Lower and Upper Allar as two distinct villages located in a valley. Robinson calls it er-Rumany wadi ("Pomegranate Valley"), while Guérin calls it ''Oued el-Limoun'' ("Valley of the Lemons/Limes"), so named because of the abundant presence of a variety of citrus tree there known to the Arabs as ''limoun''. Both note the presence of a large, ancient, ruined church in Lower Allar. Robinson describes a fine fountain further up the valley that irrigated fruit trees and gardens below, noting the abundance of olive trees. Guérin describes ''A'llar es-Sifla ou et-Tahta'' as an oasis covered in grape vines, citrus, pomengranate and fig trees, irrigated by an ancient canal and a second inexhaustible water source.<ref name=Robinsonp14>Robinson and Smith, 1841, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n362/mode/1up 340]</ref><ref name=Guerinp380>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/379/mode/1up 379]-380</ref>

In 1856 the village was named ''Allar el Foka'' on Kiepert's map of Palestine published that year,<ref>Kiepert, 1856, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KiepertSouthernPalestine1856.jpg Map of Southern Palestine]</ref> while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 counted 56 houses and a population of 176, though the population count included men only.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/143/mode/1up 143]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n953/mode/1up 145] also noted 56 houses</ref>

In 1883, the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' (SWP) described ''Ellar'' as "A small village on the slope of a ridge, with a well to the south. On the north are rock-cut tombs.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/25/mode/1up 25], cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 266</ref>

The inhabitants of Upper Allar moved to Lower Allar at the end of the 19th century.<ref name=Karkp275>Kark and Oren-Nordheim, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC&pg=PA267 267], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC&pg=PA275 275]-276</ref>

In 1896 the population of Allar was estimated to be about 243 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]</ref>

===British Mandate era=== While Upper Allar was repopulated during the period of British rule in Mandatory Palestine and housed a primary school, it is listed in British censuses from the time as a ''mazra'a'' ("farm").<ref name=Karkp275/>

In the 1945 statistics, Allar had a population of 440 Muslims,<ref name=1945p24/> and the total land area was 12,356 dunams.<ref name=Hadawi56>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-056.jpg 56] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080805000658/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-056.jpg |date=2008-08-05 }}</ref> 353 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, 2,234 dunams were for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-101.jpg 101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032419/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-101.jpg |date=2018-06-22 }}</ref> while 12 dunams were built-up (urban) Arab land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-151.jpg 151] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005333/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-151.jpg |date=2018-06-22 }}</ref>

<gallery> File:Ras Abu Ammar 1945.jpg|'Allar, Mandate survey, 1:20,000 File:Allar 1945.jpg|'Allar, 1945, 1:20,000 </gallery>

===1948, aftermath=== [[File:Allar.jpg|thumb|Members of Yiftach Brigade harvesting fruit from Allar orchards. 1949]] During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Allar was depopulated as a result of a military assault by Israeli forces on 22 October 1948.<ref name=Morris/> It was one of a series of villages occupied during Operation Ha-Har, an offensive launched by Harel Brigade and Etzioni Brigade to widen the Jerusalem corridor.<ref name=PF>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130222070640/http://www.palestine-family.net/index.php?nav=4-218&cid=526&did=846&pageflip=3 'Allar, Palestine Family.net Allar, Palestine Family.net]}}</ref> Refugees who camped in the nearby gullies and caves were driven out in subsequent raids.<ref name=PF/>

After the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, the ruin of Allar remained under Israeli control under the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan.<ref>[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook1/Pages/Israel-Jordan%20Armistice%20Agreement.aspx The 1949 Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://i46.tinypic.com/2uepnk8.png |title=Enlarged map showing Allar in relation to the "Green-Line" |access-date=2017-05-26 |archive-date=2017-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023071109/http://i46.tinypic.com/2uepnk8.png |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two Israeli sites were founded on Allar land in 1950: Mata and Bar Giora.<ref name=Khalidi266/>

Refugees from Allar and other Palestinian villages who are old enough to remember life there express nostalgia for the natural abundance of the land lost. One Umm Jamal recalls eggplants, pomegranates, cucumbers and green beans as among the many products grown on the village lands which were fed by springs known to locals as Umm al-Hasan ("Mother of Goodness"), Umm al-Sa'd ("Mother of Happiness"), Umm Nuh ("Mother of Noah"), al-'Uyun ("The Eyes"), and Umm al-'Uyun ("Mother of the Eyes").<ref name=Davisp24>Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA24 24]</ref>

In 1992 it was described: "Stone rubble, concrete blocks and slabs, and steel bars litter the site, together with the remains of stone terraces and walls. One domed stone structure, the former school building, still stands. On the slopes overlooking the site, almond and cypress trees and cactuses grow along the terraces."<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 267</ref> ==Maqam== 150px|thumb|Maqam of Sheikh Ahmad al-Hubani In 1863 Victor Guérin described a maqam north east of the village, called ''Khirbet Cheikh Houbin''. He noticed it contained ancient fragments used in the building.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/383/mode/1up 383]</ref>

In 1883 SWP called it ''Khurbet Hubin'', ''The ruin of Hubin'', from personal name,<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/305/mode/1up 305]</ref> and gave the description: "Foundations of a small ruined village with a Kubbeh."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/114/mode/1up 114]</ref> ==References== {{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=3}} *{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Rochelle|year=2011|title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7313-3}} *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}} *{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} *{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2009-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first = M. | author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883 }} *{{cite book|last1=Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth|first2=K.|last2=Abdulfattah|author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. 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==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100820150706/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jerusalem/Allar/index.html Welcome To 'Allar, Palestine Remembered] *[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49941 'Allar], Zochrot *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8379 IAA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103051759/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8379 |date=2018-11-03 }}, Wikimedia commons *[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/jerusalem/allar.htm Allar], from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022305/http://www.bahethcenter.net/E.W/palestine/our%20country%20palestine/Al%20Quds/towns%20and%20villages/Allar.htm Allar], from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022357/http://www.bahethcenter.net/E.W/ Baheth for Studies]. *[http://www.archives.gov.il/en/archives/#/Archive/0b0717068002237c/File/0b071706805b2147 Demarcation of Forest Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408115228/https://www.archives.gov.il/en/archives/#/Archive/0b0717068002237c/File/0b071706805b2147 |date=2023-04-08 }}, Government of Palestine, November 1932

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Category:District of Jerusalem